title 龍門石窟の研究 : 河南洛陽( text-english ) issue date...
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Title 龍門石窟の研究 : 河南洛陽( Text-English )
Author(s) 水野, 淸一; 長廣, 敏雄; 塚本, 善隆; 春日, 禮智
Citation 座右寳刊行會, 1941. (東方文化研究所研究報告 ; 第16冊)
Issue Date 1941-08-30
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151135
Right
Type Book
Textversion publisher
Kyoto University
A STUDY OF THE BUDDHIST CAVE－TEMPLES
AT LUNG－MEN， HO－NAN i
PuBLIcATION OF T6H6－BuNKA－KENKyC）sHO
A STUDY OF THE BUDDHIST CAVE－TEMPLES
AT LUNG－MEN， HO－NAN
BY
SEIITI MIDUNO
AND
TOSIO NAGAHIRO
APPENDIX：I
BUDDHISM UNDER THE NORTHERN WEI DYNASTY
AS SEEN IN THE CAVE．TEMPLES AT LUNG．MEN
BY ZENRyO TuKAMOTO
APPENDIX II
LUNG－MEN EPIGRAPHY （ln Japanese）
BY
ZENRYO TUKAMOTO， SEIITI MIDUNO
AND
REITI KASUGA
THE ZAUHO PRESS TOKYO， i 94 i
TO THE MEMORY OF
PROF． KOSAKU HAMADA THIS ACcouNT IS DEDICATED
PLATESWestern Hills of Lung－men， viewed from the East． ． ・． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
i． ’Reliefs in the Frame of’the Main Niche’ 盾氏@the Left SJUall；Cave XVII ． ． ． ． ． ．
2． Temple Ch‘ien－ch‘i－ssti， viewed from the North ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
3． Lung；me“n， the Dragon Gate through which flows the River 1， viewed from the Nearabout．
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of the Te血ple Ch‘ien－ch‘i－ss石 ・ ・ ． ． ・ ・．・ ・ …
Standing Vajrapani outside the Cave P‘ing－yang－tung，・Cave III ． ．
St61e of the 1－ch‘Ueh Cavesi， carved out in 64i A．D．， outside Cave III
Vault of Cave lll ． ． ． ． ．
Vault of Cave lll ． ． ． ． ．
Seated Main Buddha of Cave III ．
A， B） A Pair of Lions in Cave III
C） Figures o
Attendant Bddhisattva to the Left
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f Ten Deities on the Left Frieze of th
of the Right Trinity， Cave III
Attendant Arhan to the Right of the Main’ @Buddha， Cave III ．
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B， C）
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e Fore Wall， Cave III
Lower Part of a Niche on the Right Wall， Cave IV ． ．
Niches of Seated Buddha with Legs down， near Cave V
Seven－Storied Pagoda in Relief， outslde Cave XIV ． ． ．
Niche丘amed with Pagoda in Relief on the Outsid
Smali Cave with Projecting Roof， near Cave XI
NIche with Projecting Roof， North of Cave XII
Seated Main Buddha of Cave Wan－fo－tung， Cave IX
Upper Part of the Same Buddha， Cave IX ． ．
バA） Ananda， Attendant to the Right， Cave IX．
B） K含Syapa， Attendant to tLe Le丘， Cave IX．．．
Upper Half of the KaSyara Statue， Cave IX． ．
A）UpPerρomer of the Back Wa11， Cave IX．
B） Polygonal Pedesta正of．the Main
Celestial Musician on the Frieze of th
A，B， C）Celestial Musicians and Dancers on th
A）Ten－Thousand Buddhas on the Side Walls．
B） Thousand Maitreyas on th
A，B） Soaring Celestials on the Ceiling， Cavc IX
Lotus Flower Design on the Ceiling， Cave IX ．．
A，B）
Upper Half of Dv含rapala on the Ri
A，B） Adoring Bhik：Shus， carved on the Outsid
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e XJUall of Cave XVI．
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Buddha， Cave IX．，
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e Right XJUall， Cave IX
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e Frieze of the Rig
Cave・IX． Detail ． ．
e Right Reveal of，the Entrance， Cave IX ．
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Two Lokapalas on the Fore Wall， Cave IX ． ． ． ．
ght Outside iJUall， Cave IX
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Door－way of the Cave IX and Temple Hsiang－shan－ssti on the Opposite Bank ．
General View of Cave XI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
A） Attendant Arhan to the Right， Cave XI ． ． ． ． ． ．．
B） Upper Half of the Attendant Arhan to the Right， Cave XI ．
Breast of the Left Bodhisattva in the Cave Lien－huatung， Cave XIII
A） Leaf－Shaped Nimbus of the Right Bodhisattva， Cave XIII ． ．
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Frontispiece．
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PLATES
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B） Breast of the Right Bodhisattva， Cave XIIL ． ． ． ．
C） Lowers Part of the Right Bodhisattva， Cave XIII
Soaring Celestials on the Vault， Cave XIII ． ． ．
A） Dvarap61a at the Doorway， Cave XIII ． ．
B） Vajrapanis of the Small Niches on the Rig
A） Dragon－Crowned Stele carved on the Rig
B） Niches on the St61e， Cave XIII． Detail．
Entrance Reveal to the Right， Cave XIII ． ．
A， B） Niches on the Right XXIall， Cave XIII
A，B， C） Niches on the Left Wall， Cave XIII ． ．
A＞Niches on the Le丘Wa1正， Cave XIII．．．
B） Niche on the Left XXZall， Cave XIII ． ．
Niche Dedicated in s 27 A．D． on the Left Wall，，， Cave XIII
A） Seated Main Buddha， Cave XIV． ． ．
B） Left Attendant Bodhisattva， Cave XIV ．
A） Left Back Corner of Cave XIV ． ． ．
B） Buddhist Trinity to the Left on the Fore VUall， Cave XIV
一 一
ht XJUall， Cave XIII ．
ht XJUall， Cave XIII． ．
一 t 一 一 ．
一 一 一 一
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
一 一
Vertical Row of Niches to the Left on the Left VUall， Cave XIV ．
Vertical Row of Niches to the Right on the Left ”SJUall， Cave XIV．
勾粉黛粉q周
Reliefs on the Frames of the Left Main Niches， Cave XIV ．
Lower Parts of the Left Main Niche， Cave XIV ． ． ． ．
Reliefs on the Frames to the Right， Cave XIV． ． ． ． ．
Attendant Bodhisattva and Arhan to the Left in the
B， C）
Back Wall of Cave XVII
A）
B）
A）
B）
Small Niches on the Right iXiall， Cave XIV ．
Upper Half of the Main Buddha， Cave XVII ．
A Pair of Lions， Cave XVII ． ． ． ． ．
Lotus Flower in Low Rel
A， B）
Representations carved in th
A）
B，C） ManjuSri visiting Vimalakirti ． ． ． ． ． ．
D， E） Future Buddhas in a postuire of Meditation ． ．
A） Niche with Seated Buddha near the
B， C） Niches on the Side Walls of the Natural Crack，
General View of the Temple
Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Vairocana Buddha， the Main Figure of the Temple
A）
B）
A）
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
Left Back Corner of Cave XVII． ． ． ． ． ．
Hands of the Right Arhan， Cave XIV． ． ． ．
Right Back Corner of Cave XVII ． ． ． ． ．
Hands of the Right Arhan， Cave XVII ． ． ．
elief on the Vault， Cave XVII ．
Soaring Celestials on the Vault， Cave XVII ． ．
e Frames of the Main Niches
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一 一
i 一 一 一
Left Main Niche， Cave XIV．
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一 一
一 一
一 一 一
一 i
一 一
Cave XVII ）
Drapery of the Upper Curtain and a Row of Seated Buddhas ．
Natural Crack Shih－niu－ch‘i
Shih－niu－ch‘i
Fe“ng－ksien－ssti， erected by Kao－tsung
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一 一
一 一
一 一
一 一 一
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of the T‘ang Dynasty，
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
Fe“ng－hsien－ssti， Cave XIX ． ． ． ・
Lotus Flower on the Pedestal of the Vairocana，Buddha， each petal containing a Seated
Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ・
Lokapala Figures， carved on the Polygonal Pedestal of the Vairocana Buddha， Cave XIX．
Soaring Musician and Flame Ornaments， carved on the Nimbus of tbe Vairocana
Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
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PLATES
B） Lotus Pedestal of a Standing Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ．
A） Upper Half of the Vairocana Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ．
B） ’ Vairocana Buddha and its Right Attendants， Cave XIX ． ．
Attendant Arhan to the Right， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Attendant Bodhisattva to the Left， Cave XIX ． ． ．． ． ． ．
Attendant B6dhisactva to the Right， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ．
A一一2D） Yaksa Figure， trampled by VaiSrava4a， Cave XIX． ． ．
VaiSravaqa， the Guardian God of the North， Cave XIX ． ．’．
A， B） Dvarapala， the Doorway Guardian to the Left， Cava XIX ．
Dvarapala， the Doorway Guardian to the Left， Cave’XIX ． ． ．
A，B） A Pair of Standing Donors， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ．．
A， B） Standing Buddhas ． in ehe Niches， Cave XIX ． ． ． ．
Sgaring Celestial in High Relief on the Outside ”Wall，’Cave XX ．
Outside View of the Cqve Yao－fang－tung， Cave XX ．
Dvarqpala to the Left of Doorway， Cave XIX ． ．
A） ’Attendant Arhan．to the Right， Cave XIX ． ．
B） Attendant Bodhisattva tQ the Right， Cave XIX
Upper Part of the Seated Main Buddha， Cave XX／i ．
Lion to the Right， Cave XX ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
A） Stapa Niche， containing
B） Seated Buddha in the Right Main Niche，
Lion in Round Sculpture to th
Left Bodhisattva Head and Nich
Standing Bodhisattva，
A） Frames of the Nic
［The First Nich
B） Arch of the Niche on the Rig
［The
A） Arch of the Niche on the Rig
［The First Nich
B） Projecting Roof of the Niche on the Right Wall
［Niche to the Right of the First NTic
View of Southern Part of the Eastern Hill
Seated Main
Hills ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ・． ． ． ． ． ．
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two Seated Buddhas， on the Fore VUall， Cave XX．
Cave XX ． ． ． ． ， ． ．
eLeft， in the Ca▽e Kuヅang－tung， Cave XXI． ．
es above it， Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
on the Left Corner of the Back’ XJUall， Cave XXI ． ．’D
he on the Left Wall， Cave XXI
e on the Second Panel from Ground］
ht Wall， Cave XXI
First Niche on the Second Panel from Ground］
ht N＞Uall， Cave XXI
e on the Third Panel from Ground］
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Cave XXI ラ
he on the Second Pane1］． ． ． ． ． ・ ・
sof Lung－mεn ・ ． ． ． ． ・ ・ …
Buddha in Round Sculpture at the Center of the Cave K・an．ching．ss丘， East俘rn
一 一
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on th
Arhans in Relief on th
Arhans in Relief on th
Arhans in Relie
Arhans in Relief on th
e Back
e Back
e Back
f on the Back’
e ’Back
Arhans in Relief on the Back
Arhqns in Relief on the Rig
Arhans in Relief on， the Rig
一 一 一 一 一 一 t － i 一 一 i
Le氏Wa11， Cave K・an－ching．ss亘， Eastern田1s
Left VUall， Cave K‘an－ching7ssa， Eastern Hills
Left VCiall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssti， Eastetn Hills
Le丘Wa11， Cave K・an．ching－s＄U， Eastern Hi11s
VUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssti， Eastern Hills
Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
XJUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
VC（all， ． Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
ht Wall， Cave K‘an．ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
ht Wall， Cave K‘an－chingLssif， Eastern Hills
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RUBBINGS
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勾粉勾粉鋤粉勾恥q◎勾均勾粉
Arhans in Relief on the Right SXiall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssa， Eastern Hills ． ． ．
Arhans in Relief on the Right iJUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssti， Eastern Hills
Arhans in Relief on the’ Right SJUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssrt， Eastern Hills
Buddhist Trinity on the Fore Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills ． ． ．
Outside View of the Middle Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai ． ．’． ． ． ．
Breast Part of the Seated Buddha in the Middle Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai t －
Outside View of the Middle and North Caves， Lei－ku－t‘ai ． ． ． ． ．
Right Wall of the Middle Cave and of the Northem Cave， Lei－ku．t・ai．
Seated Bodhisattvas on Lotus Flowers in the iNorthern Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai． ．
Arhan in Relief to the Right Outside SC5Uall of the Northern Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai
Heavenly Palace in low Relief in Niche c， Ravine Wan－fo－kou
Niche c in the Ravine iJUan－fo－kou ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Buddhist Trinity in Cave a， Ravine Wan－fo－kou ． ． ．
