tlt-turbo gmbh standard fan production … · din 18232 fire detection systems din 14675 technical...

Am Weinberg 68 · D-36251 Bad Hersfeld/GermanyPhone: +49.6621.950-0 · Fax: +49.6621.950-100

002

TLT-TURBO GMBHSTANDARD FAN PRODUCTION PLANT ATBAD HERSFELD

Our Bad Hersfeld facility has a histo-ry going back to 1874, when BennoSchilde and August Büttner foundedtheir factories here.

The “exhausters” traditionally madeof cast iron could be built much lighterand cheaper through the use of steelsheet.

At Büttner the focus was initially onblowers for tubular boilers and dryers,then shifted to heavy-duty industrialfans as required specifically in powerplant de-dusting applications. Schil-de, meanwhile, stepped up its rese-arch and development of light-dutyventilating fans and medium-duty in-dustrial blowers. Numerous patentsand registered designs testify to asteady flow of engineering breakth-roughs. With the erection of its seriesproduction facility at Bad Hersfeld,dedicated mainly to the cost-effectiveproduction of roof fans, the Babcock-BSH Group gained a leading marketposition both in Germany and abroad.The Turbo-Lufttechnik GmbH (TLT) –Bad Hersfeld site - was newly esta-

blished in June 1995, now integratingBabcock-BSH’s Air and Thermal En-gineering division.

The “TLT-Turbo GmbH”, newly esta-blished in March 2003 as a companyin their own rights, belongs to AGKühnle, Kopp & Kausch, Frankenthal.

TLT now is one of the world’s leadingfan manufacturers and our compe-tence is expressed in mature andvery economical products. Our twoR&D centres at Zweibrücken and BadHersfeld guarantee a continuing pro-cess of always adapting all TLT pro-ducts to the latest demands of themarket.

All technical details in this catalogue are subject to modification without prior notice.

TLT standard fan production plant at Bad Hersfeld


008

SMOKE (FUME) EXHAUST FANSFUNDAMENTALS

3.0 Basic considerations

Some recent fires have remindedus of the vast potential for destruc-tion, injury and loss of life that firemay have. Its perils lie in the blazethat forms the core of the disasterand in its products such as smokeand heat, both of which are at theirmost hazardous form in a "capti-ve" state, i.e., within an enclosedbuilding. Practical experience hasshown that the smoke is much mo-re dangerous to human beingsthan the heat (flames). Accordingto fire statistics, two-thirds of alldeaths due to fire result from suf-focation and smoke poisoning,while one-third is caused by burnsand collapsing buildings. Theseobservations confirm the domi-nant role of smoke as a threat tohuman beings in the event of a fire.Moreover, hot smoke and combu-stion gases, in conjunction withthermal buoyancy effects, may lite-rally "pre-heat" those buildingareas to which the flames themsel-ves have not yet spread, thus pa-ving the ground for their propaga-tion.

These conditions and hazards impo-se a whole set of requirements for aneffective preventive fire protectionstrategy. The main objectives can besummarized thus:

• Smoke extraction• Smoke dilution• Keeping escape routes and

rescue accessways clearof smoke so as to facilitatethe fire-fighting effort.

To prevent the fire from spreading,the heat of combustion must be re-moved from the building along withthe smoke. In modern building servi-ces engineering, mechanical smokeand heat exhaust systems have the-refore become a standard feature sin-ce they effectively protect lives andproperty. The heart of such a smokeand heat exhaust system are thesmoke exhaust fans.

4.0 History of TLT smokeexhaust fans

In the early '70s, a fire in a PVC filmmanufacturing shop devastated theproduction facilities of Kalle AG inWiesbaden, a leading manufacturerof packaging film. Presumably, anoverheated bearing had ignited asmall quantity of PVC and caused alocal smouldering fire that neverthe-less released clouds of billowing smo-ke. The damage was assessed at se-veral millions DM.

The high loss was caused by the hy-drochloric acid vapours which inevita-bly form in the combustion of PVC.These gases attacked all unprotectedmetal surfaces of the film making line,which had to be scrapped as a result.Kalle's works fire department contac-ted the Hersfeld-based BSH com-pany, their traditional fan supplier,and requested the development of afan that would be able to extract smo-ke, fumes and toxic matter via theroof. Starting out from their standardroof fan range, BSH (now TLT) setout to develop a roof-mounted smokeexhaust fan rated for "higher tempe-ratures". Following extensive in-hou-se testing, the unit was finally classi-fied for 400°C service for a duration of120 minutes.

Thus, the "smoke exhaust fan" wasborn, although a market warrantingvolume production or even promisingsignificant sales revenue had yet tobe identified. At the time, stationarysmoke exhaust fans were virtually un-known as a preventive fire protectionsolution. Through word of mouth inthe fire-fighting and consulting ex-perts' community and an intense in-formation and sales promotion effortdirected by BSH at fire authorities,building supervision offices, archi-tects and specifiers, the potential ofsmoke/fume exhaust fans was soonestablished. In addition to the roof-mounted fan versions, the marketsoon demanded diverse other desi-gns since smoke and fumes cannotalways be extracted via the buildingroof. Thus, BSH began to developsmoke exhaust fans for wall installati-on and floor-mounted units for use in-side buildings. Today, Turbo-Luft-

technik GmbH of Bad Hersfeld sup-plies a complete range of smoke andfume exhaust fans for virtually anyapplication. Needless to say, eachmodel is fully tested and certified ac-cording to the latest European stan-dards and regulations. And it all be-gan with that "small fire” at Kalle AGin Wiesbaden.


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5.0 Legal basis

Although in Germany the conferenceof the Ministers of Urban Planning,Housing and Construction (ARGE-BAU) has imposed a model buildingcode (MBO) for reference by the fe-deral states, building law has in es-sence remained the responsibility ofthe latter.

As a result, applicable building law isenshrined in the State Building Code(LBO) of each federal state. It followsthat fire protection requirements varyregionally.

However, each LBO code applies toall construction activities and equip-ment. It is supplemented by buildinglaw standards for classified construc-tion materials, components, and spe-cial components.

A review of the building codes for thevarious federal states with regard tofume and smoke extraction reveals acommon principle that features in allGerman building regulations. Refer-ring to smoke and heat control, sec-tion 17(1) contains the following pro-vision:

"Structures shall be designedsuch that the outbreak of fire andthe propagation of flames andsmoke are effectively prevented,and that human beings and ani-mals can be rescued and an effec-tive fire-fighting effort can be laun-ched should a fire nevertheless oc-cur."

Considering this being a general for-mulation, the aim of the efforts can beseen clearly though.

Laws, regulations and codes

Model building code - MBO

Individual state building code - LBO

ARGEBAU(Conference of Ministers)

Buildings of special types and uses(section 51 MBO)

Administrative regulations and guidelines Sales Premises GuidelineHomesGarages OrdinanceBuilding Services Testing OrdinanceHospitals OrdinanceHighrise Buildings OrdinanceConstruction Materials GuidelinesPublic Assembly Facilities OrdinanceIndustrial Construction Guidelineetc.

Technical GuidelinesFire behaviourDIN 4102Fire protection of buildingsInterior furnishingsDIN 18230Smoke and heat extraction systemsDIN 18232Fire detection systemsDIN 14675

Technical rules(section 37 et seq. MBO)

Supplementary guidelines and acknowledged rules of engineering practice

VDS VDE VDI VDMA

Building rules list

Reqirements on construction materials

MRA CE, ÜZEN 12101-3 testing

DIBt approvals


010


5.1 Objectives in preventivefire protection

The rather general provisions ofsection 17 at least serve to definethe overriding objective.

This is to maximize the hazard pre-vention effort so as to achieve a ma-ximum degree of fire safety. In globalterms, this goal implies the following:

• Restriction of flame propagation

• Securing the rescue of humanbeings and animals

• Ensuring the feasibility of fire-fighting activities

Given the interrelationship betweenconstruction, building services andequipment technology, it emergesthat the steps aimed at achieving the-se goals cannot be viewed in isolationbut must always be judged and as-sessed in the common context. Smo-ke and heat control, which will alwaysform an integral part of any overallbuilding protection strategy, is no ex-ception to this rule.

5.2 Personal liability

In the period since 1994, nearly allGerman states have amended theirbuilding codes in an effort to simplifyand accelerate the construction pro-cess. The aim was to reduce theamount of regulatory intervention andto strengthen the responsibility of thebuilding/project owner. In essence,preventive inspection and testing re-quirements are limited to a smallnumber of building or structural crite-ria. Wherever the building authoritieshave thus shed their original respon-sibilities, liability now rests with thebuilding owner. As a result, ownerswill usually have to enlist expert aid(architects, consultants) to have thebuilding inspected on their behalf forcompliance with all material aspectsof the building code.

