Today Parts of vocal tract used in producing

consonants Articulatory Description

of consonants

Readings: 3.3

...it’s all about air!

Consonants Speech sounds produced with a

narrowing somewhere in the vocal tract

This view: A Midsaggital Section

(soft palate)

epiglottisphary

nx

Major structuresStructure (noun) Adjectival descriptor

lips labial (labio-)

teeth dental

alveolar ridge alveolar (alveo-)

hard palate palatal

velum (soft palate) velar

nasal cavity nasal

glottis glottal

Active vs. Passive ArticulatorsLOCATION MOVEMENT FUNCTION 1. Pharynx no movement a place of articula t ion in some

languag es 2. Larynx (Vocal Folds and Glottis)

vibrat e ; open and close

provides vibration for "voiced" sounds

3. Oral Cavity -- Ton gue (ti p, blade, back)

rais es, lowers, moves for ward and back

moves to shape airst ream

--Lips close, sprea d, and round

moves to shape airst ream

--Teeth no movement work with t he tongu e to shape the ai rstream

--Alveolar Ridge no movement works wi t h the tong ue to shape the air

--Hard Pala t e no movement works wi t h the tong ue to shape the air

--Soft Palat e (velum) no movement works wi t h the tong ue to shape the air

--Uvula rais es and lowers allows air into the nasal cavity 4. Nasal Cavity no movement shapes t he air

Articulatory DescriptionFor consonants, three-part classification

system:

1) Voicing

2) Place (of articulation)

3) Manner (of articulation)

e.g., voiced labiodental fricative = [v]

1) Voicing Voicing: what is happening at the

LARYNX?

Are the vocal folds spread apart (voiceless), or are they close together and vibrating (voiced)?

Front

Vocal folds Glottis

Back

voiced voiceless

[p] pat [b] bat[t] tie [d] die

[k] kill [g] gill[f] fat [v] vat

[s] sip [z] zip[T] thigh [D] thy[S] dilution [Z] delusion[tS] etch [dZ] edge

Voiceless Voiced

liquid

liquidr *

* In the IPA, [r] is actually a trill like in Spanish “pe* In the IPA, [r] is actually a trill like in Spanish “perrrro”. The IPA symbol for American ‘r’ is o”. The IPA symbol for American ‘r’ is [ [], but you can use either symbol since the text uses [r] for American ‘r’.], but you can use either symbol since the text uses [r] for American ‘r’.

Voicing Value

2) Place Place (of articulation): WHERE in the

vocal tract is the constriction being made?

Place Bilabial: w/ both lips

[b], [p], [m], [w] Labiodental: w/ lower lip and upper teeth

[f], [v] (Inter-)dental: tip of tongue btw. the teeth

[T], [D] Alveolar: tongue tip on alveolar ridge

[t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z]

Place (Alveo-)Palatal: w/ tongue at or near hard

palate Alveopalatal: [S], [Z], [tS], [dZ] Palatal: [ j ]

Velar: w/ tongue at or near soft palate, or velum [k], [g], [N]

Glottal: produced at the larynx [/], [h]

liquid

liquidr

3) Manner Manner (of articulation): HOW is the air

being modified as it moves through the vocal tract?

Manner Stop: full obstruction in oral cavity (w/ velum

raised/closed) [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [/]

Fricative: partial obstruction w/ turbulence [f], [v], [T], [D], [s], [z], [S], [Z]

Affricate: stop followed by fricative [tS], [dZ] +

Manner Nasal: full obstruction in oral cavity w/ velum

lowered/open [m], [n], [N]

Liquid: constriction but no turbulence [l] = lateral liquid [r] = retroflex liquid

Glide: slightly more constriction than a vowel [w], [ j ] (and shows additional evidence of

“consonantness”: patterns with consonants)

liquid

liquidr

Manner

Practice: Provide the articulatory description

[p][m] [dZ][j]

= voiceless bilabial stop= voiced bilabial nasal= voiced (alveo-)palatal affricate= voiced palatal glide

Practice: Provide the phonetic symbol

voiced bilabial stop

voiceless interdental fricative

voiceless velar stop

[b] =

[T] =[k] =

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKcoOHXw-6o

From the movie “My Fair Lady:” What consonantal articulation was Eliza Doolittle practicing?