Right Part of the Back SJUall in Cave a， Ravine VUan－fo－kou
General View of the Eastern Hills （i） ．
Southern Part of the Eastern Hills ．
General View of the Eastern Hills （2）
Northern Part on the Eastern Hills ．
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．
．
．
Page
II7－r20
エ17－120
117一工20
． II7． r21．
．
．
．
．
122
r22
122， 123
123
123
124
エ24・
124
エ24・
8， g， rIs
8，9，エ15
8，9，1エ5
8， g， 11s
RUBBINGS■
1
II．
III．
IV．
v．
VI．
VII．
VIII．
1．
2．
ロ の
っ♪4邑
5・
6．
7・
8．
9・
IX．エ。．
X． II．
12．
13・
Inscription on the Stε1e of I－ch・Ueh Buddhist Caves erected by Li T・ai李泰the
Prince of Wei pt in 64i A．D． Outside Cave lll ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Calligraphs of the Above lnscription． Natural Size． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Calligraphs of the Above lnscription． Natural Size． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscripti・n f・r the St・ne Statue・f the Temple Ching－shan－ssti敬善寺．
Outside Cave V． T‘and Dynasty ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription蝕the Vairocana Image of the Te血Ple Fεng－hsien－ssti奉先寺，
by Kao－tsung of the T‘ang Dynasty． Cave XIX． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for a Sakyamuni Buddha and two Bodhisattvas， by the Village
Monk Tao－hsing道興in S 70 A．D． Northern Ch・i Dynasty． Cave XX．．
Calligraphs of the Medical Receipt， inscribed on the Reveal of Cave XX． Northern
Ch‘i Dynasty． Natural Size ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription of Yuan Hsiang元和， Prince of Pei－hai北海， dedicated in
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Mrs． Ch‘iu－mu－ling
498 A．D．
Votive lnscription fot the iVlaitreya lmage， dedicated by
Liang丘穆北面， in 495 A．D． Cave XXI．．．．
Voti▽e Inscription・f Sun Ch‘iu－shεng孫秋生and 2・・
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
一 t 一 一 一 一
Meri， in s o 2 A．D．
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 t 一 一
Votive Inscription色r Sakyamuni Buddha dedicated by Wei Ling－tsang魏塞藏
Northern VUei Dyn’asty． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for Maitreya Bodhisattva， dedicated by Princess Dowager Hou
侯，Grand－Mother of Prince Kuang－ch・廿an廣川， inラ02 A．D． Cave XXI．
Votive lnscription for Maitreya Bodhisatt▽a， dedicated by ChEng Chang－yu鄭長
猷，Count of Ydn－yang雲陽inラolA．D． Cave XXI ．．．．．．
Page
2s， 26
2s， 26
2s， 26
29
76
7g－8i
7g－8 i，
Iol， Ig8
エoo・Ig7
工04，214，217
99， 2i4
105， 200
ros， 20r
viii
XI． i 4．
15・
XII． i 6．
i7・
i8．
エ9・
20．
XIII． 2 i．
22．
23・
24・
25・
26．
XIV． 27．
XV． 28．
XVI． 2 g．
XVII．
XVIII．
XIX．
XX．
XXI．
30．
31．
32．
33・
34・
35・
36．
37・
38．
39・
O1
4・41
42．
RUBBINGS
Page
Votive lnscriptiori on behalf of Emperor Hsiao－wEn－ti孝文帝， dedicated by Yang
Ta－yen楊大回， ln about 500 A．D． Cave XXI．．．．．．．．．．99，207
Voti▽e Inscription for Buddhlst Niche， dedicated by Bhikshu Hui－chEng慧成，
in 498 AD． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． 。 。 ・ ・ … 99，177，2エ2
V・tive lnscripti・n・f Ka・一shu高樹and 32 Men， in 5・2 AP・Cave XXI．… ，2・ラ，2エ7
V・tive lnscripti・n dedicated by Princess Dowager Kao高・f Pei－hai北海． N・rth一
ern Wei Dynasty． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription by the Bhikshu Hui－kan恵感， in 502 A．D． Cave XXI．・
Votive Inscription by Bhikshu［Tao－chiang道匠． Nothern VUei Dynasty・Cave
XXI． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription for Maitreya Bodhisattva， dedicated by Princess Dowager Hou
侯，Grand－M・ther・f Prince Kuang－ch‘ttan廣川， in 5・3 A．D． Cave XXI．
Votive lnscription by the Bhikshu Fa－shεng法生， in 503 A・D・Cave XXI・・
Votive lnscription for Maitreya lmage by the Odicer Chieh Po－ta解艶聞， in abou壱
49s－4gg A D． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription by 1－fo一一弗iJUife・：of ChanglYdan－tsu張元組， in 496 AD・
CaVe XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for Buddhist Niche， by YUan Hsieh元愛， Prince of An－ting
安定，in 5 H A．D． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription by Ydan Yu元三， Governer－general of Chlng－chou三州， in
si7 A・D． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription fb’ r Buddhist Niche by the Nuns T‘ztt－hsiang丁香and Hui－
chεng慧政， in 520A．D． Cave XXI ．．．．．．．．．．・Votive lnscription by Yttan Hsiang二丁， Prince of Pei－hai．北海， in 498 A・D・
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ’． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription by Wei Ling．tsang魏璽藏， etc。， in about 500 AD． Cave
XXL Natural Size． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription for I 5，000 Buddha Images， by Cramana Ch・ih－yUn智蓮， in
about 680 A．D． Cave IX． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for Sakyamuni Buddha lmage of the King Udayana， by Han
I一ア茸n韓曳雲，Ssti－t・u Tuan司徒端， etc． T・ang Dynasty． Outside Cave XII．
Decorated Background of the Buddha Image． T‘ang Dynasty． Outside Cave XXI．
Iol， 199
99，215
IOO
10ラ，20「
1 04，エ99
99
roo
91， 202
104， 107， 203
Arched Niche’decorated with Canopy－like Design． Sui Dynasty． Ouside Cave III．
Lotus’ Flower Ornaments on the Floor， Cave III． Northern Wel Dynasty
Lotus Flower Ornaments on the Floor， Cave III． Northern Wei Dynasty
Spiral VUave Ornaments on the Floor， Cave III． Northern Wei Dynasty
Lotus Flower Ornaments on the Floor， Cave II． T‘ang Dynasty ． ． ．
Floral Ornaments at the Thresh－hold， Cave III． T‘ang Dynasty ． ． ．
Right Main Niche in Cave XVIL Northern Wei Dynasty ． ． ． ．
Left Main Niche ．in Cave XIV． Northern SJUei Dynasty ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Several Decorated Arches and Frames of Niches， Cave XXI． Northern Wei
Dアnasty
The Third Niche of the First Panel， on the Left VUall． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Niche between the Second and Third Niches of the Second Panel， on the Left
VUall． ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Niche b6tween the Second and Third Niches of the Second Panel， on the Left
iJUall． … ’’’’’’’’’’’’” ”
5
Iol， Ig8
99
32
40
26
16
16
エ6
12
12
6s－67
s8， sg
93
97
97
X●1
RUBBINGS
XXII．
43 ．・
44・
45・
XXIII 46．
47・
XXIV， XXV．
XXVI， XXVII．
XXVIII． s 2．，
53・
The First Niche of the Sec6nd Panel， on the Left SJUall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Several， Decorated Arches and Bottom Walls of the Main Niches， Cave XXI．
Nothern VUei Dynasty
The First Niche of the Third Panel， on the Right Wall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
The First Niche of the Third Panel， on the Left XJUall． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
The Third Niche of the Third Panel， on the Left SCKIall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
The Second Niche bf the Third Panel， on the Left XJUall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
48， 4g． Soaring Celestials on the Botttom VUall of the Above Nichg on the
Left VUall ［The Second Niche on the Third Panel］． Cave XXI ． ． ．
so， s i． Buddhist Disciples on the Bottom Wall of the Above Niche on the
Left XJUall． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Decorated Arch and Botcom Wall of Niche on the Right SJUall ［The Fourth Niche
on the First Panel］． Cave XIII． Northern Wei Dynasty ． ． ． ． ．． ．・
Decorated Niche on the Left Wall． Cave XX． Northern VUei Dynasty ． ． ．
Page
IO2
103， 104
99
98
98
g8
g8
84・
4量8
ILLUSTRATIONS
（ln Japanese Text）
Fig． i．
Fig． 2．
Fig．
Fig．
3
4・
Fig・ 5・
Fig． 6．
Fig． 7・
Fig． 8．
Fig・ g・
Fig． io．
Fig． II．
Fig． i2．
Fig・エ3・
Fig． i4・
Fig． is・
Fig・エ6・
Fig． i7．
Page
Map of the Lo－yang District， Honan ． ． ． 4
Genera1 View of Lung－m6n， the Dragon Gate，．
from the North （photogrl by Mr． H． lwata）． s
General View of the Western Hills at Lung－
m6n（sketched bアMr． M． Kitano） ．．．8， g
General View of the Eastern Hills at Lung－
mGn （sketched by Mr． M． Kitano） ． ． ． 8， g
Plan of Cave I（after Prof． T． Sekino） ． ． io
Seated Main Buddha， Cave 1 （photogr． by
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ．’． ． ． ． ． io
Right Attendant Boddhisattva， Cave i ． ． io
Stone Pagoda outside Cave 1 （sk’etched by T．
Nagahiro）・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ … 1エ
Plan of Cave ll （after Prof． Sekino）． ． ． ii
Standing Attendants to the Left， Cave II
（photogr． by Mr． Iwata） ．．．．．． 1エ
Seated Main Buddha， Cave II （photogr． by
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． i2
Plan of Cave III（surveアed by Nagahiro） ． 13
Patterns in Relief on the Floor， Cave III． ． is
Lotus Flower and Flying Celestials on the
Vault， Cave III （sketched by Mr． Kitano） ． i7
Relief representing a Procession of Empress at
the Fore Wall， Cave III （photogr． by Prof．
Sekino） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． エ8， Ig
Buddhist Trinity on the Right iJUall， Cave
III （photogr’． by Prof． Sekino）． ． ． ． i8， rg
Manjugri visiting Vimalakirti in Cave VII，
YUn－kang （sketched by Mr． Kitano） ． ． ． 20
Fig．エ8・
Fig． ig．
Fig． 20．
Fig． 2i．
Fig． 22．
Fig． 23．
Figl 24．
Fig． 25．
Fig． 26．
Fig． 27・
Fig． 28．
Fig． 2g・
Fig． 30．
Fig． 3i．
Fig． 32．
Reliefs on the Fore Wall， dave III（1）Right
Side（sketched by Mr． K． Ohasi）．，．．
Reliefs on the Fore Wall， Ca▽e III（2）Left
ハSide（sketched by Mr． Ohasi）．，．．．
Plan of Cave IV（after Prof． Sekino）． ． ．
Seated Main Buddha， Cave IV（photogr． by
Mr． lwata）．．．．・＿・…Standing Attendants．to the Right， CaYe IV
photogr・by Mr・Iwata）・・・・…
APair of． reated Lions， Cave IV （photogr．
bアProf． Y・Tukamoto） ・ ・ ・ …
Plan．of Cave V（surveyed bアS． Miduno＆
Nagahiro） ・・ ・ … ．・…
Seated Main Buddha， Cave V（photogr， bア
Prof． Sekino）． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ …
Stand至ng Lokapala in Relief， Cave V（photo－
graphed by Prof， Sekino） ． ． ． ． ． ．
Three Buddhas on the Rocky Side， Cave VI
（photogr・by Prof・S・Sawamura）・ …
Plan of Caves VII and VIII （after Prof．
Sekino） ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ … ．…
Plan of Cave IX（surveyed by Midunoδ乙
■ oNagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ．． ． ．
A Pair of Seated Lions， outside Cave
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）． ： ．’ ．
’Standing Avalokitegvara， outside Cave
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）． ， ．
Plan of Cave X （after Prof． Sekino） ．
IX
．X
I
．
Page
22
3片ノ2227
27
28
29
29
29
30
3エ
32
33・
つ）〆0
3つフ
X
ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig・ 33・
Fig・ 34・
Fig・ 35・
Fig． 36．
Fig・ 37・
Fig． 38．
Fig・ 39・
Fig． 40．
Fig． 4i．
Fig． 42．
Fig・ 43・
Fig・ 44・
Fig・ 45・
Fig． 46．
F三9・4・7・
Fig． 48．
Fig・ 49・
Fig． so．
Fig． si．
Fig． s2．
Fig・ 53・
Fig・ 54・
Fig・ 55・
．Fig． s 6．
Fig・ 57・
．Fig． s8．
Fig・ 5 g・
Fig． 60．
Yig． 6i．
Seated Main Buddha， Cave X （photogr． by
Prof． Tulくamoto）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Seated Lion to the Right Side of the Entrarice，
Cave X（photogr． by Prof． Sekino） ． ． ．
Five－storied Pagoda in Relief， outside Cave X
（surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro） ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XI （after Prof． Sekino）． ． ’．
Niche with Projecting Roof， outside Cave XI
（surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro） ． ． ．
Outside View of Caves XII，’ wIII and the
Neighbourhood （photogr． by Mr． lwata）．
Plan of Cave XII （after Prof． Sekino） ．
Niches on the Back VUall， Cave XII （photo－
graphed by Mr． lwata）． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Niche with Projecting Roof， outside Cave XII
（surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro；） ．
Entrance Arch with Flame Ornaments ）
XIII （sketched by Mr． Kitano） ． ．
Niches on the Right Entrance Reveal，
XIII （surveyed by Nagahiro） ． ． ．
一 一
Cave
一 一
Cave
．
Plan of Cave XIII （surveyed by Nagahiro）
Bodhisattva Head to the Right，
（photogr． by Prof． Sekino）． ． ． ．
Attendant KaSyapa in Relief， Cave
（photogr． by Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ．
Lotus Flower and
．
．
Cave XIII
一 一
XIII
一
Soaring Celestials on the
Vault， Cave XIII （sketched by Mr． Kitano）．