Not many building professionals suchas architects, planners and expertsare aware of the resulting responsibi-lity and indeed, personal liability, theyassume through the exercise of theirprofession. Thus, section 323 of the

German Criminal Code relating to en-vironmental offences stipulates thefollowing:

"Any person engaged in the planning,management or execution of a buil-ding construction activity who violatesgenerally accepted rules of practice,thereby endangering the life or healthof another, shall be punished with upto five years' imprisonment, or impo-sition of a fine."

It follows that planners, experts andother professionals, apart from beingaware of the standards and guideli-nes described in section 3.3, shouldmake a continuous effort to remain ontop of the "accepted rules of practice".

Fire Protection Objectives

Environmentalobjective:

Minimize use offire-fighting media

Property protectionobjective:

Preverve thebuilding structure

Active rescue Passive rescue Ventilationof the fire

Reduceenvironmental

damage

Minimizefire-fighting

Support thefire-fighting

effort

Preserveescape/rescue

routes

Firelocalization

Live savingobjective:

Keep escape routesfree of smoke

measuresmeasures

damage

This leads us to the question of howthese rules are defined, and wherethey are published. By studying tradepublications and corporate informati-on material and by attending profes-sional congresses and symposiums,the individual specialist should be ab-le to maintain an up-to-date under-standing of current practices.

At least, in the event of a loss invol-ving human injury, such familiaritywith the "state of the art" will be hisbest defence.


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5.3 Standards and guidelines

Design guidelines for mechanicalsmoke exhaust systems are definedin the European standard EN 12101-5 (draft) and the German DIN 18232,part 5 (pre-standard).

As a rule, the design and sizing pro-cess should be coordinated with therelevant authorities (fire safety experts,fire safety authority, local fire depart-ment, building supervision office, etc.)from the earliest planning stage.

Fire loads shall be determined in ac-cordance with DIN 18230, parts 1 and 2.

Other sizing methods are possiblewhere they are justified, e.g., in thecase of

- different heat release modes

- use of suitable computing methodsfor determining smoke gas mass flows

- issuance of particular specificationsby a fire protection expert

- special conditions, e.g., special typesof building use

List of German and European standards for smoke and heatextraction systems

German standardsDIN 18232 Structural fire protection; smoke and heat controlDIN 18232 Teil 1, (draft) Terms, safety objectivesDIN 18232 Teil 2, (draft) Natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators,

requirements, design, installationDIN 18232 Teil 3, (draft) Natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators,

testingDIN 18232 Teil 4, (draft) Heat exhaust systemsDIN 18232 Teil 5, Mechanical smoke exhaust systems,(preliminary standard) requirements, sizing

Release of an EN standard is not to be expectedin the near future.

DIN 18232 Teil 6, Vornorm Mechanical smoke exhaust systems,(preliminary standard) testingDIN 18232 Teil 7, Smoke exhaust systems for staircases (in preparation)(working paper)

European standardsEN 12101 Smoke and heat control systemsEN 12101-1, (draft) Specification for smoke curtains; requirements and test methodsEN 12101-2, (draft) Specification for natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilatorsEN 12101-3, (draft) Specification for mechanical smoke and heat exhaust ventilatorsEN 12101-4, (draft) Natural and mechanical smoke and heat exhaust systems,

installation and test methodsEN 12101-5, (draft) Design and calculation methods for smoke and heat exhaust

systemsEN 12101-6, (currently Design,calculation methods and installation procedures for under revision) pressure differential systems for room flow control monitoring

6.0 Fundamentals

6.1 Initiation of fire

The outbreak of a fire and its subse-quent propagation are contingent onthe presence of

• an inflammable substance

• an ignition source of sufficient energy

• oxygen

6.2 Propagation

The evolution of a fire is essentiallydetermined by the composition of theinflammable substance, the supplyand concentration of oxygen, and theresulting combustion temperature.


012


6.3 Smoke formation and beha-viour

The combustion process releases lar-ge amounts of combustion gases(oxides), smoke and thermal energywhich will accumulate under the cei-ling of the building, spreading bothhorizontally and vertically from there.

The key function of a smoke and heatexhaust system is to remove smokefrom the building. Depending on thenature of the fire source, the smokemay be more or less toxic. The roomin which a fire has started may fill withenormous volumes of smoke in just afew minutes.

Time

SmokeTemperature

Origina

tion o

f the f

ire

Flash ove

r (550°

C)

Fully dev

eloped

fire

Smoke and temperature developmentwithout smoke and heat extraction

The following phases can be obser-ved:

1. Ignition phase

2. Smouldering fire

3. Flash-over (eruption of a suddenblaze in the fire area

4. Fully developed fire

5. Subsequent cooling phase

Smoke and temperature developmentwithout smoke and heat extraction

6.3.1 Smoke propagation examplein case of fire

A staircase with a floor area of 16 m2

and a height of 15 m can be filled withsmoke and products of combustionmore than 100 times over by the me-re burning of 10 kg of foam rubber.The fire releases heat, combustiongases, and smoke. In a fully enclosedindoor space these will rise to the cei-ling due to thermal buoyancy effects.The resulting layer of smoke andcombustion gases originally gatheredthere will increase in density until itfills the entire room. At the same time,the environment heats up quickly dueto the high energy release rate. Whena temperature of 550 ºC is exceeded,flash-over occurs, i.e., a sudden bla-ze erupts throughout the heat-affec-ted area.

t

without...

with smoke exhaust fan

Propagation of smoke in the case of fire


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6.4 Operating principle of mecha-nical smoke and heat exhaust sy-stems

Depending on the nature of the bur-ning substance, varying degrees ofsmoke formation (density) may be an-ticipated. Originating in a small area,these gases eventually rise to the cei-ling where they will form a smoke lay-er which initially does not mix with thecold air underneath. As the fire gainsforce, more and more combustiongas accumulates under the ceiling ofthe closed room. Eventually the gascushion expands downwardly, to-wards the floor. Once it has fallen tobelow head level, the prospects forrescuing people and controlling the fi-re become critical.

When the room containing the fire isopened at specific (planned) points,the thermal and smoke load is redu-ced by the resulting inrush of air andthe simultaneous extraction of smo-ke. Initially, a pressure equalizationwith the surrounding ambient areastakes place. With time, an underpres-sure forms in the lower half of theroom and more fresh air entersthrough the appropriate access ope-

nings. If these openings are adequa-tely sized for the dimensions andcombustible content of the room, theevacuation of hot smoke and the in-gress of fresh air will be ensured. Ide-ally, as the fire progresses, the gascushion under the ceiling should re-main at a constant height above floorlevel (equilibrium condition bet-ween inflowing air and extractedsmoke), so that enough visibility andbreathing air remains available un-derneath for human beings to leavethe room and to conduct fire-fightingoperations. This equilibrium can beachieved via simple openings towardthe outside, as well as through me-

chanical smoke exhaust equipment.Fig. 2 illustrates this state. If one ta-kes into account all relevant planningaspects, natural and mechanicalsmoke exhaust systems emerge notas competing solutions but as sepa-rate strategies complementing eachother effectively. Apart from the buil-ding situation, the expected thermalconditions in the event of a fire are akey consideration.

Equilibrium state between air supply and extraction of smoke

The smoke exhaust fan is the heart of any mechanical smoke and heat exhaust system

Smoke cushion

Unobstructed visability

Air supply Air supply


014

maschinelleMRA

thermischeNRA

0

1

2

0 20 300 600 900°C(T-273) ➞

➞

mm 300°C

·

·


6.4.1 Difference between naturaland mechanical smoke/heatextraction systems

Natural smoke and heat extractionsystems rely on the thermal beha-viour of gases. They use the so-called"chimney effect", i.e., the draft crea-ted between the air supply and ex-haust levels due to the density diffe-rence between the cooler fresh airand the hot combustion gases.

Advantage:

• Increasing volume flow as the fireprogresses.

Disadvantage:

• Limited effect in the case of a lowtemperature and height differencebetween the supply/exhaust ope-nings.

• Building characteristics and unfore-seeable influences of wind limit theeffectiveness of natural smoke/heatextraction systems.

Mechanical smoke/heat extractionsystems utilize fans designed speci-fically for hot smoke and combustiongas duty.

These fans can be adapted to the in-dividual building situation and extrac-tion requirements by design.

