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Page 1: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012

• Hermitian operators

• Determinate states

• Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

• Discrete and continuous spectra

• Statistical interpretation

Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided

Homework Assignment #05:Chapter 3: ??,??,??,??,??,??due Wednesday, October 3, 2012

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 1 / 10

Page 2: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012

• Hermitian operators

• Determinate states

• Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

• Discrete and continuous spectra

• Statistical interpretation

Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided

Homework Assignment #05:Chapter 3: ??,??,??,??,??,??due Wednesday, October 3, 2012

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 1 / 10

Page 3: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012

• Hermitian operators

• Determinate states

• Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

• Discrete and continuous spectra

• Statistical interpretation

Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided

Homework Assignment #05:Chapter 3: ??,??,??,??,??,??due Wednesday, October 3, 2012

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 1 / 10

Page 4: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012

• Hermitian operators

• Determinate states

• Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

• Discrete and continuous spectra

• Statistical interpretation

Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided

Homework Assignment #05:Chapter 3: ??,??,??,??,??,??due Wednesday, October 3, 2012

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 1 / 10

Page 5: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012

• Hermitian operators

• Determinate states

• Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

• Discrete and continuous spectra

• Statistical interpretation

Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided

Homework Assignment #05:Chapter 3: ??,??,??,??,??,??due Wednesday, October 3, 2012

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 1 / 10

Page 6: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012

• Hermitian operators

• Determinate states

• Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

• Discrete and continuous spectra

• Statistical interpretation

Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided

Homework Assignment #05:Chapter 3: ??,??,??,??,??,??due Wednesday, October 3, 2012

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 1 / 10

Page 7: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012

• Hermitian operators

• Determinate states

• Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

• Discrete and continuous spectra

• Statistical interpretation

Exam #1: Monday, October 1, 2012 Covers Chapters 1 & 2, closedbook, calculators provided

Homework Assignment #05:Chapter 3: ??,??,??,??,??,??due Wednesday, October 3, 2012

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 1 / 10

Page 8: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 9: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx

= 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 10: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 11: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition

, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 12: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition

, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 13: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 14: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉

= 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 15: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 16: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 17: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 18: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 19: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 20: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx

=�

��~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 21: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

~if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 22: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 23: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx

= 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 24: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Vector properties: addition

The expectation value of an observ-able Q(x , p) is

since any observable must be realby definition, we can write

This holds for all wave functionsand operators which represent ob-servables have the property that:

Such operators are said to be her-mitian.

〈Q〉 =

∫Ψ∗QΨ dx = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈Q〉 = 〈Q〉∗

〈Ψ|QΨ〉∗ = 〈QΨ|Ψ〉 = 〈Ψ|QΨ〉

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

Is p is hermitian?

〈f |pg〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗~i

dg

dxdx =

���~

if ∗g

∣∣∣∣∣∞

−∞

−∫ ∞−∞

~i

df ∗

dxg dx

=

∫ ∞−∞

(~i

df

dx

)∗g dx = 〈pf |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 2 / 10

Page 25: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 26: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉

Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 27: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 28: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 29: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx

=

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 30: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx

= 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 31: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 32: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx

=

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 33: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx

= 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 34: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 35: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx

= f ∗g∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 36: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx

= −〈 ddx

f |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 37: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 38: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(− ip + mωx)†

=1√

2~mω(i

p + mωx

) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 39: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(i

p + mωx

)

= a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 40: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(ip

+ mωx

)

= a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 41: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(ip + mωx)

= a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 42: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(ip + mωx) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 43: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(ip + mωx) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉

= 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 44: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(ip + mωx) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉

= 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 45: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Problem 3.5

The hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of an op-erator Q is the operator Q† such that

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Q†f |g〉Q = Q†

Find the hermitian conjugates of x , i , d/dx , a+, and QR.

〈f |xg〉 =

∫f ∗(xg) dx =

∫(xf )∗g dx = 〈xf |g〉

〈f |ig〉 =

∫f ∗(ig) dx =

∫(−if )∗g dx = 〈−if |g〉

〈f | ddx

g〉 =

∫f ∗

dg

dxdx = f ∗g

∣∣∣∞−∞−∫ (

df

dx

)g dx = −〈 d

dxf |g〉

a†+ =1√

2~mω(−ip + mωx)† =

1√2~mω

(ip + mωx) = a−

〈f |(QR)g〉 = 〈Q†f |Rg〉 = 〈R†Q†f |g〉 = 〈(QR)†f |g〉

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 3 / 10

Page 46: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system.

If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 47: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 48: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 49: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉

= 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 50: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉

= 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 51: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉

= 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 52: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉

≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 53: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 54: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 55: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 56: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 57: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q

and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 58: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 59: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Determinate states

Suppose that we have many systems all prepared in the same way and wemeasure the expectation value of Q on each system. If there is adeterminate state for the system, we will always get the same answer, q.

In this case, the standard deviation of Q must be exactly zero.