Niche on the Right Wall， Cave XIII （photo－
graphed by Prof． Tukamoto） ． ．． ． ． ．
Right Wall of Cave XIII （surveyed by Midu－
no 8d Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Left Wall of Cave XI工1（surveアed by Miduno
＆ Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Seven－Storied Pagoda in Relief， outside Cave
XIV （surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro）． ．
Plan of Cave XIV （surveyed by Nagahiro） ．
Section of Cave XIV （surveyed by Nagahiro）．
Outside View of Caves XVII， XVIII and
the Neighbourwood （photogr． by Mr． lwata）．
Left Wall of Cave XIV （surveyed by Naga－
hiro） ． ・ ・ … r ・ ・ ’ ”
Right iJUall of Cave XIV （s’urveyed by Naga一
hiro） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XV （after Prof． Sekino）
Plan of Cave XVI （after Prof． Sekino）
Stfipa Niche in Relief outside Cave
（sketched by Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ．
．
． ．
一 一
XVI． ．
Niche with a Bodhisattva seated cr6ss－ankled ’
beside the Road （photogr． by Mr． lwata）． ；
Outside Wall of Cave XVII （surveyed by
Nagahiro） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Page
3・6
36
リノリ／
つフつフ
38
Q／Qノ
つフつフ
39
40
4i
2つ）
4欄4－
43
44
46
49
50
53
66円／
戸）戸）戸）
57
58
911
5666i
62
36
Fig； 62．
Fig． 63・
Fig． 64・
Fig． 6 s・
Fig． 66．
Fig． 67・
Fig． 68．
Fig． 6g・
Fig． 70．
Fig． 7i．
Fig． 72．
Fig・ 73・
Fig・ 74・
Fig・ 75・
Fig． 76．
Fig・フ7・
Fig． 78．
Fig・ 79・
F三9・80・
Fig． 8i．
Fig．． 82．
Fig． 83：
Fig． 84・
Fig． 8 s・
Fig． 86．
Fig． 87・
Fig． 88．
Outside Wall of a Small Cave above Cave
XVII（surveyed by Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XVII （surveyed by Nagahiro）．
Section of Cave XVII
hiro） ． ．
Right Wall
Nagahiro）
一 ・ 一 一
〇f Cave
．一 一 一
（surveyed bア Naga噌
ロ ・ ・ ● ● ● ，
XVII（surveyed 正）ア
． ． ． ．
Left Wall of Cave XVII （surveyed by Naga－
hiro） ． ． ． ． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ …
Arched Niche containing Floral Ornaments，
dedicated in s 26 AD．， Cave XVII ． ． ．
Fore Wall of Cave XVII （surveyed by Naga一
hiro） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Outside Wall of Cave XVIII （photogr． by
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XVIII （after Prof． Sekino） ．
Plan of the Temple F6ng－hsien－ssti， Cave
XIX （surveyed by Miduno ec Naga．hiro）． ．
Supposed Plan of the Original Roofs of the
Temple F6ng－hsien－ssif， Cave XIX （surveyed
by Mr． T． Hirako）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Cave of Extra Number， outside the Temple
F6ng－hsien－ssti （photogr． by Prof． Sawamura）．
Outside Wall．of Cave
Nagahiro）． ． ．
Left Side Reveal of
Nagahiro）． ． ． ．．．
XX （surveyed by
一 i 一 一 一 一 一 一
Cave XX （surveyed by
． ． ． ’ ． ．
Plan of Cave XX （surveyed by Nagahiro） ．
Section of Cave XX （surveyed by Nagahiro）．
Nimbus of the Main Buddha， Cave XX．
Detail． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Profile of the Main Buddha and Attendant
Bodhisattva， Cave XX （surveyed by Miduno
ec Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Left VUall of Cave XX （surveyed by Naga－
hifo） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ’ ． ．
Three storied Pagoda in Relief on the Left
SJUall， Cave XX・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ’ ’
Right VUall of Cave XX （surveyed by Naga－
hiro） ． ．・． ． ． ． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Niche with Proj ecting Roof on the Right
iJCIall， Cave XX ． ・ ・ ・ 一 ・ ・ ’
Niche dedicated in s 30 A．D． on the Right
XJUall， Cave XX ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Outside View of Cave Ku－yang－tung， Cave
XXI （photogr．．by Prof． Sawarpura） ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XXI （surveyed by Nagahiro） ．
Section of Cave XXI（surveアed by Naga一．
hiro） ． ． ． ’． ． ． ． ・ ・ …
Sketch Showing the Distribution of Niches‘
on the Right Border of the Back Wall， Cave
XXI （sketched by Nagahiro） ． ． ． ． ．
Page
34
101064
56
66
68
6g
00
ワ！．ワイ
フ2
75
76
78
900
一ノ888r
82
83
84
85
86
86
OQ9
8890
9r
畳－X
ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig． 8g． Niche containing a Seated Buddha on the
Left Wall， Cave XXI ［First Niche from in－
slde， on Third Panel from ・Groundl （photogr．
Fig． go．
Fig． gi．
Fig．． g2．
Fig・ g3・
．Fig・ g4・
Fig・ g 5・
Fig． g6．
Fig・ g7・
F三9・98・
Fig・ g9・
Fig． ioo．
Fig． ioi．
Fig． io2．
by Prof． Tukamoto） ． ． ．
Upper Part of the Left Wall，
（photogr． by Prof． Sekino）． ．
Upper Part of the Left iJCiall，
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）
Upper Part of the Right Wall，
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）
Niche containing a Bodhisattva
Cross－ankled on the Right Wall，
［Third Niche on the Second
Ground］ （photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）
Bikshu in Low Relief inside the Niche of the
Left Wall， Cave XXI ［Third Niche on the
Page
． ． ・ 92， 93
Cave XXI
． ・ ・ 92， 93
Cave XXI
． ． ・ 92， 93
Cave XXI
． ・ ・ 92， 93
seated in
Cave XXI
Panel from
・ 92， 93
一 一 一 一
〇n the Niche
of the Left Wall， Cave XXI ［A small Niche
on the Second Panel from Ground］ ． ． ．
Carvings on the Base of the Niche， dedicated
in’ 唐R6 A．D． Left VCTall， Cave XXI ［First
Niche on the Second Panel from Ground］ ．
Carvings on the Base of the Niche， during
the Eastern Wei Dynasty， on the Left Wall，
Cave XXI ［A Small Niche on the Second
Panel from Ground］ ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Carvings on the Base of the Niche dedicated
in s 37 A．D． on the Right Wall， Cave XXI
［First Niche on the Second Panel from
Ground］． ． ． ． ． ． ． ・． ． ． ．
Soaring Celestials on the Foil of the Arch，
the Right VUall， Cave XXI ［First Niche on
the Second Panel from Ground］ （sketched by
Mr． Kitano）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．．
Soaring Celestials in the Frames of the Niche，
the Right VUall， Cave， XXI ［First Niche on
the Second Panel from Ground］ （sketched by
Second Panel from Ground］ （photggr・
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Left Wall of Cave XXI （surveyed
Nagahiro） ．．． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Right Wall of Cave XXI （surveyed
Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Row of Donors in low Relief
y．V7・▽1．
－D冒D¶b
93
94
95
g6
97
g8
工OI
102
Page
Mr． Kitano）．． ．，． ． ． ． ． ・． ． io3
Fig． Io3． Sketch showing the Distribution of the
Standard Niches in the Ku－yang－tung， Cave
Fig． io4．
Fig． ios．
Fig． io6．
Fig． io7．
Fig． io8．
Fig． iog．
Fig． iio．
Fig． ill．
Fig． n2．
Fig． n 3．
Fig． ii4．
Fig． us・
Fig・1エ6・
Fig． n7・
F三9・II8・
Table 1．
Table II．
XXI （sketched by Nagahiro） ．
Outside View of Cave XXIII
Prof． Tukamoto） ． ．一． ．
Four－storied Pagoda in Relief，
（sketched by Mr． T． Hirako） ．
Left Corne’r of Cave XXIV
Prof． Tukamoto）． ．・． ． ．
一 一 一
（photogr． by
一 一 一 一
Cave XXIII
一 一 一 一
（photogr． by
一 一 一 i
io6
エog
uo
III
Niches on the Left Wall， Cave XXV（photo．
graphed by Prof． Tukamoto）． 。 ． ．． ． II2
Plan of the Cave K‘an－ching－ss〔1， Eastern
Hills（surveアed by Midu40 e乙 Nagahiro）．．エ16
Section of the Cave］K‘an－chihg－ssU， Easte血
Hills（surveアed．by Miduno e乙 Nagahiro）・・Iz7
Arhans in Relief on the Fr三eze of the Three
Walls， Cave K‘an－ching－ssu， Eastem Hills
（sketched bアMr． Ohasi）．．．．．II8，11g
Plan of the South Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai（surve＞Ted
by Miduno＆Nagahiro）・．・ ・ … 120
Section of the South Cave，．Lei－ku－t‘ai（sur－
veyed bアMiduno＆；Nagahiro）．．．．エ21Section of the Middle Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai（sur－
veアed by MidUno．＆ Nagahiro）．．．．121
Seated Main Buddha oロthe Back Wall of
the Middle Cave， Lei－ku．t‘ai（photogr． by
Prof． Sekino） ． ． ． ・．・ ・ … エ21
Plan。f the Middle and N6rth cave， Lei－ku－
t‘ai（surveアed by Miduno ＆；Nagahiro）．．122
Attendant Bodhisattva on the Back Wall of
the Middle Cave， Ldi．ku．t‘ai（photogr． by
Prof． Tukamoto）．． ． ・ ・ ・ … 122
Seated Buddha to・the Left in the Middle
Cave， Lei－ku．t‘ai（photogr． by Prof． Tuka．
moto）． ．． ． 。 ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ … 123
Two Caves in the Ravine Wan－fo－kou， East－
ern Hills（surveyed bアMiduno eC Nagahiro）．124
Distributi6n of the Votive Inscriptions in
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．． ．Io6， Io7
Table of the Cave Names， adopted by Several
Authors， and of the Chronology of Caves・140・r41
Xii
v
A・ STUDY
OF
THE BUDDHIST CAVE－TEMPLES
AT
LUNG－MEN， HONAN
yb
SEII－TI MIDUNO
・AND
TOSIO NAGAHIRO
INTRODUCTION
The Bgddhist cave－telnples at Lung－mεn龍門， about l 2 kilometres south of Lo－yang洛陽in Honan
河南．垂秩E▽inge， were丘亡st made during the T・ai－h・太和・era’・f the Emperor Hsiao－wen－ti孝文帝・f the
Nbrthern W6i北魏dアnastア， i．e。 in the latter haIf of the 5 th centurアA．D． The work， thus started， was con－
tinued steadily through the 6th and 7th centuries until about the middle of the T・ang唐period；then， it
gradua11y Iapsed i4to a state of abeアance， very few additions beihg made thereafter and the temples a110wed to
go to decay． The conditions a丘er that time can only be known from occasional allusions rnade to the place in
th・‘」・um・ア・’・f Chin・・e p・・t・，．in l・・al hi・tQ・i・・， and in i・・c・ipti・n・eng・a▽・d・n・t・n・・
It w4S not u．ntil recent years that these．．cave temples began to be studled． A French mining engineer，
Leprince－Ringuet， visited them in．・899， and Dti． Tアfita Itδof Japan made a sojourn to this place in・go2・
In ・go5， Philippe Berthelot gave a ver＞・vivid description of the sculptures in the Cave P五n－yang－tung賓陽／’同
i・・h・・tid・r・n・・ib…d…h・C・脚・・蜘旋Z’A・adimie de・lnsc・ip・i…’b・ B・lles L・tt・es・Th・m・・t…e一
ノworthy of the studies made 6y scholdrs of Western Europe is that of Edouard Chavannes， the French sinologist・
He stayed．there from July the 24th to August the 4th，エgo7．．． The results of this．survey are reproduced in
・h・fam・u・Mi・・i・n・a・c6E・Z・gig・・／dan・i・ Cbi・・ ・・pt・nt・i・nal・，・P・・isエ9・g一・g・5・Al・・， i・・h・ ・a・1y・w・n・i…f・h・
present century， Osvald Sirξn，． 狽??@Swedish art．historian， published a book entitled Cろinese Scull）tu re， in which
he gives an account of the Lung－m6n site together with several photographs of his own・
In Japan， after Dr． Itδ’s visit in I go2， Dr． Yasusi Tukamoto and Mr・Takurei Hirako came here in
Igo6． Their observations are recorded in a paper Tra・vel∫ in t乃e Interio．r（ゾC6ina， contributed by Dr． Tuka．
mo亡。 to the TのδGakugei Za∬ゴσoumal of Oriental Studies）Vols． XXV－XXVI． Also，．Dr・Tadasi Sekino
inspected the site in I g o 6．and again in エgI8， and published his results in the fbrm of Cろinese Miscellan：γ・
・on．tributed・to・the K・η∫晦Za∬iσoumal of Arc正・itectu・e）No．384；a準d， fU・ther， in・920， wh・n he compiled
the Hi∫toricaムSites of C6inese Budd6i∫m in collab6ratioh with Dr． Daidy6 Tokiwa， he wrote，．in．Volume II， an
・・ti・1・・粋th・C・w・ T・mples at Lung－me“n．・M・n・i・・m・・t b・m・d・i・・hi・c・nn・xi・n・f・h・v・1・・ble c・nt・ibu一
バtion to the study of the Lung－mεn cave－temples， rendered by Mr． Seigai Omura， who， though he has never
been at the site himself， has， by utilizing the inscriptions， attempted in his History（）f C6inese Art∫一SculX）ture・to
・・t・bii・h・n・・d・・am・ng・h・・c・1P…e・．1・i・an・xp1・i…ly・qu・11・dちy・h…fChava・・…
1
INTRODUCTION
In contrast with the achievements of Occidental and ・Japanese scholars who have been always guided by
observations actually made at the site， the scholars of China have been mainly absorbed in the study of rubbings
ta．ken from stone inscriptions． The 01dest of these works， namely the（）hi－ku－lu集古録by Ou－yang Siu欧陽
修and the C乃in－sSi6－lu金石録bアChao Ming－chSng趙明誠in the Northern Sung北宋period， already make
some remarks on the 1－ch・’u．eh Fo－k‘an－pei伊閾佛寵碑・During the subsequent many hundred years the works in
epigraphy invariably treat only of this inscription・Under the Ch‘ing清dynasty， when epigraphy made much
progress， the C6in一∫hi6 T・∫ui？ien金石葦編by Wang Ch‘ang王拠， the拓一。乃・iung－s6i6（］bin－sbih Pu－cheng入覆室金
石補正by Lu Tseng－hsiang陸増祥， the 1－feng－t‘ang C6in一∫6i6〃ζen－tzu－mu aj一風堂金石文字目by Miu Ch・uan－
sun膠茎孫， and the C伽一勧一1祝擦古録bアWu Shih一驚n旧式券were published． They are very comprehensive