Mechanical smoke/heat extractionsystems would be preferred in the fol-lowing cases where a natural systemis either not feasible or would implyan unreasonable degree of complexity:

• Windowless rooms, or areas locateddeep inside the building structure

• Roof and building designs renderingnatural exhaust systems ineffectivedue to wind attack conditions.

• Rooms in which high temperaturescannot form due to combustiblecontent, combustion behaviour, si-ze, or the presence of automatic fire-fighting installations (e.g. sprinklers)

• Cleanrooms in which the opening ofa supply/extraction vent for testingor maintenance purposes would al-ready create an operating disruption.

Disadvantage:

• Electrical installation requirements.

Advantage:

• The full air power is available assoon as the fan is activated or trig-gered. The goal of keeping escaperoutes smoke-free is effectivelyachieved, specifically in the impor-tant early stages of the fire.

• The volume flow remains nearlyconstant throughout the duration ofthe fire.

Mass flow comparison between natural and mechanical smoke/heat extraction systems

According to DIN 18232, a basic distinction is made between the following:

� Natural smoke extraction systems (rooms subject to fire hazard) NRA

� Mechanical smoke extraction systems (rooms subject to fire hazard) MRA

� Pressure-based fire protection systems (stairwells, corridors) RDA

maschinelleMRA

thermischeNRA

0

1

2

0 20 300 600 900°C(T-273) ➞

➞

mm 300°C

·

·

mechanical smoke/heat extraction

natural smoke/heat extraction


015

6.5 Smoke exhaust fans

The relevant requirements are defi-ned by the European product stan-dard DIN EN 12101, Part 3 ("Smokeand heat control systems – Specifica-tion for mechanical smoke and heatexhaust ventilators"). All TLT smokeexhaust fans are tested to this stan-dard and meet its severe require-ments.

In addition, German building law re-quires each fan to be generally ap-proved by the Building SupervisoryAuthority.

In accordance with this requirement, oursmoke exhaust fans possess the sup-plementary General Building Supervi-sory Approval issued by the German In-stitute of Building Technology (DIBt),Berlin. Significant advances in standar-dization of preventive fire protectiontechnology have allowed these stan-dards to be integrated into building law.With the inclusion of smoke exhaustfans into the Building Rules List, their in-stallation has become permissible onlywhere the relevant units are tested andcertified to legally valid standards.

6.5.1 Suitability testing and certifi-cation by the Building Super-visory Authority

Only one test institute in Germany isaccredited to perform suitabilitytesting of smoke exhaust fans accor-ding to the test and inspection provi-sions of EN 12101-3. This is the testinstitute of the Technical University ofMunich (Domestic Services Re-search Laboratory).


Building Rules List "B", Edition 97/1 (Excerpt)

The Building Rules List "B" is acompilation of construction pro-ducts whose introduction into com-merce and sale is subject to regu-lations of European Union memberstates – including Germany – andof signatory states of the Agree-ment on a European EconomicArea, and which bear the CE label.For smoke exhaust fans, the Buil-ding Rules List "B", Part 2, shall beapplicable.

The approval certificates of the Buil-ding Supervisory Authority, issued bythe German Institute of BuildingTechnology, a corporation under pub-lic law, acknowledge compliance withthe technical requirements of the Buil-ding Rules List B2.

This document is published by theGerman Institute of Building Techno-logy (Deutsches Institut für Bautech-nik, DIBt).

The Building Rules List "B", Part 2, in-cludes construction products whichare sold and introduced into commer-ce under regulations governing theimplementation of European Commu-nity directives, with the exception ofregulations for the implementation ofthe Construction Products Direc-tive,where such directives do not re-flect key requirements of section 5(1)of the German Construction ProductsAct and additional proof of suitabilityfor use is required under Germanbuilding codes to meet these require-ments. Such construction productsmust bear the DE label in addition toa conformity label according to thebuilding codes of the German federalstates. The specific requirements ofsection 5(1) of the Construction Pro-ducts Act not met by the directivesare stated in column 4 of the Con-struction Rules List "B", Part 2. Co-lumns 5 and 6 indicate which suitabi-lity and conformity certificates a pro-duct must possess to fulfill such keyrequirements of the German statebuilding codes.

Key requirements under section45(1) of the Building Products Act re-late to the following properties:

• mechanical strength• stability• fire protection• hygiene• health• environmental protection• safety for use• acoustic insulation• energy savings• thermal insulation

The essential requirements are detai-led in the basic documents under Ar-ticle 12 of the Council Directive89/106/EEC of December 12, 1988.

All TLT smoke exhaust fans possessSupervisory Approval issued byDeutsches Institut für Bautechnik inBerlin.


016

Rauchschicht

Wand F90

Rauchschicht

Rauchschicht


Fan installation outside the firecompartment but inside the buil-ding (in an adequately ventilatedroom)

The fan must be insulated in accor-dance with DIN 4102-4, or enclosed

in mineral fibre lagging (density � 90kg/m3) measuring at least 40 mm inthickness.

Fan installation outside the firecompartment and outside the buil-ding

These fans need no thermal insulati-on. The minimum distance to combu-stible materials must be met. (Belt-driven fans must, however, be fittedwith heat insulation).

Fan installation inside the fire com-partment

If the fan is suitable for installationwithin the fire compartment, no insu-lation is necessary.

(Fans depending on external air forcooling must be provided with an ap-propriate L90-grade cooling air supp-ly duct. However, this requirement isnot applicable to wall-mounted fans).

6.5.2 Various installation configurations

The diverse available models, designs and types cover the needs of virtually any application.

smoke layer

wall F 90

smoke layer

smoke layer


017


Complete test rig for roof-mounted smoke exhaust fans. Fumes areextracted from a furnace and returned to it via a duct connected to thefan outlet.

6.5.3 Test conditions and criteria

Our smoke exhaust fans are functio-nally tested under virtually realisticmounting conditions. Each fan seriesis run in smoke extraction mode ac-cording to its appropriate temperatu-re/time category for at least the speci-fied minimum operating duration; inmost cases, the test is continued formuch longer (Table 1).

6.5.4 Suitability testing criteria

• Volume flow decrease over the testinterval ( 10%)

• Reduction in static pressure headover the test interval ( 20%)

• Surface temperature increase on in-sulated fans must not exceed 180 Kat any one point

6.5.5 Tests

The prescribed tests relate to smokeexhaust fans operating as standaloneunits in an installed condition.

Many accessories, although not sub-ject to testing themselves, are criticalfor the operation of the fan. It has the-

refore been our policy to test them ona voluntary basis in conjunction withthe fan system. For each fan series, aminimum of two (up to a total of five)specimens had to be tested depen-ding on type and model. The numberof specimens reflects the criteria setforth in the test standard as well asthe diversity of application conditions

for which TLT smoke exhaust fansare built.

Temperature / Time Category according to EN 12101, Part 3

Category F300

300 200 400 600 842

120 120 60 —

120 120 120 —

60

120

F200 F400 F600 F842 not assigned

as determined by supplier

as determined by supplier

Temperature (¡ C)according toEN 12101-T3Insulated fansminimum operating duration (min)

Tested operating dura-tion of TLT fans (min)

In determining categories, existing classifications under national standardssuch as DIN, BS, etc., were taken into account.

Table 1

Heat-insulated repair switch, cooling air inlet nozzle


018

SMOKE (FUME) EXHAUST FANSTECHN. UNIV. OF MUNICH CONSULTANCY REPORTSGENERAL APPROVALS UNDER BUILDINGSUPERVISORY LAW

6.5.6 Supervisory Approvals and Test Reports

Roof-mounting fans BVD (SDI) 620 120 96/1162 Z-78.1-24

BVD (SDI) 400 120 97/1188 Z-78.1-25

BVW-D 600 120 96/1166 Z-78.1-29

Wall-mounting fans BVW 600 120 96/1166 Z-78.1-29

BWAXO 200/300 120 98/1196-1 Z-78.1-41

BWAXN 12/56 200 120 96/1167-4 Z-78.1-18

BWAXN 12/56 300 120 96/1167-2 Z-78.1-20

BWAXN 12/56 400 120 96/1167-6 Z-78.1-21

Central service fans BVRA * 620 90 91/196-1-a* Z-78.1-16

Centrifugal fans BVW for 600 120 98/1196-3 Z-78.1-29

floor installation

BV-REH 400 120 98/1196-4 Z-78.1-42

BV-ERV 300 120 98/1196-2 Z-78.1-43

Axial-flow fans BVAXO 300 120 98/1196-1 Z-78.1-41

BVAXN 12/56 200 120 96/1167-4 Z-78.1-18

BVAXN 12/56 300 120 96/1167-2 Z-78.1-20

BVAXN 12/56 400 120 96/1167-6 Z-78.1-21

BVAXN 8/56 600 120 96/1167-1 Z-78.1-17

Accessories Inlet box for BVW types 96/1166 Z-78.1-29

Outlet dampers for BVW types 96/1166 Z-78.1-29

Automatic shutoff dampers 2140**Flexible connectors 2140**

(inlet or outlet side)

Bases for BVD + BVW-D Z-78.1-24

Z-78.1-25

Round silencer TSR 2140**Noise-damping base SDS 2140**

Fan type Fan series Temperaturelimit[°C]

Minimumoperation duration

[min.]