wofks， containing many inscriptions at Lung－mEn， though．the last two mere正y enumerate the tlames of the in．
．scriptions・Lately， in I g 35， the 1－ch‘ueh S6i乃一k‘ξT‘u－piao伊闘石刻圖表was compiled by Kuan Po－i BagF百盆・
This is the only boo1（concemed especially wit与the Lung－m6n ihscriptions， and is the most elaらorate and com－
prehensive catalogue hitherto printed．
Having finished the exploration of the cave－temples ip the Hsiang－t‘ang－shan i響堂山．Hills on the frontier
between Hopei and Honan provinces in the spring ofエ93 6， the present writers and Mr・Osamu Hadati， the
photographer， then desired to proceed on a further tour of researches to the northern part of Honan province，
where more rock－cut temples are scattered about in smaller groups． But the provincial government refused to
authorize our plan； and we were obliged to content ourselves ・with the survey of the cave temples at Lung－
mεn，to which only they gave us permission to go． Thereupon， on the 2エst of April， we set out from K・ai．
fEng開封and arrived the next day at Lo－yang・Thence， under the escort of serveral Chinese policemen， we
went to the village of Lung－m6n on the 24th． Here we stayed until the 2 gth， busily engaging ourselves in
research work・for six days． The carrying out of observqtions in the T‘ang caves was a task assigned to Miduno，
and the same in the Northern Wei caves to Nagahiro， whilst Mr． ．Hadati was to be responsible for the taking
of photographs． As we were not accompanied by our own rubbing－makers， we had to make the best of whom－
ever we could engage on the spot， and ．were guite disappointed at their poor workmanship and lack of eficiency．
Also， judging from the unsympathetic attitude of the provincial authorities， we knew that we should not be
allowed to stay longer． X（＞Ue， therefore， devoted ourselves’ mainly to the survey of the“Northern Wei caves；
but， even this was， after all， more or less impeded by the shortage of hands． Under these circumstances， the
caves we had time to study thoroughly were only the three minor ones， i．e． CaVes’ XIV， XVII （the V〈lei－tzti－
tung魏字洞）’and XX（the Ya・一負ng－tung藥方洞）， whilst we had t・c・ntent・urselves with a s・mewhat s．uper一
丘cial Survey of Ca．ves III（the P・ing－yang－tung賓丁丁）， XIII（the． Lien－hua－turig蓮華洞）， and XXI（the Ku－
yang－tung古．陽洞）．
The present bobk copsists mainly of the・ recofds of these actual surveys， with plates prepared exclusively from
the photographs taken by Mr． Hadati． The inscrlptions here given， have been reprinted from the so－called Lung一
団㏄み獺η一〆・龍門全山，ac・11ecti・n・f rubblngs presented t・the Institute by the late Mr． K6hiti Kur・kawa．
2
CHAPTER 1
THE CAVES IN THE WESTERN HILLS
The River I領水， running through Lung－m6n from the south to the north， here bisects the range of
hills of calcareous rocks into the eastern and western groups， and forms the so－called Lung－meAn， the Dragon．
Gate （Fig． 2）． The rocky cliffs of the Western Hills are hollowed out into a large num6er of caves， some
dating from the Northern X＞Uei period， whilst the Eastern Hirls can only boast of several caves dug out during
the T‘ang Peri・d， and・f the buildings・f the Temple Hsiang－Shan－ssU． ℃R寺・
All the caves of the S）〈／estern Hills open to the east， and just below them a road runs parallel with the
ri▽er． The caves are scattered from north to south o▽er a distance of aboutエ，ooo metres， and may be roughly
divided into the northern and southern groups． Caves 1－VI， numbering as we go from north to south， belong
to the northern group， and Caves VII－XXVIII constitute the southern group． The northernmost section of
the N・rthern Gr・up， bel・nging t・the Temple Ch・len－ch・i－ssti潜漢寺， c・ntalns Cave 1 and the・Three Caves
of Pir1－yang’．賓陽三洞， i．e． Caves II， III， and IV． Ca▽e V is to be found a little wa＞z off． In the southern group，
the most imPo「tant a「e Caves XIX’known as the TemPle Fεn9－hsien－ssti奉先陣， and XXI， the Ku。yang．tung．
The cliffs between these are hollowed out into a great number of smaller caves．
CAVE 1－THE CHAI－PO－TUNG齋祓洞．
This cave has a fioor g．40 metres wide． and 6．66 rnetres long， and a vault i o．60 metres high （Fig． s）．
The principal image is a seated Buddha； and， to his right and left， two Bodhisattvas， two Arhans， and two
Lokapalas are carved on． the walls． The gracefulness of their features and postures suggeSts a work of the Sui’
階or early T‘ang Period・
CAVE II－THE．@NORTHERN PIN・YANG．TUNG賓陽北洞．
The Cave is 7．87 metres wide and g．70 metres long． The middle of the back wall is occupied by a seated
Buddha， who is attended by two Arhans and two ．Budhisattvas on his right and left （Fig． g）． The outside
walls are each guarded by a figure’ №?@Vajrapaqi． The panels of the side and fore walls are． enibossed with ten
deities in low relief， as in the case of Cave Pin－yang：tung． All the images in this cave remipd one of the Sui
or early T‘ang style． The designs of lotus flowers and floral’and．flame ornaments on the nimbus of the principaj
image are mostly engraved in lines， as are also the ornaments on the vault， but are now much worn off． The
floor is decorated with lotus－flower designs in relief， as may also be seen in the Pin－yang－tung， but these are
found to be executed in the Sui－T‘ang style． All the walrs have a rough－hewn surface J this gives one the
impression of incompleteness．
CAVE III－THE PIN－YANG・TUNG血肉洞．
This cave， which lies immediately to the south of Cave II， is the larg6st and most complete of all the
N・・th・r．・W・i・av・・．i・Lung－mε・・Ad・丘・i・・pl・n・f w・・k・ee血…h…bee…nSi…n・1y．f・ll・w・d・h・・ugh－
otit ip the construction of tAe cave and the carving of the images， in sharp contrast with the Caves Ku－yang－
tung古陽洞and Lien－hua－tung蓮華洞， which shQw a lack・f uniformityl It is hardlY c・nceivable that such
a large－scale plan cou！d have originated but in the ’pious wishes of the imperial family of the Northern Wei
dynasty． lt is to be regretted， however， that very serious damage was inflicted about i g3s， resulting in the
disappearance of the excellent reliefs on the fore－wall．
As you pass through the gateway， which is 3．go met．r．es wide， the cave stretches out before you with a
3
THE CAVES IN THE WESTERN HILLS
width of 7・フometres and a length of about 6 metres・At the centre of the back wa11， a square p6destal is carved，
s・7s metres by 3．80 metres） supporting a Buddha seated cross－legged． Flanking him are to be seen two Arhans
and two Bodhisattvas placed on lotus pedestals． Before the principal image sit a pair of’ stone lions， each i．so
metres． rong from head to tail． The side walls each contains a standing Buddha attehded by twp Bodhisattvas．
AII the images in this cave are representative masterpieces of the ．Northern iJUei style， and the nimbi backing them
are， also， finest speci．mens of the same time （Fig．． r 3）．
The wide expanse of the floor ip the middle of the cave is covered all over wlth slightty raised engravings
representing lotus flower and tortoise－shell patterns． This giVes the floor an appearance’ @of a carpet of flower
patterns． At the top of the vault， a lotus fiower is engraved； and， to the right and left of this are engraved
two sets of four celestial musicians accompanied by two attendants bearing offerings． Most probablys，these
decorations on the vault were painted in colours when they were made； but the prese4t colouts are not the
original ones （Fig． i 4）． ・ ’ ’ The fore－walls beside the gateway are divided into three sections， the uppermost bearing an image each
・f Vimalakfrti and Mafijugrf， lhe middle secti・n being engζaved with a scene丘。血theノ’atakas本生諌， and the
Iowermost giving a picture of an emperor and empress and their suite in state procession， all executed in relie£
T－hese are very elaborate raised engravings rendered in the Northern VUei style） but are now so completely de：
stroyed that it is impossible to make them out（Figs．エ8，エg）． The walls outside the gateway are provided with
figures。f Vajrap麺s；and， adjoining theseラstands．the s・．ca11ed I－ch・aeh F・一k・an－pei伊野押回碑（Plate IV）・
Indeed， arnong the relics now preserved in Lung－irtEn， the Cave Pin－yang－tung may justly clairh the first place
as a representative specimen of the Buddhistic art of the Northern XC＞Ciei period．
CAVE IV－THE SOUTHERN PIN－YANG・TUNG海蘭南洞．
Situated to the immediate south of Cave III， this cave likewise faces the east， and has a width of g．40
metres and a depth of g．og metres （Fig． 20）． The principal image， which is a seated Buddha， and two Arhans
and two Bodhisattvas are engraved in the wall at the bottom， in a style apparently．deviating from the Northern
Wei fashion． The side walls are dotted with several niches ex．ecuted ．in the Sui or early T‘ang style． The vault
．is g metres high， and is decorated with some celestial figures flying around a lotus flower in their centre， all
rendered in relie£
CAVE V－THE CAVE OF THE TEMPLE．CHIN（｝一SHAN－SSO敬善寺洞．
This cave， which lies to the south of the TempIe Ch・ien－ch・i－ss丘潜漢寺， also魚ces the east， and has a
width of 3・24 Metres and a depth of 3．エ5metres（Fig・24）． The centre of the bacl（wall is engra▽ed with a
Buddha seated cross－legged on a sguare throne． The side walls are each engraved with’ an Arhan， a Bodhisattva，
and a Lpkapala； and， in their interspaces are also carved a ndmber of smalller Bodhisattvas． The style belongs
to the earlX T・ang period． The vault is embossed with aエotus Hower at the centre and some fiying celestials
around it
CAVE VI－THE THREE BUDDHAS ON THE OPEN ROCK ma年三大佛．
This is a cave cut i 6．48 metres wide in the faee of a rocky wall rising to the south of the Cave of the
Temple Ching－shan－ss．丘（Fig・27）． The wall at the botto血is engraved， in the centre， with a丘gure seated with
legs・down on a throne， and two standing figures and two seated Buddhas， one at each side． The wot’k， which
is le丘unfinished， be正ongs to the early T・ang period．
CAVES VII 8c VIII－THE TWIN CAVES隻洞．
Cave VII hasi a seated Buddha engraved on the bottom wall， and， aside him， two Bodhisattvas and two
Arhans・ The 6ide walls each contains a Buddha， a Bodhisattva， and a Lokapala， all standing． A Vajraparpi
4
THE CAVES IN THE iJUESTERN HILLS
’is carved on the wall outside the cave， and by his side we see an inscription， dated April， the 3 rd year of
Ch‘ui－kung垂撲，687AD．
Cave VIII contains in the bottom wall two Bodhisattvas and two Arhans beside a Buddha seated with
Iegs down・The inScription on the right side reveal is dated the 2 nd year of T・ien－shou天授，6gI AD． We
kn。w fr。m these that b・th the caves were c・nstructed in the late years．・f the EmperQr Ka・一tsung町回・f the
T‘ang dynasty．
CAVE IX－THE CAVE OF TEN．THOUSAND BUDDHAS， OR WAN．FO－TUNG萬佛洞．
The side walls are engraved with i s，oQo figures of Buddha： hence the name of the cave． lt is also called
the Yung－lung－tung永隆洞， because the w・rk was c・mpleted in the丈stアear・f Yung－lung of the T・ang
dynasty， 680 A．D． The interior of the cave measures s．80 metres from side to side and 6．6s metres in depth
（Fig・ 2 g）． The bottom wall contains fouir images surrounding a Buddha seated cross－legged on an octagonal
pedestal． The right and left corners of the fore wall each contains a Lokapala． Both the side walls are， as
aforesaid， covered all dver with small ．Buddhas in relief． The ce’iling is’carved with patterns of a lotus flower
and some fiying celestials． On each side of the gateway are to be seen the statues of a Vajrapatpi and a lion．
These images are executed in a style of the T‘ang period， as is also the case with Caves X and XI， and show
a marked pr・gress bver the sculptures c・ntained in the caves．・f the Ternple Ch・ien－ch・i－ssdl潜漢寺．
CAVE X－THE LION CAVE．
This is a srnall cave， 2．37 metre．s wide and i r 7 g metres long， lying just to the south of Cave IX． Against
the bottom wall are to be seen the carved images of a Buddha seated cross－legged on an octagonal throne