ReportNo.

Generalapproval

No.

* to DIN 18232-6 ** Expertise regarding use for preventive fire protection


019

6.5.7 Fan sizing

As a rule, any smoke and heat ex-haust system must be sized in con-formance with applicable laws andstandards. This can only be accom-plished through cooperation betweenthe specifier and the building supervi-sory authority. As a result, the calcu-lation steps and sizing criteria outli-ned below should only be viewed as aguide.

Sizing steps

1. Calculate the fire load of the roomin question and the theoretical fireload with the aid of the formulas gi-ven above (from DIN 18230, Part1, and the design specifications ofEN 12101-5 or EN 18232-5).

2. Determine the requisite smoke ex-haust volume flow.

3. Determine the smoke temperature.If the temperature thus obtainedexceeds the proof temperature ofthe fan the number of air changesmust be increased, or a bypassmust be installed to mix the extrac-ted smoke with cooler air.

4. Determine the leakage air flow andthe requisite total air volume.

The leakage flow will vary as a func-tion of pressure loss conditions andnumber and sizes of ducts in the sys-tem. In practice, long duct sections onthe fan inlet side and the associatedhigh pressure loss will often translateinto leakage flows that exert a signifi-cant impact on the overall systemthroughput.

It should always be rememberedthat the exhaust volume flow of amechanical smoke exhaust sys-tem is measured not at the fan, butin the assumed fire compartmentunder normal conditions.

The anticipated leakage loss must betaken into account in any fan sizingeffort.

In this context the specifier should al-so check whether the air supply ope-nings are sufficient for the total make-up air volume, and whether appro-priate scavenging conditions exist inthe room.

The air flow rate through the supplyopenings should be 3 m/s.

5. Determine the total pressure lossacross the system.

6. Select the appropriate fan

Often it may appear expedient to usethe fan for normal room ventilationpurposes as well. In this case, a drivemotor with two or three operatingspeeds may be selected. The lowerrpm level is then used for normal ven-ting, while the higher speed is activa-ted in the event of a fire.

Fan use

Selecting the right fan in terms of tem-perature resistance, operating timeand output does not suffice to ensurea proper smoke exhaust system. Thefollowing fan operating aspects mustlikewise be taken into account:

• The switchgear cabinet for the smo-ke exhaust fan must be installedoutside the rooms exposed to a fire(or high temperature) hazard.

Switchgear cabinets or panels mustnot be fitted on an (interior or exterior)wall of the fire compartment.

Only the fulfilment of these aspects,which are all too often neglected inthe use of smoke exhaust fans, canensure an effective smoke and heatexhaust operation in conjunction withthe correct fan sizing.

Smoke exhaust fans may be opera-ted via a frequency converter when innormal venting mode, but not in smo-ke extraction service (except wherethe frequency converter is tested inconjunction with the fan).

To ensure a reliable smoke extractionperformance the installation mustconform to the fan manufacturer'sspecifications and to all requirementsimposed by the Building SupervisoryAuthority, e.g., with regard to

– installation room cooling

– thermal installation

– use of tested and approved acces-sories (e.g., flexible connectors,spring-type antivibration mounts, si-lencers, shutoff dampers)

– uninterruptible power supply


Please also see our Installation,Operating and Maintenance In-structions.


020


7.0 Fire load determinationaccording to DIN 18230,Parts 1 & 2

A method of determining the fire loadand its relevant factors is defined inDIN 18230, Parts 1 & 2. According tothis standard, the fire load q (inkWh/m2) is the aggregate amount ofheat that can be released by all com-bustible materials in a given fire zonehaving a theoretical surface area A (inm2). This can be written as follows:

The term "combustible materials", asused here, must be deemed to inclu-de all inflammable substances,whether building materials, operatingfuels and consumables, stored pro-ducts, packaging, or surface finishes(e.g., paneling, coatings or the like).More detailed instructions are pre-sented in the standard m.a.

DIN 18230 and the resulting equationare intended for determining the re-quisite fire resistance time of the buil-ding components in a specific firecompartment. As a result, applicati-ons of the standard may deviate fromthose discussed in the present docu-ment.

While the parameters and asses-sment methods defined in the stan-dard relate to a theoretical buildingsection ("compartment") affected byfire, in the present case individualanalyses for specific rooms or groupsof rooms must often be conducted.

The theoretical fire compartment areaA expressed in m2 will therefore notalways be the same as the surfacearea of a smoke compartement of abuilding to be assessed. In practiceone room or flights of rooms having asmaller surface area than the firecompartment concerned will dependon the demands of the mechanicalsmoke extraction. For our purpose wemust calculate the room surface areato be protected by the mechanicalsmoke extraction system.

In any event, each area in the affec-ted fire compartment must be asses-sed in terms of the quality and quanti-ty of combustibles it contains, i.e., wemust determine the mass Mi (in kg) ofeach combustible substance and itsnet calorific value Hui (in kWh/kg).

The result is the fire load for the firecompartment area AR examined.

The calculated fire load qr for unpro-tected combustibles is obtained afterweighting with the combustion factor mi.

The calculated fire load used in de-sign should be at least equal to 25kWh/m2.

The combustion factor mi is thus di-rectly reflected in the design of thesmoke/heat exhaust system. It re-flects the specific type, shape and

distribution as well as the combustionbehaviour of the inflammable sub-stances. Obviously, the mass of un-protected paper, cardboard, textilematerial, etc., that will be consumedby fire in unit time is much larger thanthe corresponding mass of wood orpackaged products.

Depending on the material and its netcalorific value and storage density,the combustion factor mi will typicallyvary between 0,2 and 1,7.

For more detailed information, refe-rence should be made to DIN 18230,Part 1, Addendum 1.

q = in kWh/m2� (Mi · Hui)A

q’ = in kWh/m2� (Mi · Hui)R

AR

qr = in kWh/m2� (Mi · Hui · mi)RAR


021


Extract from annex to DIN 18230 - part 1For details refer to DIN 18230, part 1 + part 2, preliminary standard

No. Material Compact-ness %

mi-

factor

1 Wood and wooden materials

2 Paper, cardboard

3 Textile products

4 Plastics

5 Solid fuel

6 Combustible liquids in bath-tube combustion

spruce woodboards

squared timber 40 mm x 40 mmsquared timber 100 mm x 100 mm

writing paper and printing paperrolles or sizes of cardboard on palettspainted cardboard

paper rolls, standing, lying or on palletscut to sizepainted paperunpainted papersanitary crepe paper rolls, or packed in bags

cottonfibre balespressed fibre balespressed polyamide fibre balesPressed polyacrylenitrile balesfibres, not modifiedfibres, modified with approx. 35% vinyledenchloridewastepressed cotton, polyamide and polyacrilnetrilefibres bales

polyethylenegranulate in individual sacksmoulded parts (empty beer boxes) piled uppolystyrolehard foam (DIN 4102 - B 3) PS 20hard foam (DIN 4102 - B 1) PS 20 SEpolyurethane hard foamPUR hard foam (DIN 4102 - B 2)PUR hard foam (DIN 4102 - B 1)Polycarbodiimide hard foamUP unsaturated polyester resins , glass-reinforcedbars in loose piles

chlorbenzolecyclohexanedimethylformamideglycoleoil fuel ELoil fuel Siopropylealcoholmethanoleoleoresinxylene

*) bulk density = material volume / total volume or = bulk density / apparent density

**) incineration factors mi < 0.2 can be evaluated according to DIN 18230 part 1, if theexamination authority issued their comments according to advice and recommendations given in NABau-Arbeitsausschuss XII 45/2 ”m-factor”

spar, scalped diameter 150-300 mmloose wood wool (pressed bale)

squared timber 200 mm x 200 mm

unpainted cardboard

bales of wrapping paper

chipboard (DIN 4102 - B 2)

brown-coal briquettes, dropped charge

Excerpt from the Addendum to DIN18230, Part 1.