（Fig．32） and two Bodhisattvas， one on each side of him． There is also the sculpture of a lion， which is far
more realistic than that in the Cave SJUan－fo－tung． From the inscriptions carved on the walls， ． we learn that this
．ca▽e dates back to the 2nd year of Shang－yUan上元of the T・ang dアnasty，675 A・D．， or earlier・
The south wail outside the cave contains a five－storeyed pagoda in relief， measUring 2．36 metres tall
〈Fig． 2 g）， also belonging to the early T‘ang period．
CAVE XI－THE CAVE HUI－C日IEN－TUNG恵簡洞。
Adjoining th6 Lion Cave， this cave measures 3．7g metres wide and 3．oo metrbs deep． The bottom wall con－
tains a Buddha seated with legs down， attended on either side by a Bodhisattva and an Arhan， both standing
（Fig． 36）． From an ihscription left on the south wall we understand that the cave was constructed in the 4th
year・f・Hsien－hsiang威亨芝673 A．D．， by a m・nk named Hui－chien恵簡， and that the principal image repre－
sents Maitreya Buddha．
．CAVE XII－THE CAVE LAO－LUNG－TUNG老母洞．
This cave， with an irregular shape， measures s．40 metres wide， g．48 metres deep， and about 8．so metres
lhigh （Fig． 3 g）． lnto the bottom wall is carved a niche， conta｛ning five figures； but these do not represent the
principal ifp．ages． After all， the cave is an irregular assemblage of a number of T‘ang niches， and canhot be
．considered to have been constructed on a systematic plan．
；CAVE XIII－TH：E LOTUS FLOxJI7ER CAVE， OR LIEN－HUA－TUNG蓮華洞・
The northernmost of the caves of the southern gtoup in the VUestern’Hi！ls is the Lotus Flower Cave， and
’is also an important work of the Northern Wei period． The cave is furnished with a large arched gateway， which
is covered with a beautifu1 flame ornament in low relief， enclgsing a lion’s head in its midst （Fig． 42）． Originally
．a pair of Vajrapapis stood， one on each side of the gateway， carved in much the same style as those belonging
・・。・h・C・v・Pin－y・・g－tung． Wi・h・wid・h1 Ef 6…m…e・a・d・d・p・h・f g・乃m…e…he cav・ha・av・・y d・ep
5
THE CAVES IN THE VUESTERN HILLS
ol）10ng fbrm， resembling the Cave Ku－yang－tung（Fig．4．4）． A standing Buddha， about 6 m6tres tall， which is
the principal image，．and two Bodhisattvas， all standing on lotus pedestals， are engraved on th年bottom．walL
On the parts of the wall spaced between the three irnages， two Arhans are carved in Iow relieC representingム
Ananda and KaSyapa． The side walls contain a number of small niches；those carved in the right wall are com－
paratively well arranged，．らut those in the Ie丘wall are quite irregular， which shows that they are not executed
on a definite plan， as was also the case with the Cave．Ku－yang．tung． Some of the niches in the side walls
c。ntain a Vimalakirti and Ma－njuSri guarded by two Vajrap知is， all executed in relie£The ceiling is ad・rned
with a beautifulエotus flower， which is encircled by flying celestials carrying some offerings（Fig・4．7）・AII the
Buddhist images， celestia正figures， and Iotus．flower ornaments in this cave show highly elaborate workmanship，
but the Northern Wei style in which they are rendeted appears to us tg ha▽e been copied from the Cave．Pin．．
yang．tupg． The dates of construction inscribed on the small niches range丘orn the 2 nd year of Cheng。kuang
正光，52・A．D．， t・the las亡years・f the N・rthern Wei．dynasty， including am。ng them s。me dates bel。ng五ng
to the Eastern Wei東魏・r N・rthern Ch‘i北齊peri・d・These facts lead us t・the c・nclusi・n that the principaI
images・f this cave temple are血・st likely a work・f the time・f Shεn－kuei紳亀・r Cheng－kuang正光，5・8一
ラ25AD．
CAVE XIV．
The wall outside is carved with a standing Vajrapani， now in a seriousry damaged condition． The room
is almost perfectly sguare， measuring 3’．20 metres wide and 3．oo metres long． Out of the bottom wall projects
a platform o．g7 metre high and o．go metre deep， supporting a Buddha seated in a cross－legged postu．re， and
two Bodhisattvqs and two Arhans all standing （Fig． s 2）． The side walls each contains a very large niche，
o．82 me．tre deep， with five images inside （Figs． s s， s 6）． The two niches are so executed as to form a perfect
symmetry with each other． The ceiling， which is 3．20 metres high， has at the centre an unfinished relief of
a louts fiower， measuring about r．80 metres in diameter． Marks also remain around the flower， of an unsuc－
cessfu1 attempt to carve some flying celestials there． After all， this is a cozy little cave， built on a systematic
plan’ of construction most common in the Northern SJUei period． ’SJUe see the same construction in Caves XVII
（the Wei－tzti－tung Pm字洞）， XXIV（the Shih－k・u－tung石窟洞）， etc． It is， however， a matter for regret that our
cave， taken altogether， impresses one as being somewhat incomplete．
バ
CAVE XV－THE CAVE CHAO－K‘E－SHIH－TUNG趙客師洞．
This is a cave equal in size to Cave XIV， but di任erent丘om it in that all the Buddh・ist images and niches
here belong to the early T‘ang． period， save for a niche cut in the south wall， which is executed in the Northern
Wei style（Fig．57）． We learn丘om this that the construction of this cave was first undertaken during the
time of the Northern VUei dynasty，’but was soon discontinued， and that， after the lapse of many years， the
work was taken up again in the early years of the T‘ang dynasty， resulting in the additional construction of
those later niches and images which we see now．
CAVE XVI－THE CAVE P‘O－TUNG破洞．
Very deep and of a somewhat irregular shape， resembling a horSeshoe， this cave contains no principai
image of worship， but has a number of small niches carved at random all over the walls （Fig． s 8）． The in－
scription left on the wall surface shows that the cave was first opened in the early years of the T‘ang dynasty．
It is worthy of note that among the numerous niches carved in the outside walls， there is one shaped like a
single－storeyed pagoda－probably a work of the early T‘ang period （Fig． s g）．
ソ
CAVE XVII二THE CAVE WEI－TZU－TUNG魏字洞．
On the right wing of the outside wall stands a carved Vajrapapi， measuring about 2 metres tall． The
6
THE CAVES IN THE WESTERN HILLS
／cave is 3．go mettes wide， 3．23 metres deep， and 3．go metres high （Fig． 63）． The ceiling． is ・adorned with a
huge lotus fiower， surrounded by flying celestials in relie£ lpto the bottom wall is carved a throne， i metre
deep， supporting a seated Buddha’in・ the middle， and two Bodhisattvas and two Arhans standing by him．
The side walls each contains a deep and tall niche executed symmetrically with one on the opposite wall
〈Figs． 6 s， 66）．・ The upper parts of bQth the niches are carved with a Vimalak2rti and a Ma’n’ju｛rt in relief， as
’was the caSe with Cave XIV． Judging from the ・dated niches， we leam that this cave was constructed in．the
last years of Chεng－k・uang正光and the early years of Hsiao－ch・ang孝昌， i．e・about 525 A・D・Thi⇒ cave
is completed in a typical form of the Northern N＞Uei style， and probably served as a good model for the plans
of later caves．
けCAVE XVIII－THE C．AVE T‘ANG－TZU－TUNG唐雪洞．
The gateway is provided） on the outside， with a carved roof， which is crowned by a bird and two shoe一
．shaped ornamentsl The cave measures 4．so metres wide， 3．so metres deep， ’and about．3：00 metres high
・（Fig． 70）．’ The bottom wall is carved with a seated Buddha， two Bodhisattvas and two Arhans． The right
wall is carved with a Maitreyd seated with legs down， and two Bodhisattvas， all executed in the early T‘ang
．style， whilst the left wall contains a standing AvalokiteSvara and’ several small niches． All the images and
血iches are executed in the early T・ang style， although the dates inscribed on the right entrance wa1Uead us
to． 狽??@view that this cave was丘rst Qpened not later than the 7th year of Ta－t・ung大統，54・A・D．， of the
vestern Wei西Pt dynasty．
バ リ
・CAVE XIX－THE CAVE OF THE TEMPLE FENG－HSIEN－SSU奉野寺洞．
This is a wonderfu1 structure， the huge cavity， with a breadth an d a depth of about 30 metres respective－
ly， gaping wide on a hillside in the middle part of the western range． A gigantic Vairocana Buddha ac一
・companied by two Arhans and two Bodhisattvas， is carved on the shallow bottom wall． The side walls are
．engra▽ed with丘gures of Lokapala and Dvarapala， all of very large． sizes（Fig・7エ）・The en6rmity of their pro一
’portions is such that one can hardly appreciate the grandeur of these colossal images of the T‘ang dynasty
unless one takes the trouble to go over to the east bank of the River’ 1 and thence view these images against
・a background furnished by the whole western range． From the dates inscribed on the north side of the
・octagonal throne under the principal Buddha， we know that the construction of this cave temple was com一
．menced on April the I st， the 3 rd year of Hsien－hsiang成寺：，672AD．， and completed on December the 30th，
・the 2nd year of Shang－yUan上元，675 A．D． In a cotirtyard enclosed by the three walls of the cave， there
・once stood a wooden building known as the Great TempIe Fεng－hsien－ssti大鰐先寺， of which now only a
platform remains．
・CAVE XX－THE CAVE OF THE MEDICAL RECEIPT， OR YAO－FANG－TUNG船方洞．
The outside wall is engraved with the figures of Dvarapala one to each side of the arched gateway， and
’with a stEle accompanied by two soaring celestials above them． The st61e is supported by two genii s．guatted
・on the arch， under． which stand two side－posts decorated with lotus ornaments （Fig． 74）． They are all executed
in high relief of the Northern Ch‘i style， and are correspond well with the dedicatory inscription of the 6th
year of Wu－P・ing武卒・n the left wall・f the entran¢9． This dedicati・n tells・f thr Ya・一fang藥方， a medical
．receipt inscribed on the both wails bf the entrance and on the lower part of the forewall．
The interior of the caye measures 3．28 metres wide and 3．oo metres deeP （Fig． 76）． The bottom wall
・contains a low platform， i metre deep， on which are found a Buddha seated cross－legged．， and two Bodhisat一
．tvas． ≠獅п@two Arhans standing， qll supPosed to be the work of the Sui階period・But， the niches engraved
／irregularly into the side walls are for the most part rendered in the Northern Wei style． （Figs． 80， 82）・ To
‘sum up， the construction of this cave temple seems to have been executed in the order， first， of・the side walls，
7
THE CAVES IN THE VUESTERN HILLS
commenced before the end of the Northern VUei period， then， of the outside wall belonglng to the Northern
Chfi period， and， last of all， of the bottom wall with its Buddhist imagesz comPleted in the Sui period． The
ceiling， containing a lotus flower at the cent，re and several celestial figures surrounding it， is also supposed to
have been carved in．the Northfie’ rn Ch‘i period．
CAVE XXII－THE CAVE KU－YANG－TUNG古紙洞．
This southernmost of the principal caves in the Western Hills is more popularly known as the Cave
Lao－chUn－tung老君洞・The cave， of somewhat oblong shape with a cur▽ed wa11， measures 6．75 Metres wide
and I 3 met亡es正ong．（Fig・86）；The vault．is I I metres high・The gateway is now damaged beyond recognitlgn・
The bottom wall contains a low p正atform originally supportlng two Iions and a dais 6ccupied by a cross．1egged
image of Buddh，a． The Bud（1ha is now mμch dis丘gured by clumsy repairs，1⊃ut the two Bodhisattvas， car▽ed
one to each side of him， are w611 preser▽ed and show the original fine exeとution．
The side walls are divided in．to three． horizontal zones， each of which contains four Iarge niches of the
same size（Figs． g 5，g6）． The entire．『urface of the u［pperm．ost zone， whlch， grad．ually lnclining in．ward， merges
into the highest concavity of the vault， is covered with numerous smaller niches leaving some places unworked；
which is a distinguishing feature of the construction of this ca▽e， show量ng the ver＞x complicated’ process． The ca▽e is
the oldest among those of Lung－m6n， having se▽eral niches， the earleist being dated the・8th year of T・ai－ho太和，
495A・D・But， the cave was not completed at one time：it was carried out during a long Period with many
changes of plan． E▽en the principal images， n．ow contained in． th．e bottom」wall， were obviously not intended
at the very begin．ning of this cave． They were completed in about soo A．D．， Le． the Iast years of the丘rst
stage． The excavation of the cave itself， howeveちseems to have b．een carried out during three separate stages
－namely， the丘rst excavation was made during the eras of T・ai－ho太和and Ching－ming景明（494－So3 AD．），
the・ sec・nd during ChEng－shih正始and Yung－P・ing永準（5・4うエ・A・D・）， and the third during the Iast
years of Yung－P・ing， and．Chεng－kuang正光（509う24AD．）． The works of the五rst stage are to b6 seen on
the uppem：10st zone．of the side wa11s， those of the second on the middle。 zone， and those of the third on the
lowermost zone． Also， the blanks left on the side walls were丘正1ed up during the late．．Northern Wei period
and the Eastern Wei東下peri・d．
Judging from the insとriptions， we Iearn that the 29．Maitreyas are represented as Bodhisattva seated
ノcross－ankled， the I I Avalokitegvaras as Bodhisattva standing， and the 24 Sakyamunis as Buddha seated， of
which I 6 have their hands clasped together． The workmanship of this cave is remarkably丘ne and elaborate・
The reliefs vary greatly in the depths of their execu．tion， and， to say nothing of the magni丘cient work embodied
in the Buddhist images， all the celestial丘gtires， the Buddhist monks，．and even the flames and floral designs
are also rendered in the delicate and elaborate style． The characteristics of the Northern Wei period are well
represented in the work of th．is cave・
CAVE XXII－T日E CAVE WANGHSIANGTUNG王群洞． Situated to the south of the Cave Ku－yang－tung， this has been recognized from an inscription contained
therein， t・be a constructi・n be1・nging to the time of the Empress Tse”一t・ien則天痴話of the T‘ang dynasty・
CAVE XXIII－THE CAVE HUO－SHAO－TUNG火焼洞．
Also situated to the south of the Cave Ku－yang－tung， this cave is hewn into a rocky hillsideエ5metr¢s
above the road． The outer wall gontains a large arched gateway， carved with fiame ornaments and fiying．ce－
1estials in relie£ The principal image is a seated Buddha， now seriously damaged・Judging fro血the．dates
inscribed， it may be supposed that the construction of this cave was commenced about the time when or im－
mediately after the Cave K亡一yang－tung was co血Pleted． There is， outside the cave， a four－storeyed pagoda in
relief， executed in the Northern Wei style．
8
THE CAVES IN THE WESTERNT HILLS
CAVE XXIV－THE CAVE SHIH－K‘U－TUNG石窟洞． ．
The cave occupies a low ．ground that lies to the south of Cave XXIII． An arch and a ro6f－like carving
mark the entrance to the cave． An inscription， carved on the south wing of the outside wall， bears the date，
indicating that the cave was hollowed out in the 3 rd year of Hiao－ch‘ang孝昌，527 A．D． A construction
much resembling the Cave Wei－tzij－tung， it contains a row of seven images on the bottom wall，． including a
Buddha seated at the middle， and a Bodhisattva at the each end of the row， represented in the． posture of
meditation with his left leg down． The latter is a unigue occurrence throughout Lung－men．
CAVE XXV－THE CAVE LU－TUNG le2｝・ y’fl． ’
AIittle distance to the south of Cave XXIV， the road skirting the hi正1s takes a bend to the west；and
here， on a hillside not far removed from the road， gapes the Cave Lu－tung． Being 4．io metres wide and 3．g3
metres deep， it contains， in the bottom wall， a row of seven images， including a seated B“ddha in the middle，
all placed on a，platform． As regards the general plan of constrtiction and the style and form of the niches，
this cave much resembles Cave XXIV． The dates inscribed lead us to suppose that the construction of this
cave dates back to the middle of the 6th century A．D．
CAVE XXVI－THE CAVE YEN－TSAI－TUNG延載洞．
This is a cave belonging to the T‘ang period， and is situated to the south of Cave XXV． The platforrp
carved in the bottom wali accommodates a Buddha seated with legs down on a sguare pedestal， and some
Arhans， ．Bodhisattvas， and Lokapalas arranged in ’a row． From an inscription carved on a wall， we may say
that this cave was constructed in the I st year of Yen－tsai延載， of the T・ang dynastア，694 AD．
CAVE XXVII．
VUinding westward and farther up the hill， we come to a’ badly． damaged cave of the Northern Wei
style： this iS Cave XXVII． So far－reaching iS the demolition that it is hardly possible to ascertain any further
details than that the principal image here resembles that of Cave XVII．
CAVE XXVIII－THE SOUTHERNMOST CAVE． Situated immediately above and to the south of Cave XXVII， this is the southernmost of the western
group， and has a gate．opening to the south－east． The inteiior is 4，7i metres wide and 3．4s metres deep， with
a height up to the ceiling of 3．7g metres． The bottom wall contains two Bodhisattvas and two Arhans， and a
seated Buddha in the middle， all engrave，1 in the style of the T‘ang period．
CHAPTER II
THE CAVES IN THE EASTERN HILLS
In comparison with the Western Hills， the Eastern Hills comprise a far smaller number of cqve temples．
On the Hill Lei．ku－t・ai揺鼓：i墓at the southern extremity of the． range， three caves lie side by side facing south．
west；and， a little way to the north， Iies the Cave of the TempIe K・an－ching・ssti看経寺洞・Half－waソbetween
this cave temple and the Hill Lei－ku－t・ai， there is a ravine called the Wan－f・一k・u萬佛溝，・n the n・rth cllff・f
Which are excavated several small caves， all opening to the south． These caves of the Eastern Hills were all
excavated during the T‘ang period， there being none that belongs to the Northern Wei or Northern Ch‘i
period． G・ing farther north， we come t・the famouS Temple・f Hsiang－shan－ssti香山寺erected・n the side
of a hill that fbr血s the northern end of the range．
9
THE CAVES IN THE EASTERN HILLS
THE CAVE OF THE TEMPLE K‘AN－CHING－SSU看経寺洞．
The cave has an entrance facing the west and a floor space about i i metres square． The flat ceiling is
carved with a lotus flQwer at the centre and six celestial figures around it， all in relief．， At the bottom of the
main sanctuary， there is a stone－built platform of 3 metres sguare． On this is placed an octagonal throne
i．so metres high， the seat being occupied by a Buddha seated cross－legged （Fig． i o 8）． The walls on the
left， on the back， ahd on・the right－which are all skirted with a panel work 2 metres high一一一are carved re－
spectively with nine， eleven， and nine Arhans in relief． These twenty－nine Arhans are so arranged that the
one at the left end of the left wall leads the procession ’ iFig． i i o）． The ．construction of this cave temple be－
longs to the middle T‘ang period．
’
THE THREE CAVES ON THE HILL LEI－KU－T‘AI揺鼓豪三洞．
The group consists of the South， the Middle， and the North Caves． The South Cave is 7．70 metres
wide and 5．80 metres deep（Fig．1エェ）． At the centre of the main sanctuary， there is a stone．’bUilt square platorm
measuring 3 metres， on which is placed a sguare throne， which again is surmounted by a seated image of
Buddha． The walls are carved all over with a great number of small Buddhas； and a lotus flower decorates
the centre of the ceiling．
The Middle Cave has a large number of smail Buddhas carved all over the outside wall， and a pair of
Dvarapalas guarding the entr’≠獅モ?G but these have now decayed into a regrettable state （Fig． i i s）．’ The floor
inside measures 6 metres wide and s metres deep． A platform lies at the centre， accommodating three seated
Buddhas． The bottom wall is engraved with a Buddha seated with legs down， and two Bodhisattvas standing，
all executed in high relie£ The standing Bodhisattvas on lotus stems have their bodies turned sidewards． The
vaulted ceiling has a iotus flower ’carved at the centre． The panel work covering the lower part of the side
walls contains the figures of twenty－five Arhans in relie£ They are of smaller size than the similar figures
fourid in the Temple K‘an－ching－ssti． ln this cave， each figure has an inscription on its side， which is a para－
graph from the Fu－fa－tsang－c6‘tian付法藏傳（The Li▽es of the Saints）． The cave was made during the reign of
the Empt’ess Ts6－t・ien則天智頭，689－705 A．D．
The North Cave faces the west， and has a rectangular floor， measuring 3 metres．sguare． But the side
walls curve continuously， and make a perfect dome． The two side walls and the bottom wall’ are each engraved
with a Buddha seated on a sguare throne． The space left on the walls is filled up with small Bodhisattvas
seated on lotus fiowers， each in his own free posture． On the forewall， an Avolokitegvara with four hands and
another with six hands are engraved， Qne on each side of the door－way， and on’ the outside wall the figure of
Bhikshu is． found to the right w三ng， whi正st the Ieft wing is completely destroyed． The work here belongs to
the same period as the Middle Cave．
10
CONCLUSION
ム
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE CAVE TEMPLES OF LUNG－MEN
Of all the cave temples in Lung－mEn， the foremost in the order of construction is the Cave Ku－yang－
tung of the Western Hills． The niches， which are the oldest in this cave， were engraved in theエ8th year of
T‘ai－h・太和，495 A．D．，．which is the year f・11・wing the trans蝕・f the imperial capital t・Lo－yang． It was
n？t・howe▽er・ till the time of the ‘egas’Ching－ming景明and Cheng－shih正始， i・e・after S o o A・D・， that the
principal image was final！y completed． ’Then， after being worl〈ed on at three different times， at last the w’ork of
this cave was abandoned in an unfinished state during the・eras’Hsi－P・ing御印and Sh6n－kuei紳亀，5エ6－
5エgA．D．
Next in． the order of antiguity come the ‘Three Caves of Pin－yang，’ Of these， however， it is only Cave
III that was ever completed．
Then， as following these in the order of the commencement of work must be mentioned the group of
caves lying around the Cave Ku－yang－tung． The construction of Caves XVII， XIX and XXIII was at least
begun n・t later than the 3 rd・r．4th year・f ChEng－kuang正光，522・r 523 AD・In Cave XIII， the P「inci－
pal image was comPleted abdut the time of Shen－kuei and Che’ng－kuang， s i 8－s 24 A．D．， and the carving of the
niches in the side walls was steadily continued down to the last years of the Northern Wei dynasty． Simul－
taneously with the construction of the above， five other caves were in course of excavation around Cave XVII
－namely， Caves XIV， XV， XVIII， XXIV and XXVI The work was commenced for the most part during or
after the Hsiao－ch・ang孝昌・era“ i．e． a丘er 525 AD． Of all these， however， only three were丘nished， near正y if
not completely， before the end of the Northern Wei period－namely， Caves XIV， XVIII and XXIV． Among
the others， Cave XXV underwent additional carving during the reigns of the Eastern Wei， SJUestern Wei， and
Northern Ch‘i dynasties； Cave XX was not completed until the time of the Northern Ch‘i and Sui dyna－
sties； and Caves XV and XVIII became what we see now only after the T‘ang dynasty had begun to reign．
The Mei－shu Pm書。・ntains， in the chapter S6ih－la・一蹴あ繹老志．（On Buddhism and Ta・is血）s・me im－
portant accounts of the circumstances concerning the construction of the cave templ’es of Lung－mEn during the
Northern Wei period． By putting these accounts and the results of our actual observations together， wel are
・n・bled t・・ay as f・11・wsト
（1）
（2）
If we take “June， the 4th ye．ar of Che“ng－kuang，” s 23 A．D．， as given in the urei－shu， to mean the
date when the “Three Caves” were’ モ盾高垂撃?狽?пC these three must refer to none other thari Caves
XXI （Ku－yang－tung） and III （Pin－yang－tung）一both constructed in honour of the Emperor and
Empress Hsiao－w6n－ti孝文帝and com血enced in the 2nd year of ChEng－shih－and Cave XIII（Lien－