(More detailed data are given in DIN18230, Parts 1 & 2)

q = fire load in kWh/m2

q’ = fire load in kWh/m2, related tothe fire department

qr = calculated fire load in kWh/m2

AR = Surface of the fire compartmentin m2

Mi = mass of the individual combu-stible material in kg

Hui = net calorific value of the individual combustible material in kWh/kg

mi = combustion factor of the indivi-dual combustible material

w = heat exhaust factorc = conversion factor in min.

m2/kWhtä = equivalent fire duration in min.l = cubic capacity of the room in m3

tm = average fire room temperaturein °C

n = air changes in h–1

(number per minute)


022


7.1 System design inaccordance with DIN 18232, Part 5

The new standard DIN 18232, part 5,applies to large rooms with a mini-mum interior height of 3 m. However,it is not suitable for rooms with statio-nary gas extinguishing equipment,storage rooms with storage heightsexceeding 1.5 m, hazardous materialstorage areas, and hazardous dutyrooms.

The calculation of the volume flow tobe extracted is based on the so-calleddimensioning category. To obtain theappropriate dimensioning category itis necessary to determine the under-lying fire development time and the fi-re propagation rate. The fire develop-ment time is the interval between theoutbreak of the fire and the start of fi-re-fighting operations. In any case, itis assumed that the premises are pro-tected by a fire alarm system in ac-cordance with EDIN VDE 0832-2(VDE 0833T2) with fire detectors asper DIN EN 54-7, or else that appro-priately trained personnel is conti-nuously present. The mechanicalsmoke exhaust system should be trig-gered by smoke detectors as soon aspossible,as only this way the evacua-tion of occupants, who are mostly un-familiar with the building, can be en-sured.

As soon as the fire brigade has arri-ved at the scene, it will take charge ofrescue operations and can also de-termine whether or not the mechani-cal smoke exhaust system should re-main in operation. The time betweenthe start of the initiation of the fire andthe arrival of the fire brigade is there-fore decisive. Where a company firedepartment is in place, an interval of5 minutes is typically assumed. Withvolunteer fire brigades and under un-usually adverse conditions, as muchas 20 minutes may pass. In the nor-mal case, calculations will be basedon an average fire development timeof 10 minutes.

Once this interval has been defined inconsultation with the expert and/or lo-cal fire department, the fire propagati-on rate remains to be determined. Itdepends on the combustible materi-als present in the various fire com-partments.

Combustible construction materials innon-combustible packaging, for in-stance, have a particularly low firepropagation rate. On the other hand,where substances such as benzeneor rubberized products are stored, theflames will spread very quickly.Usually, an average propagation ratewill be assumed.

A note in the standard tells us that thepresence of a sprinkler system justi-fies the selection of the next lower di-mensioning category. This statementmust be viewed as exceedingly pro-blematic. A discharge of water fromthe sprinkler system into the accumu-lated smoke layer will definitely in-crease the amount of smoke to be ex-tracted. In addition, the water literallyforces the smoke downwards into theescape routes, which should be keptclear by all means.

Our recommendation, therefore, isto leave the mechanical smoke ex-haust system running for as longas occupant protection is still anissue, and to ensure that thesprinkler system will be triggeredafter the smoke exhaust fans.

Moreover, the standard assumessmoke compartment surface areas inthe region of 1600 m2.

The volume flow of smoke to be ex-tracted and the fan temperature cate-gory can now be determined from theexhaust flow rate tables, dependingon the desired depth of the low-smo-ke layer, the dimensioning group, andthe energy release rate (a result ofthe fire load calculation).

outbreak of fire

departure offire-

fire brigade

arrival of fire brigade at scene

Fire Brigade

= fire developement time to be used

message


023


The pre-standard DIN 18232-5 givestables for two different fire scenarios:

The energy release rate to be em-ployed as a function of the calculatedfire load is 600 kW/m2 in one caseand 300 kW/m2in the other.

The "installation rules" likewise provi-ded in the standard shall be exami-ned in detail in section 7.5.


024


7.2 Design according to DIN 18230and Quenzel

For guidance, Fig. 7 plots the curve ofthe unit-temperature in the fire com-partment over time. A few key criticaltemperatures have been marked inthe diagram as average points of oc-currence of the events identified.

For the smoke exhaust system desi-gner the question arises in this con-text which temperatures (and specifi-cally, which combustion gas tempera-ture) must be expected in case of a fi-re.

A clear-cut law linking from the firecompartment temperature to the fireload cannot be established becauseof the diversity of effects governingeach individual fire. However, we canidentify a relationship between the fi-re load and the equivalent fire durati-on tä, a term introduced in DIN18230. The equation incorporates thefactors w and c:

The heat factor w is a coefficient ex-pressing the specific ventilation con-ditions characterizing the fire scena-rio. Depending on the arrangement ofthe smoke extraction system and themake-up air supply (and possibly, theachievable number of air changes), avalue of w = 2.2 to 3.2 may be assu-med for a mechanical smoke exhaustinstallation.

The conversion factor c, according toDIN 18230, reflects the thermal insu-lation properties of the fire compart-ment enclosure walls. It is given as c= 0.15 to 0.25 min. m2/kWh, the hig-her value indicating the higher insula-tion level.

If the insulating capability of enclosu-re components is destroyed by the fi-re, e.g., because of windows shatte-ring, a value of c = 0.15 may beadopted.

Where this computing method is ta-ken into account in the system designprocess, it should be rememberedthat the various factors all have anuncertainty margin to the positive ornegative side. Still, they should beused as a guide in calculating fire

events. Bearing this in mind, and inaccordance with a calculated equiva-lent fire duration and the assumptionthat no fire-fighting action is taken,the unit-temperature curve permits anapproximate calculation of the tem-perature increase (or fire temperatu-re) to be expected . A real-case ana-lysis of fire loads and building situati-ons yields an equivalent fire durationof 20 – 55 minutes for most buildings,so that smoke temperatures of about1020 to 1220 K (750 - 950°C) wouldhave to be anticipated from the firecompartment.

The temperature in the fire compart-ment will not reach this level if a smo-ke and heat exhaust system genera-tes sufficient air changes from thestart.

In this case the average fire tempera-ture should be described by the em-pirical formula:

This formular including the number ofair-changes.

This temperature is approximatelyequal to that of the extracted air, andmay therefore be used to determinethe temperature resistance of the me-chanical smoke exhaust system.

tä = equivalent fire duration (in min)

tm = average fire room temperature(in C°)

qr = calculated fire load (in kWh/m2)

n = air changes (number per hour)

l = cubic capacity of the room (in m3)

tä = c · qr · w in min tm = 20 + 250 log (4 · t2ä · ) in °Cqr

n · l

7.3 Necessary number of airchanges

An attempt is made in Fig 8 (page025) to give a guidance to the neces-sary number of air changes as a func-tion of the fire room height and pre-vailing fire load. It is assumed that thesmoke concentration (kj2) in the roomis kept below 25% for 15 minutes af-ter the smoke exhaust system is ac-tivated.

This 15-minute interval was selectedsince it will normally give enough timeto evacuate occupants and initiate fi-re-fighting measures.

Smoke development is an importantfactor here since it has a major impacton visibility in the room.


025


940

65

Beispiel

Fig. 7: Temperatur criteria during evolution of fire

Fig. 8: Number of air changes required, as a function of the fire load and room size, to maintainki2 = 25% for 15 minutes after activation of the smoke and heat exhaust system.

Beispiel15

720

Duration of fire tä in minutes

Tem

per

atu

re in

fir

e zo

ne

t BA

in °

C

Example

Melting point of some stones

Melting point of aluminium

Fracture point of multilayer glass

Fracture of normal glass windowsMelting and flash point of rubber and plastic

Melting point of glass, softening point of steel

Ignition point of woodCritical temperature for steel-reinforced concrete

Nu

mb

er o

f ai

r ch

ang

es p

er h

ou

r

Cubic capacity of the room in m3

Example


026

SMOKE (FUME) EXHAUST FANSSIZING - APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1CENTRIFUGAL SMOKE EXHAUST FAN FOR 600°C SERVICESERIES BVW-R WITH INLET DUCT

8.4.8 Example 1

Bibliography: Dipl.-Ing. Karl-HeinzQuenzel, „Smoke and Heat Extrac-tion Systems“, 2nd edition

A furniture warehouse in a multi-sto-rey building is to be protected. Fig. 10shows the floor plan and elevation, aswell as the fan arrangement.