hua－tung）一constructed in honour of the Emperor Suan－wu－ti宣武帝during the Yung－P‘ing c era，，
since these three are the largest’ @among the extant caves and since the dates of ．their construction，
determined by examination of the caves．the血selves， agree with the dates given in the〃を∫一s6u．
However， the statement made in the Mei－shu is not explicit enough to warrant us in deciding that
the above date denotes the date of the completion of the “Three Caves．” lf， on the contrary， we
might irtclude among these some of the caves that were not guite finished at the time， then it would
be most reasonable to suppose that the ‘cThree Caves” refer to the Three Caves of Pin－yang． Of
these， as stated elsewhere， the North and South Caves were not yet completed at the time of the
Nbrthern SXiei dynasty； but，． if we realize the fact that the three are mutually contiguous caves，
II
CONCLUSION
・nd・・e c・n・t・u・t・d・n血u・h th・・am・plan， th・・e i・g・・d・ea・・n t・think th・t・・m・v・ry Cl・・e
relationship exists among them． Moreover， the plans of construction detailed in the PVei－shu are
found to be applicable to these three， but not to the other three mentioned under （i）． For these
reasons， it would be nearer the truth to say that the，“Three Caves” in the PVei－s6u refer to these
Three Caves of Pin－yang．
After the downfa11 of the Northern VUei dynastys no important work was performed under the Eastern
Wei， Western Wei， Northern Ch・i and Sui dynasties－the on正y exception being Cave XX， which received
additional carving during this time．
Under the T‘ang dynasty， the Cave Temple FEng－hsien－ssU was constructed between 672 and 67s A．D．，
and towards thb close of the 7th century， Caves IX， X and XI and the Twin Caves were constructed one after
another． lt was during this time， too， that innumerable Buddhist．niches were carved inside and outside the caves
of the Western Hills． Subseguent years， under the Empress Tze－t‘ien－wu－hou， saw the work extended to the
Eastern Hills， where several caves were then excavated． ’The work was continued off and on． till the time of the
Emperor Su－tsung粛』宗，756－762 A．D．， when it丘nally ceased．
The wonderfu1 workmanship displayed in the sculpture of the images and niches in the Northern Wei
caVes of Lung－m6n is a new development of the artistic technique that had grown after the transfer’ of the
imperial capital to Lo－yang， and had never been seen in the stone sculptures at Yt7n－kang雲岡， in Ta－t・ung
大同．Here is not to be seen the grandeur in art which characterizes the cave temples at Ytin－kang constructed
by the same T・・一P・四隅tribe at the beginning・f its ascendency－a race which was t・f・und the N・rthern
XXiei dynasty and which willingly embraced the various stytes of western art． lndeed， after the migration of
the imperial family into the valley of thとYe110w River， the cultural centre of the Han漢；race， the Buddhistic
art of the dynasty had cotpe to be more or less infiuenced by the indigenous culture． lt has to be remembered
in this．connexion that the calcareous rocks of Lung－me“n were more convenient for the expression of minute
details than the． sandstone of Y伽一kang． As time went on， however， the art of the invader gradually became
absorbed into that abstract art of line－engraving which had flourished in the indigenous culture since the time
of the Han漢dアnasty． As the result of this amaigamation， the art of the round sculptUre was a110wed to
find expression ，only in Buddhist images； whilst ornamentations such as lotus－fiowers， floral designs， and fiying
celestials， and sometimes even the figures of Buddhist monks came to be ex．ecuted in very minute lines such as
may be seen in the open－work． The lines are so fine that their effect is guite invisibie to the naked eye， and
only could be appreciated in rubbings taken of ・them． And yet， the delicate beauty of these lines expressing
various shades of tone and rhythm is enough to call forth the profound admiration of the student of art．
Next， turning our eyes t・the．c・10ssal statue・f Vairocana Buddha at the Te血pIe Fεng－hsien－ssti奉納寺，
afid the Buddhist statues and other sculptures of the T‘ang period now to be seen in Cave IX and the caves
of the Eastern Hills， we find that the art of the T‘ang dynasty as executed in Lung－m6n presents a striking
contra’唐煤@to that of the Northern X＞Uei dynasty． XJUe notice that the niches have become shallower in depth
and their ornaments gradually neglected， till at last the making of Buddhist statues has become a matter of
primary interest to the T‘ang artists， the very construction of caveS being considered of secondary importapce．
In the present days when nearly all the ancient temples and sculptures have becorrie e4日目nct in China，
these cave temples at Lung：men are the only remaining works of importance， and should be of inestimable
value to the student of ancient Chinese cu正ture， for they can reveal to him masterpieces of style and execution，
’・characteristic of this obscure but significant epoch in the development of Chinese art．
12
BUDDHISM UNDER THE NOR．THERN WEI北町DYNASTY
AS SEEN IN
ム
’THE．CAVE TEMPLES AT LUNG－MEN龍門
BY
ZENRYU TUKAMOTO
Buddhism， which， after its introduction into China about the beginning of the Christian Era， attained a
high degree of prosperity under the Northern VUei北tW dynasty， has bequeathed， in the vicinities of the丘rst
and second seats of the imperial government， two colossal and now world－famous monuments－namely， on the
west of Ta－t‘ung大同， in the Mεng－chiang蒙彊District， the Cave Temples・f YUn－kang雲岡and， t・the
s・uth・f L・一yang洛陽， in H・nan河南pr・vince， the Cave Te・hples・f Lung－mEn龍門． The f・rmer was
constructed during some 3 b Years towards the end of the Ta－t‘ung period （398－493 A．D．） of the dynasty， and
’the latter during the ensuing Lo－yang period （493－s34 A．D．）， both under the auspices of the imperial house．
Thanks， indeed， to these血agnificent relics， we are enabled to observe and study in concrete forms some aspects
of metropoiitan Buddhis血as it was when Northern Wei culture was at its height． Even after the downfall of the
dynasty， the construction of caves and the sculptu．ring of images at Lung－me“n were continued with unrelaxed
・ardour down． to the middle of the T‘ang Jil period （i．e． the middle of the 8th century A．D．）． Now， add to
these caves and images the ’2，000 or more inscriptions on the walls of the cave－temples， and we have gained a
clue as to how Buddhism was received in China and what transitions it went through during the 2 s o years
．in which this lndian religio’ 氏@prospered in and around Lo－yang， then the centre of Chinese culture．
Already， several reports and studies have been published in Europe and America co4cerning these two
．rhonuments； but， when we realize that our Western confreres must find it extremely dificult to gain full under一
・standing of the Chinese versions of the Buddhist satras， and of the religious doctrines and beliefs which these
had created in contemporary China， they are， after all， not in a position to give much more than archaeological
・accounts of these relics or to view them as anything more than works of art． They lack the background for
appreciating the religious motives which inspired the construction Qf these caves and images； conseguentlY they
・cannot be expected to be able to interpret the modes of execution， which varied during the 3 o o years， in the light of
’the evolution of the doctrines and beliefs of the Chinese Buddhists during this peri6d． ln other words， it must be
extremely dificult for SJUestern scholars to appreciate these monuments ln the light of their intrinsic worth as relics
of Buddhism in China． lndeed， these 300 years is a golden age in the 2，000 years’ history of Chinese Bud－
dhism， for it was during these three centuries that Buddhism prospered most in China， that it underwent a new
Chinese development， and that Chinese sects were founded for the first time． Amid the ever－growing confusion
・occasioned by the multifarious forms of Buddhism introduced into China from lndia and the countries of Central
Asia， and by the importation through missionaries of various cogntries and schools， of such Mabdyana stitras
．a・th・Vim・1・ldrti－nirde3a（PVei－mo（漁9維摩網， th・S・ddh・・ma－puaη4rika（Fa－6ua Chi・g法華網， th・．M・ba一
．ρ4γ∫癬吻4（Ni・6－P‘・・ Chi・g浬薬経），and the Budd6awatainsaka na“ma mabaTaipu！ya（Hua一γεη砺η9華嚴経）・of
ghe Mahayanistic doctrines of the two great lndian schools of N∂9∂riuna（龍樹）and Asahga（無口）， and even
of the・ texts of the doctrines of some H2nayanistic schools， Chinese Buddhists tried hard to rearrange in a
r3
ZENRYU TUKAMOTO
unified system these manifold manifestations of the religion， and， by evolving a Chinese doctrina－1 system， at
last succeeded in creating the so－called ‘Northern Buddhism’ represented by the first Chinese sects then founded
－a religion quite distinct in character from the ‘Southern Buddhism’ that prevailed in Ceylon and the vicinity．
Now， when we realize that the construction of the cave temples at YUn－kang and Lung－mEn was a long－
continued wo’rk， it is obvious that a full appreciation of their meaning would be possible only when these relics
were viewed in the light of this development of Buddhism in China． ln his Japanese text， the author has
attempted to explain， frbm the point of view of the general history of Buddhism in China， the essential nature
and the historic signlficance of Northern Wei Buddhism as it is embodied in the sculptures of Lung－m6n．
The Japanese text comprises the following chapters and sections：一
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS：rm
Chapter 1－The lmportance of the Cave Temples of YUn－kang and Lung－m6n．
Chapter II－The lmportance of the Rock lnscriptions at Lung－me”n．
Chapter III－A正teration and Develop項ent in the Sculpturing of Images at Lung．m6n．
MAIN DISCOURSE：rm
Chapter IV－The Prosperity and Decline ofi Buddhism at Lo－yang under the Northern SJUei Dynas－
ty， Considered with Reference to Lung－me“n．
§エーThe Transfer of the Imperial Capital to Lo．yang， and its Re正ation to the Sculpturing of
Images at Lung－m6n． ・ §2－The Peri・d under the Emper・r ShihTtsung SUan－wu世宗宣武帝・
§3－The Period under the Emperor Su－tsung Hsiao－ming粛宗孝明帝， i・e・the Period of the
Administration by the Empress Dowager Ling露太后・
§4－The Period after the Tragedy at Ho－yin河陰， in Lo－yang．
Chapter V－Buddhism as Expressed in the NTorthern VUei Caves．
§卜The Ku－yang Cave古写洞and the Sadd6armapund． arika satra・
§2－Buddhism in the Pin－yang Cave賓陽洞．
g3－The Significance 6f the Northern XJUei Caves in’ the History of Chinese Buddhism．
Chapter VI－Some lmportant lnscriptions lndicating the Dates of the Sculpturing of lmages， and
their Value as Historical Material．
§卜lnscriptions Dedicated by Members ．of the lmperial Family of the Northern Wei Dynasty
and by Memebers of the Nobility Descended from Northern Tribes．
g・2一一一lnscriptions Dedicated by Buddhist Priests．
§3－lnscriptiohs Dedicated by Religious Fraternities（1－i，邑義）．
Chapter VII－Changes in the Objects of VUorship， as Seen in the lmages at LungLmen．
§卜The Worship of Maitreya Bodhisattva．
g2－The Change from Sakyamuni Buddha to Maitreya Bodhisattva （The Decline in lmportance
of Sakyamuni as the Primary Object of SJUorship）．
｛3－The Changes from Sakyamuni and Maitreya to A－mi－t‘o Buddha， and from VUu－liang－
sh・u－f・無量壽佛t・A－rni－t・・一f・阿彌陀佛（The Change・f Religi・us Attitude with the
Change of Dynasties from the Northern Wei to the T‘ang）．
Chapter VIII一一一The Place．in History Occupied by Northern SJUei Buddhism as Expressed at Lung－
m6n．
The first three chapters are devoted to the discussion of the importqnt r61e played by the Cave Temples
of Lung－mEn in the histgry of Chihese Bqddhism． Chapter． IV gives a general account of the progress of the
construction－work at Lting－m6n， at the same time reviewing the cultural policy of the Northern Wei government
after its removal to Lo－yang， and the conseguent prosperity of Buddhism at the new capital． ln Chapter V， the
i4
バ
ZENRYU TUK：AMOTO
author details』the circumstances that Ied to the evolution of a new Mahayanistic Buddhism in China， the
indications of which he sees in the sculptures executed in the two most important and authentic caves of the
N…h・mW・i p・・i・d・1・． Ch・p…VI， whi1・gi・1・g i・…p・e…i・n・t・・h・i・・c・ip・i・n・whi・h h・． E・n・iders th・
ノmost valuable material for the studアof the Northern Wei Buddhism at Lung．血en， he points out that Sakya。
muni Buddha and Maitreya Bodhisattva were the chief objects of adoration in the Northern Wei period． Then，
in Chapter VII， he analyzes the esSential nature of s1ユch worship， and traces the changes in the centre of
ノworship fro皿Sakアa血uni Buddha to Maitreアa Bodhisatt▽a， and e▽entua11アto other divinities， and goeS on to
discuss the signi丘cance of s耳ch transitions in the religious notions of the followers of Buddhisrn in North
China， citing as a notable example the remarl（able fact that the di▽inities enthroned in the caves of Lung－m6n
underwent conspicuous vicissitudes in theとourse of timLe．
The main points of the author，s view may be summarized as follows：＿
1
The arrangement of the Buddhist images which form the wall surfaces of the most ancient cave， known
ノas the Ku．yang Cave＿namely， the seated Buddhas， representing Sakyamuni， the cross．anlded Budhisattvas， rep．
びresenting Mai亡reya， the two seated Buddhas in a niche， representing Sakアamuni and Prabh直taratna（To－pao．fo
多賓佛），and the・Th・usand Buddhas’一is in perfect． agreement with the statement made in the Sddd6arma－
pu44arflla sditra（Fa－6ua C痂9法華経／． Next， in the Pin－yang Cave， which was constructed． by the imperial
family of the Northern Wei dynasty， and in the many niches belonging to the same dynastic period， there is
to be seen a marked influence． of the Vimalaたfrti．nirdeSa（ Wei．mo（）hing維摩経♪． These facts serve to con丘rm
the author’s view that the two Mah2yanistic texts were the widest－read and most influential scriptureS in the
Buddhist world of the Northern Wei period．
II
Though， in． the Ku．アang Cave， the principal image， representing Buddha， is attended bアtwo Bodhisattvas，
in the other caves of the Northern Wei period Buddha is attended bアtwo Bodhisattvas and two Arhans， thus
血aking up．a r・w・f丘ve divinities・The Arhans・who are Mah含一Kagyapa（大迦葉）and Anandq （高高）・rep－
resent the Sravakas（高聞）， or the imp・rters・f H励γ劾4 Buddhism；whereas the Bodhisatt∀as represent the
ノintroducers of Ma乃dyana Buddhism． Therefore， the Buddha atten．ded bアtwo Sravakas and two Bodhisattvas
8igni丘es that he preached the two doctrihes of Ma乃dyana and Hinaorana． This arrangement also in・dicates that
・h・，N…h・m W・i B・ddhi・t・accep・・d b・・h・h・M・haya・i・・i・ ・nd Ht・・ya・i・ti・・a・・a・…g・・p・1・p・ea・h・d
by Sakya血uni Buddha himseif． Furthermore， it is an indication in the concrete of the tendency displayed bア
．the newlアdeveloped Chinese Buddhism， which， embracing all the H2η4ツ勧4 doctrines and， at the sarne time，
upholding the Ma6dγana ideal as the ultimate goal， was trying to rearrange all the Chinese versions of Buddhism，
and which， perhaps influenced by the teachings of the Saddjらarma－i）uU（larika and other s｛itras， maintained that
．th・・e・h・uld b・an・・d t・th・・i・・1ry，・・th・n・xi・t・d， b・tween M・6dyana・nd Hi・ayana，・・d th・t・ll th・・ch・・1・
of Buddhism should come back to the Eka一際4（一乗）． We Iearn from this fact that those Mahayanistic sects
which eventua11アcame into existence u．nder the Sui階and T・ang dynasties and subsequent1アdeveloped in Japan
into the various Japanese sects， had been having their foundations Iaid during this Northern Wei period．
III
We丘nd， in the ca▽e temp！es of the Northern Wei period both at YUn．kang and at Lung．血εn that， the
クimages．forming the nuclei of these temples are invariablアthose of Sakyamuni Buddha． At Y伽一kang， he is
．represented bアthe awelinspiring colossal images， donlinating and digni丘ed in aspect Iike the heroic and powerfu1
ノ£mperors of the Northern Wei dynastア． Also， many scenes fro血the life。f Sakアamuni are illustrated in reliefs
i5
バ
ZENRYU TUKAMOTO
here． On the other hand， in the cave temple of the imperial family at Lung－me“n， i．e． the Pin－yang Cave， the
principal image of worship is so executed as to embody that benevolent BuddhahoQd to which even the emperor・
might do rev6tence． The reliefs here represent， instead of the scenes from the actual life of Buddha， those・
feasts Qf austerity and self－sacrifice which he had performed in his remote prenatal life， thereby showing that
his attainment to ‘Supreme Enlightenment’ dates back to a remote past and that he is the very incarnatlon
of boundless benevolence． Also， he is represented here as the propounder of the Vimalakirti－nirdesa and other
Mahayanistic doctrines． The images and sculptures iat YUn－kang vividly remind us of that early Northern Wei，
period when Buddhism appealed to the powerful military congueror with the words “The Emperor is Buddha
incarnate” iquoted from the〃；ε1一∫6u，魏書）一when the simple inhabitants of the MEng－chiang District accepted
the Ta－t‘ung Buddhism on the strength of thoseiepisodes in Buddha’s life． On the other hand， at Lung－mEn
one may walk in the f60tsteps of that Lo－yahg Buddhism， which had already converted the imperial family
and was．making great strides towards the complete understanding of its doctrines among the people． lt may be
said， therefore， that in these two groups of cave temples are to be seen the two phases of Northern’ @SJUei culture
before and after the transfer of the capital to Lo－yang．
IV
We notice in the images sculptured in the Northern sXiei ca》es of Lung．mEn that the centre of worship
of the contemporarアBuddhists was then ih course of transition from Sakyamuni to Maitreソa． As is speci丘ed
ノin the Mei．sbu魏書， the followers of Northern． Wei Buddhism belie．ved that Sakyamuni was the successor
of the six．Buddhas who had gone before him， that he had made his apPearance in the human world as the
seventh Buddha， and that he in turn was to be succeeded bアMaitreアa in the world to come． Out of this
ノhereditary line of divinities， i．e． the Six Buddhas of the Past→S飲アamuni Buddha→Maitreya． Bodhisattva， aH
but the last named were divinities that had already passed awaア， whereas the only divinity from whose lips’
ノthe． mundane mortals of the worid after Sakyamuni might hope to hear the gospels of salvation could be n6ne
・・her th・n M・i・rey・，・h・B・ddha－t・一b・，・・w w・i・i・g i・H・av・・f・・hi・t・m．1・w・・n・…a1，．・h・・ef・・e，亡h・・
ノthe contemporary Buddhists should丘nd reason in． transferring their adoration from Sakyamuni， who was as－
sociated in th畔ir minds with a sense of distance an．d remoteness＿that l・being of the．past♪who had lived in
India a thousand years be飯e them，，一to the other divinity， Maitreya， who， having inherited all the teachings
of his predecessor， was now living in Heaven． Indeed， most of the invocations inscribed in the Lung．mεn caves
ノdu血g the Northern VUei period are addressed to the two sticceeding Buddhas， S盆kyamuni and Maitreya；．but，
even in these， there is an increasing tendencアtowards pra．ying to the Iatter that after death one niay be born
again in that Heaven where Maitreya lives， or that， when， at some future ti血e， M4itreya comes down to the
血・nd・n・w・・ld，…m・y b・b・m．・hum・・b・i・g…h・・…虹・・y・li・t・…hi・g・・p・1・and・ecei…alva・i・n
at his hands．
v
Though sotpe images in the Northern iJUei caves have been made for the emperor and the country， or
f（）rthe donors themselves or． other living indi▽iduals， most of． them are offerings血ade in behalf of the donors，
departed relatives；and the pra＞7ers inscribed about th骨i血ages alrnost invariably contain de▽out wishes fbr the
happiness of the・・seven generations of parents，，’etc．， or hopes to share Buddha’s blessings with all mankind．
This・・．．．．．with all mankind”is in itself a reflection of the spirit of Mah∂：γana Buddhism， which， in
ノcontrast to the ideal of personal salvation of the Sraval（as， emphasized the・・interests of one’s fellow creatures”；
also， praying」F（）r the repose of ancestors’spirits well indicates how Buddhism」丸vas preached in China in insepara－
ble connection with that old and powerful morality， the痂40（孝，・丘lial pietゾ）， which characterizes the Chinese
f・mily・y・t・m；・nd・1・・wi・h・h・ゆersal・b・e・v・hce・f・nce・t・r－w・rship・
16
パ
ZENRYU TUKAMOTO
VI
Buddhism， when it came to praying fbr the happiness of deceased ancestors， natura11 had begun to feel
the awaken’ing of a new religious consciousness， which e▽entua11＞z（le▽eloped into the Ching－t・u（汚ト土，・Pure
Land，）Doct血e． As we come down to the T・ang Period at Lung－mεn， we丘nd that the belie臼n the Sukhavati・
or A一血i．t・o Buddha’s・Paradise in the West，’predorpinates， tand that， in contrast to a remarkable scarcity of
ノimages of SakアamUni and Maitreya， there is．a Iarge number of those of A－mi．t・o＿who was rarely to be met
with in the N・rthern Wei peri・d－reinf・rced by many im．ages・f A▽alokite9▽ara（槻世音）， K：shitigarbha（地藏），
and other divinities of bene▽olence and salvation． Indeed， the popular con．ception of Buddhism as expressed
in the Chinese proverb，‘・Avalokite9▽ara in every home；A－mi－t・o in every place”（家家観世音，虜塵彌陀佛），
is well reflected in this Lung－m6’n Buddhistn of the T・ang period．
Not satis丘ed with the． hereditary line of Buddhas belonging to the mortal world， i．e． the Slx Buddhas
ノーSakyamuni→Maitreya， who we誓e theμincipal objects of adoration with the Northern Wei Buddhists， the
Bud（lhists of this period sought solace in worShipPing the other di▽inities who were said・to li▽e actually， in
that other world＿the・Pure Land．’There must have been a considerable reas6n for such a remarkable change
in the oもjects of worship， occ3rring as呈t did in the re正igious world where the influence of tra（iitions was para．
mount and on the very spot where many precedents to the contrarアexisted． The contemporary Buddhists of
Chi・・d・・i・ed t・b・th・i・th・b・n・v・1・nce・f・h・・e・エi・i・g’di・i・iti・・， b・・a・・e th・y敏th・t th・・e W・・e n・a・e・
ノto them than Saky’amuni who had died in far．off lndia Iong，10ng befbre， or Maitreya， his successor－to．be，
・h・B・ddh・・f・h・魚…e．1・deed， Saky・…i・・d M・i・rey・ gi・・・…h・imp・essi・n・f・ag・ci・u・phil…phgr・
who have either concei▽ed of a profbund doctrine or have inherited it， and are now directing the way to it．
Not so with the・1iving， divin三ties， fbr， the more the Chinese Buddhists reflected upon the sinfulness and
imp・㎡ゆess・f・h・1・・w・p・e・e…e1・…nd・n・i…m・n・・， th・m・・e・h・y y・・m・d f・・b・n・v・1・n・・avl・urs wh・
would be lnagnanimous enough to tolerate and take the皿under their wings with all their sins and imperf6c－
tions． VUere not A－mi－t・o， A▽a正okiteSvara， Kshitlgarbha， etc． the▽erアdi▽inities in whom such benevolence was
embodied？
With the Sui period as a turning．point， Chinese Buddhists began to advance from a mere search for．the
spirit of Buddhism as it had been conceived in I，ndia， towards the establishmとnt and practice of a new Chinese
religion・It was during this period， too， that the Doctrine of the・Pure Land’（Sukhavatl）began as a vigorous
praごtical movement， urged by the attualities in contemporarアChina；and under the continued guidance of a
successio準of very able reformers， notably， Tao．ch・o道緯（†645）， Shan．tao善導（†68エ），．『tc．， it soon gathered
around it an im血ense number of enthusiastic adherents who were ready to put complete and unquestiorling
faith in the boundless benevolence of A－mi－t・o． To Sum up， the Cave Temples of Lung－mεn present a magni丘一
cent・P・n・・am・・f th・25・y・ars’hi・t・・y・f th・・v・1uti・n f・・m lndi・n Buddhi・m t・・n ind・p・nd・nt and・・n－
summqtelアChinese Buddhism．
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