The floor plan geometry and arrange-ment of the air supply opening (door)permit a good transverse ventilationof the room with just a short fanconnecting duct. A concentrated sup-ply of make-up air, combined with anunderpressure in the warehouse,keep the corridor and the fire-fightingaccess zone clear of smoke.

Sizing steps:

Ad 1. The room is assumed to con-tain a mix of stored materials inthe following composition: 5600kg wood, 3000 kg textiles, 672kg plastics.

The calculated fire load can thus bedetermined as follows:

By dividing this sum through the floorarea of 240 m2, we obtain

qr = = 141

Ad 2. Taking into account the roomvolume of 720 m3 the resultingrequisite number of air changesper hour is 15 (N=15). Please re-fer to fig. 8.

Ad 3. Using qr, the equivalent fire du-ration tä can now be calculated.For this purpose we assume

zu 3. c = 0,2

for the convertion factor, and w = 2.2(from DIN 18230) for the heat ex-haust factor. It follows that

zu 3. tä = c · w · qr =0,2 · 2,2 · 141 = 62,04 min.

From this figure, a fire zone tempera-ture of 940°C is obtained (see Fig. 7,page 019). The average fire zonetemperature with the smoke exhaustsystem in operation is determined viathe following empirical equation:

In our example,

At 596°C, it does not exceed the600°C operating temperature of thesmoke exhaust fan.

Ad 4. A leakage air flow presumablydoes not have to be taken intoaccount, since the ducts arerouted inside the storage roomonly. The volume flow to be ex-tracted can thus be written as

zu 3. V = n · l =15 h–1 · 720 m3 = 10800 m3/h

Ad 5. The resistance of the duct sy-stem, including protectiongrids, is about 400 Pa at a volu-me flow of 10800m3/h (3 m3/s).The pressure loss due to thecap is about 70 Pa, that of theinlet box about 60 Pa. A fan de-livering a total pressure increa-se of approx. 530 Pa must the-refore be selected.

Ad 6. A look at the characteristic cur-ve (page 153) suggests that acentrifugal-type BVW-R 630/25-6 smoke exhaust fan with in-let duct would be a suitable unit.

From: DIN 18230, Table 1

Material

TOTAL

WoodTextilesPlastics

56003000672

4,84,36,7

2688051601800

33840

10,40,4

Mi (kg) mi Mi · Hui · mi (kWh)HuikWhkg

33840240

min · m2

kWh

tm = 20 + 250 log (4 · tä2 · ) in °C

tm = 20 + 250 log (4 · 622 · ) = 595,65 °C

qrn · l

14115 · 720

626 725

500

725 626710

610

516

452/

1252

Centrifugal-type smoke exhaust fanBVW-R 630/25-6 with inlet duct (intake box)

Fig. 9

kWhm2

425

500

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

BVW 630/25

1500 rpm

1000 rpm

750 rpm

-8

-6

-4

Volume flow V �m3/h� �

addi

tiona

l ava

ilabl

e pr

essu

re �

pt�P

a� �

= 1,2 kg/m3

t = 20°C

�

Pressure losses––– inlet duct- - - BVW-D-damper....... BVW-A or.

D damper


027

SMOKE EXHAUST FANS APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1CENTRIFUGAL SMOKE EXHAUST FAN FOR 600°CBVW-R SERIES WITH INLET DUCT

Example 1

Furniture warehouse in a multi-storeybuilding, equipped with a wall-mountedcentrifugal smoke exhaust fan.

for 600°C – 120 minutes

Fig. 10 Floor plan and sectional view of a storage room = Customer supplied

Door admittingmake-up air Switch location

Control panel outsidethe fire compartment

B

A

Storage area

Corridor area = Escape route

Smokeoutlet

10 m

24 m

– – – – – Fire-fighting access zone– · – · – · Power supply and control lines

Make-up air inlet (wall opening)

Centrifugal smoke exhaust fanBVW-R series withinlet duct

3 m

Outer wallFlexible connector, temperature resistant

Smoke exhaust duct, tested to600°C–120 minutes (e.g. steel)

Scale 1:150

Scale 1:75Section A–B

For planning and installationplease also refer to ourInstallation, Operation andMaintenance Instruction (MBW).


028

SMOKE EXHAUST FANSAPPLICATION EXAMPLE 2ROOF-MOUNTED SMOKE EXHAUST FAN FOR 400/620°CBVD SERIES

Example 2

Industrial shed ventilation and smokeexhaust system using 3 roof-mountedsmoke exhaust fans.

400/620°C – 120 minutes

Fig. 11

Door admittingmake-up air

B

A

Make-up airinlets (wall openings)

25 m10

m

Con

trol

pan

el

Switch location

Corridor area = Escape route

Scale 1:150


3 m

Smoke outlet

Roof-mounted smoke exhaust fanBVD series

Shutoff damper Tested roof-mounted base(alternatively: concrete base)

Make-up air inlet (wall opening)with smoke exhaust damper

Make-up air inlet (wall opening)


029

SMOKE EXHAUST FANSAPPLICATION EXAMPLE 3WALL-MOUNTED AXIAL FLOW SMOKE EXHAUST FAN FOR 200/300/400°CBWAXN 12/56 SERIES

Example 3

Industrial shed ventilation and smokeexhaust system using wall-mountedaxial flow exhaust fans

for 200/300 ar 400°C – 120 minutes

Fig. 12

Section A–B

Storage shed

Door admitting make-up air

Door admitting make-up air

B

A Smoke outlet

Smoke outlet10

m

25 m

Corridor = Escape route

Switch location

Smoke exhaust ductL90 (rectangular)

Scale 1:150

Scale 1:75

Wall-mounted axial flow exhaust fansBWAXN 12/56 series

3,5

m

Smokeoutlet

Smokeoutlet

L90 duct



030

SMOKE EXHAUST FANSAPPLICATION EXAMPLE 4AXIAL FLOW SMOKE EXHAUST FAN FOR 200/300/400°CBVAXN 12/56 SERIES

Example 4

Ventilation and smoke exhaust systemusing one axial smoke exhaust fan for

200/300 oder 400°C – 120 minutes

Fig. 13

Smokeoutlet

Dooradmittingmake-up area

Storage area

A

B

25 m

Switch location

10 m

E90

Corridor = Escape route

Axial smoke exhaust fan(non-insulated, installed in fire compartment)

3 m

Smokeoutlet

Flexible connector,temperature-resistant Smoke exhaust duct, tested to

400°C – 120 minutes (e.g. steel)

Scale 1:150


Customer supplied



031

SMOKE EXHAUST FANSAPPLICATION EXAMPLE 5AXIAL FLOW SMOKE EXHAUST FAN FOR 600°CSERIES BVAXN 8/56

Example 5

Multi-storey building with basementventilation and smoke exhaust systemusing a BVAXN 8/56 series axial smo-ke exhaust fan

for 600°C – 120 minutes

Fig. 14

Fire-resistant smoke exhaust duct, L90

Make-up air inlet (wall opening) near floor level.

Alternative arrangement of the axialsmoke exhaust fan (fully galvanized type).

Axial smoke exhaust fanBVAXN 8/56 seriesFan and flexible connector insulated by customer,or fitted in separate (ventilated) room(note motor cooling air requirement!)

Smoke exhaust duct

Flexibleconnector

L90

3,5

m3,

5 m

3,5

m

Make-upair inlet(wallopening)


No cooling air fan required.


032


7.5 Installation notes for smoke exhaust fans

By embracing intelligent solutionsat the planning stage and adoptinga practice-oriented installationstrategy for the smoke exhaustsystem, users can save significantinstallation and maintenancecosts.

We are all familiar with practical ex-amples of fans virtually inaccessiblefor maintenance, or whose disassem-bly requires an unreasonable effortand can therefore be carried out onlyon legal holidays – with the associa-ted penalty of immense cost.

Compliance with legal requirementsand the use of appropriate practicalknow-how constitute effective safe-guards against such errors.

Indoor fan installation outside thefire compartment

Fans for this application type must beheat insulated when installed in aventilated room. Data concerning therequisite nominal air flows which mustbe ensured to keep the air temperatu-re in the installation room below 40°Cunder any fan operating condition areavailable from the manufacturer uponrequest.

Insulation in the form of wire-net mi-neral fiber matting may be applied re-troactively in a single layer. Thethickness of the lagging must exceed40 mm, at an apparent density > 90kg/m3. Note also that the insulationmaterial for fire-resistant air ductingmust meet DIN 4102, Part 4. As re-gards electrical wiring, routing andexecution requirements vary with theinstallation site. In any case, cablesshall conform to the circuit integrity

maintenance specifications of DIN4102, Part 12.

In practice, this means that theconnecting cables must not contactthe fan casing and must be routed inappropriate mechanical protectionsystems.

The specifications further describethe installation of switchgear compo-nents and maintenance switches,which must be provided in duly pro-tected form in areas not exposed to afire or temperature hazard and in anycase, outside the fire compartment.

As an example, consider the place-ment of maintenance switches outsi-de the fire zone. According to VDE0113-1, such switches must be fittedin the immediate vicinity of the fan formaintenance and repair purposes,but this requirement applies only if thefan is not in the line of sight of an ope-rator at the switchgear cabinet.

It should also be noted that the fan'sradiant heat output must not interferewith maintenance switch operability,and that the switch must be securedagainst unauthorized operation in itsenergized state. (In no case shallswitches be mounted in the fire zonewithout protection).

Always remember when designingcircuits and control systems that thefan's smoke extraction function musttake priority over all other functionsthe smoke exhaust system may have.

Thus, where a fan is started or ener-gized via a suitable switchgear devi-ce, all thermal or electrical monitoringcomponents must be bypassed or de-energized, and all switching devicesmust be rated for the projected(usually, maximum) fan rpm. The fanspeed must NOT be variable for theduration of the fire, and indeed, suchspeed control would be counterpro-ductive. Another important require-ment is that all devices have under-gone an appropriate acceptance pro-cedure.

This acceptance must be conductedand documented at the system ope-rator's initiative. The acceptance testsshall determine the system's full ope-rability and appropriate installation,and specifically the proper interactionof all components. In the functionaltest, the fan's power consumption atnormal temperatures of about 20°Cmust not exceed permissible values

and its direction of impeller rotationmust be verified.

The circuit integrity, safety and relia-bility of the power supply must like-wise be ensured. The system must bemaintained in good repair at all times.Its power supply must be ensuredthroughout the smoke extraction ope-ration. The option is essentially bet-ween a primary or secondary powersupply. Secondary power may be de-rived from an emergency power unitor a second mains connection; in anycase, it must be fully isolated from theprimary power source. The change-over between primary and secondarysupply must be automatic (secondmains connection). The power requi-rement of a smoke exhaust systemshall be rated under normal ambientconditions.

Another issue, ultimately, is the main-tenance of smoke exhaust fans. Itmust be consistent with the fan ma-nufacturer's maintenance instruc-tions. As a minimum, component ope-rability checks must be carried out atthree-month intervals.

If due regard has been paid to acces-sibility at the planning stage, the follo-wing functional checks can be perfor-med quickly and economically:

• Fan start-up test

• Check of measuring and triggeringdevices, smoke detectors and ma-nual start functions

• Visual inspection of fans and smokeexhaust dampers

• Review of smoke extraction scenari-os with regard to triggering, damperpositioning and fresh air supply

• Sample check of individual volumeflows and comparison with the ac-ceptance condition

Installation example: BVAXN 8/56/1400 MD


033

SMOKE (FUME) EXHAUST FANSINSTALLATION EXAMPLES

The ideal mounting configurationcorresponds to that of the test airflowduct, with inlet and outlet tubediameters of 2.5 x D (D = fan diameter).

Flexible duct connectors upstreamand downstream of the fan must befitted carefully with zero offset, takinginto account the installed length.Failure to observe this rule will resultin performance loss and increasedacoustic emissions. Flexibleconnectors are not intended as“elastic fit“ adapters compensating forinstallation inaccuracies!

On free inlet fans, the use of anoptimized bellmouth is mandatory.Failure to install this would result inseverely degraded fan performanceand increased noise levels.

Connections of the above type areabsolutely unacceptable in practice.

In special cases, i.e., where noalternative is feasible, an adaptercone and 2.5 D tube section (D = fandiameter) must be fitted as shown.

To satisfy accident prevention rules, awire guard must be fitted to the frontof the bellmouth.

Where dampers must be fitted inairflows arriving vertically from below(e.g., through a ceiling or inlet duct),an opposed-blade damper type shouldbe used to ensure an appropriateapproach flow onto downstreamdeflector or baffle elements.

The flexible duct connector (twonominal sizes > nominal fan size)ensures an additional improvement inincoming flow conditions and superioracoustic performance.

With horizontal approach flows from alarger duct or inlet chamber, anoversized flexible connector (twonominal sizes > nominal fan size) inconjunction with the bellmouth willgreatly improve incoming flowconditions and noise output.

An approach flow situation as shownin Fig. 6 will result in a greatlyimpaired fan performance.

Installation of an axial-flow fan directlydownstream of a curved duct sectionwill give rise to substantial perfor-mance losses and noise increase.

If a 2.5 x D inlet flow section cannotbe fitted, baffles should be used (forconfiguration and sizes refer to Fig.5.1)

2,5 x D 2,5 x D

200

2,5 x D

a

b

Baffles

Opposed-bladedamper

Fig. 1

Fig. 2/2.1/2.2 Fig. 3/3.1 Fig. 4/4.1

Fig. 5/5.1 Fig. 6/6.1 Fig. 7/7.1

b = 0,6 x aat least five, ideallymore (e.g., 8baffles)


034

SMOKE (FUME) EXHAUST FANSINSTALLATION EXAMPLES

In a free-outlet configuration, thedynamic pressure acting on the fan’sannular surface area (fan surfaceminus hub surface) must be taken intoaccount as impact loss.

To avoid high impact loss, turbulenceeffects and excessive noise,downstream splitter attenuatorsshould be connected via a diffuserwith internal core and an interposedpressure chamber. In systems withlarge cross sections, the pressurechamber may be additionally provided

with a built-in baffle screen (perforatedmetal panel). This recommendationalso applies to filters, heaters, etc.The splitters should have curvedleading ends.

On a free outlet system with 2.5 x Doutlet duct, the entire surface area asdetermined from the nominal fan sizemay be used for the impact losscalculation (rectified flow).

In practice, fans are often mounted insuch cramped conditions that propermaintenance or repairs are impossibleor extremely costly to carry out. Fansare machines which comprise wearingparts. It is therefore important toprovide adequate free space aroundthe unit for maintenance or repairaccess. On roofs (especially warm

roofs), the availability of sufficientlystrong support areas is important. Itshould be possible to erect scaffoldingabove and around the fans forinstallation and maintenance.

Diffusers can reduce impact loss byabout 70% when compared to theconfiguration shown in Fig. 8.

Maximum impact loss 50% reduced impact loss 70% reduced impact loss

High impact loss

For in-chamber installation specifiedminimum distance must be observed.If multiple fans are mounted next toeach other, the distance between theirbellmouths must be at least 0.5 D.

In-chamber installation

The same applies byanalogy forinstallation in tube orchannel ducts.

In large inlet chambers with multible airstreams, vortex effects may impair theairflow at the fan inlet. Performancelosses are an inevitable result. In thistype of operating situation, therecommended anti-vortex baffle shouldeither be fitted from the start or plannedin such a way it can be installed later.

Please also observe other fantechnology fundamentals as describedin the relevant academic and tradeliterature (e.g., TLT Fan Primer,published by Promoter Verlag,Karlsruhe). Our staff will be glad toanswer your questions on this subject.

Plenum inletchamber

Vortex flow effectsare often en-countered in confi-gurations of thistype. The use ofan anti-vortexbaffle isrecommended.

Free outlet Free outlet Free outlet

Diffuser with core2,5 x D

0,5 x D

min.0,5xD

1 x nominal fan size+ at least 1 m

0,5 x nominal fan size

Baffle-front view Baffle -

side view

0,5 x D

Fig. 8/8.1/8.2

Fig. 9/9.1

Fig. 10 Fig. 12

Fig. 11

Curved leading ends

Diffuser withcore

Baffle screen


035


8.0 Individual system components

8.1 Smoke exhaust dampers

Since work on the relevant Europeanstandard (prEN 1366-10) is still conti-nuing, the relevant national approvalmechanisms have remained applica-ble. In Germany, these are enshrinedin the Building Rules List establishedby the new Building Code (the cur-rently valid list is designated 99-1).According to this document, all smo-ke exhaust dampers require approvalby the building supervisory authority.

Smoke exhaust dampers are knownto have two safety positions:

a) the closed position (standby, with or without fire resistance)

b) the open position (during extrac-tion of hot gases).

Moreover, their power supply must bereliably ensured since a smoke ex-haust damper is required to retain itsopening and closing capability evenafter 25 minutes of fire exposure, sothat consistent with the Model Guide-line for Ducting (draft 98), the exhaustduct equipment will remain operablefor at least 90 minutes.

The drive units for smoke exhaustdampers are tested for a fire resi-stance of 90 minutes. In the case of apower failure, the de-energized driveunits must secure the damper in itsopen position, e.g., via a mechanicallocking feature.

Such equipment is designatedETK90, i.e., it has a fire resistance of90 minutes at the ISO 834 unit-tem-perature curve (in the future, the rele-vant document will be EN 1363-1),and its smoke extraction functionality,based on the same curve, remainsensured for the same period.

8.2 Smoke exhaust ducts

The fire resistance behaviour of smo-ke exhaust ducts is currently gover-ned by the national standard DIN4102-6, while their smoke extractioncapabilities are subject to DIN 18232-6.

DIN 4102-6 is scheduled to be repla-ced within the next 6 months by EN1366-1, while DIN V 18232-6 will re-main applicable until the Europeanstandard for smoke exhaust ducts(EN 1366-8) becomes available. Thisis expected to happen in about twoyears' time.

The differences between the two Eu-ropean standards and their Germancounterparts are minimal, except forthe characteristics and length of thesuspension elements. The calculati-ons use the same baseline value of6 N/mm2.

With the publication of DIN EN 1366-1, this European specification has co-me to reflect the state of the art. It isto replace DIN 4102, Part 6.

According to the European testing cri-teria, the elongation of the suspensi-on elements must be measured andrecorded in the test record upon com-pletion of the fire test. The measuredelongation applies for a maximumhanger length of 1.5 m. Where longersuspension elements are needed,their elongation shall not exceed the

value measured in the test, e.g., 40mm for a 1.5 m (uncovered) hanger.For longer elements to remain withinthis elongation range, they must beenclosed in a fire-resistant material.

The tightness of the ductwork is an-other criterion. Practical experienceshows that ducts assembled on siteexhibit the greatest installation flaws.

Leakage flows shall not exceed 10m3/h per square meter of inside sur-face area. Thus, for instance, an Li1.0 x 1.0 m duct has an interior cir-cumference of 4.0 meters, and a 5-meter length of this duct has an insi-de surface area of 20.0 m.

Its maximum acceptable leakagewould thus be 2.0 x 10 = 200 m3/h. Inthe case of multi-range systems, allo-wance must also be made for permis-sible cold leaks of 200 m3/h per squa-re meter of cross-sectional area(smoke exhaust dampers) and for theacceptable exhaust fan power loss.

In sizing a smoke exhaust fan, all ac-ceptable sources of leakage or powerloss have to be duly taken into ac-count.


036


Engineering StandardsDIN...EN...

Contents

Smoke exhaust fans DIN V Mechanical smoke exhaust systems18232-6 Requirements for components

and suitability testing

EN 12101-3 Smoke and heat control systemsPart 3: Specification for mechanicalsmoke and heat exhaust ventilators(test and product standard)

Fire protection dampers DIN Fire protection dampersEN

1366-2

Smoke exhaust dampers DIN V Mechanical smoke exhaust systems18232-6 Reqirements for components


Ducting DIN V Mechanical smoke exhaust systems18232-6 Requirements for components


DIN 1366-1 Fire resistance tests on service installations,Fire-resistant ventilation ducts

pr EN Fire resistance tests on service installations1366-8 in buildings, Smoke extraction ducts

pr EN Fire resistance tests on service installations1366-9 in buildings

Smoke extraction ducts in a fire zone

Sizing of smoke exhaust systems DIN V Smoke and heat extraction systems18232-5 Mechanical smoke exhaust systems

Requirements and design

pr EN Smoke and heat protection systems12101-5 Functional requirements and calculation

methods for smoke and heat exhaust systems

Pressure-based smoke protection systems DIN 18232-7 Smoke and heat extraction systems(draft) Pressure-based smoke protection

systems for safety staircases

pr EN Smoke and heat control systems12101-6 Pressure differential systems, kits

Smoke exhaust systems pr EN Smoke and heat control systems12101-4 Design of smoke and heat exhaust systems


037


8.3 Control of smoke exhaustsystems

8.3.1 Triggering devices andsingle-range systems

Smoke exhaust fans and fire protec-tion dampers must be approved bythe German Institute of BuildingTechnology (DIBt) according to Buil-ding Rules List "B", Part 2, in conjunc-tion with the relevant smoke detec-tors. Compliance with the codes isdemonstrated via certification testsperformed by independent testing in-stitutes.

The smoke exhaust system is trigge-red by pushbuttons or automaticallyvia smoke detection switches. Thesignals that activate the mechanicalheat and smoke exhaust installationand move the fire protection and smo-ke exhaust dampers into their safetyposition are transmitted by a control-ler. The various devices cooperate toensure a high-speed fire detection,alarm, and smoke exhaust.

Past fire disasters have shown thatan effective rescue of human beingscan only be achieved through an ear-ly and effective extraction of smokefrom escape and safety routes until

the arrival of fire-fighting services. Toensure the direct and immediate ac-tivation of the smoke exhaust system,smoke extraction fans must be equip-ped with automatic triggering devicesthat sense the presence of smoke(smoke detectors).

Smoke exhaust systems designed forhuman safety must not require ma-nual activation, since the occupantsat risk must be able to leave the buil-ding safely within the first few minutesafter a fire has started. If, in the cour-se of the planning process, the fireauthorities should insist on manualactivation by the fire brigade, the sy-stem no longer qualifies as a smokeexhaust installation for human safety,since experience shows that it willusually take 5 – 15 minutes for firefighters to arrive.

The foregoing does not apply wheresmoke exhaust dampers form part ofthe smoke exhaust system. In this ca-se the fans may be integrated with thewiring of the smoke exhaust damperand the associated triggering device,which meets the same protection ob-jective. Still, it must be possible tostart the fans manually via pushbut-tons.

Obviously, all triggering devices mustbe approved by the building supervi-sory authorities. The layout and num-ber of smoke detectors used mustconform to DIN VDE 0833-1.

Roof-mounted smoke exhaust fan

Smoke detection switch Smoke detection switch

Smoke-free layer

Pushbutton switch

Air supply Controller

Buildingservicesmanagementsystem


038


8.3.2 Control via LON bus(ICI)

The integration of all equipment suchas central fire detection, emergencylighting and fire compartment doorsinto the building services automationstructure provides an overall functio-nality and comprehensive controlcapability offering numerous benefits.On one hand, it ensures that escapeand rescue routes will be kept clear ofsmoke for a defined interval to protectoccupants and fire-fighting services.On the other, it enables a continuousdocumentation of all processes inconjunction with the building servicesautomation system allowing full re-cords of incidents for subsequentanalysis. In addition, maintenance-free fire protection dampers (or dam-pers with extended service intervals)can be installed if the system allowsthese units to be periodically actuatedwith full performance logging. Highmaintenance costs can thus be effec-tively reduced, given that according tothe "General Building SupervisionApproval", conventional fire protec-tion dampers must be serviced an-nually.

Considerable cost savings

Bus communication is a key advanta-ge of digital building automation solu-tions. It implies considerable cost sa-vings because of a significant reduc-tion in installation costs. The need fortraditional star-pattern wiring, with itshigh cabling investment (at least E30for smoke exhaust applications), iseliminated. This is illustrated in thefollowing example.

At the field level the bus is arrangedas a ring circuit for the transmission ofdata and control signals, thus offeringa high degree of safety. From thecontrol module the individual actua-ting motors of the smoke exhaust andfire protection dampers are fed andoperated via a 2-wire system (powersupply plus data/control signals). Theamount of cabling required and hen-ce, the fire load, are greatly reduced.The 2-wire connections can even beinterchanged during assembly. Only

a bus system can ensure a full clo-sed-loop and open-loop control of thesmoke extraction process without ad-ditional interfaces, with full integrationinto the building automation systemfor the entire building.

Cost saving and more security are arguments in favour of N2 bus wiring in buil-ding services automation controling a smoke extraction system.

Bus communication between exhaust system and controller

METASYS“operating station

METASYS“ network processor

Integration of firealarm systems, etc.

SBKM safety buscommunicationmodule for smokeexhaust dampers

Joventa reversible driveunits

Smoke exhaust panel

Joventa drive unit withspring return

SBKM safety buscommunicationmodule for fireprotection dampers

N2 bus, 10 Kbps

N1 network, Ethernet using TCP/IPat 10 Mbps or

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