Since Q is hermitian, then Q − q must be as well.

σ2 = 〈(Q − 〈Q〉)2〉 = 〈Ψ|(Q − q)2Ψ〉 = 〈(Q − q)Ψ|(Q − q)Ψ〉 ≡ 0

The only function whose square in-tegral vanishes is zero

(Q − q)Ψ ≡ 0

QΨ = qΨ

This is the eigenvalue equation for the Q operator with Ψ being aneigenfunction of Q and q being its eigenvalue.

Thus, determinate states are eigenfunctions of Q.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 4 / 10

Page 60: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 61: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 62: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 63: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 64: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 65: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 66: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 67: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states.

But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 68: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

All about eigenfunctions...

An eigenfunction multiplied by a constant gives the same eigenvalue:

Q(aΨ) = q(aΨ)

Zero cannot be an eigenfunction

The collection of all eigenvalues of an operator is its spectrum

If two linearly independent eigenfunctions have the same eigenvalue, theyare said to be degenerate.

Determinate states of the total energy are thus, eigenfunctions of theHamiltonian:

Hψ = Eψ

If the spectrum of an operator is discrete (eigenvaluse are “quantized”),then the eigenfunctions lie in Hilbert space and are physical states

If the spectrum is continuous, then the eigenfunctions are not normalizableand cannot represent physical states. But linear combinations of them(wavepackets) might.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 5 / 10

Page 69: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 70: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.

This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 71: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 72: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 73: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 74: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 75: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 76: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 77: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 78: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 79: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by

, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 80: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by

, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 81: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 82: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Example 3.1

Find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Q ≡ i ddφ

First let’s see if Q is hermitian.This operator acts on functionsf (φ), where

f (φ+ 2π) = f (φ)

integrating by parts

The eigenvalue equation is

This is solved by, which uponapplication of the periodicboundary condition, gives

〈f |Qg〉 =

∫ 2π

0f ∗(idg

)dφ

= i f ∗g∣∣∣2π0−∫ 2π

0i

(df ∗

)g dφ

= 〈Qf |g〉

id

dφf (φ) = qf (φ)

f (φ) = Ae−iqφ

e−iq2π = 1, q = 0,±1,±2, . . .

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 6 / 10

Page 83: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 84: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 85: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!

Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 86: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!

Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉

q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 87: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!

Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉

= q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 88: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!

Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉

→ q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 89: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!

Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 90: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 91: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 92: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 93: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉

q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 94: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉

= q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 95: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉

→ 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 96: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 97: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 98: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete

(can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 99: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Discrete spectra

Important properties of the eigenfunctions of hermitian operators

1. Eigenvalues are real

observables are real!Qf = qf

〈f |Qf 〉 = 〈Qf |f 〉q〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → q∗ = q

2. Eigenfunctions with distincteigenvalues are orthogonal

Qg = q′g

〈f |Qg〉 = 〈Qf |g〉q′〈f |f 〉 = q∗〈f |f 〉 → 〈f |g〉 = 0

Even with degenerate eigenvalues, it is possible to choose orthogonaleignefunctions by taking linear combinations.

3. The eigenfuctions of an observable operator are complete (can’t provethis so take it as an axiom following Dirac!)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 7 / 10

Page 100: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable.

But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 101: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 102: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 103: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 104: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~

∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 105: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 106: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 107: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 108: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 109: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)

This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 110: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: orthonormality

For continuous spectra, the eigenfunctions are not normalizable and theproperties (reality, orthogonality and completeness) are not directlyprovable. But ...

Take the case of eigenfunctionsand eigenvalues of the momen-tum operator.

restricting only to real values ofp

choosing A = 1/√

2π~ will nor-malize this set of eigenfunctions

~i

d

dxfp(x) = pfp(x)

fp(x) = Ae ipx/~∫ ∞−∞

f ∗p′fp dx = |A|2∫ ∞−∞

e i(p−p′)x/~ dx

= |A|22π~δ(p − p′)

fp(x) =1√2π~

e ipx/~

〈fp′ |fp〉 = δ(p − p′)This is called Dirac orthonormality

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 8 / 10

Page 111: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: completeness

This restricted set of eigenfunctions of momentum are also complete.

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)fp(x) dp =1√2π~

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)e ipx/~ dp

〈fp′ |f 〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)〈fp′ |fp〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)δ(p − p′) dp = c(p′)

While this subset of eigenfunctions of p are not In a true Hilbert space,they have quasi-normalizibility and can be used to build wavepackets whichdo represent physical states, albeit without a determinate momentum.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 9 / 10

Page 112: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: completeness

This restricted set of eigenfunctions of momentum are also complete.

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)fp(x) dp

=1√2π~

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)e ipx/~ dp

〈fp′ |f 〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)〈fp′ |fp〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)δ(p − p′) dp = c(p′)

While this subset of eigenfunctions of p are not In a true Hilbert space,they have quasi-normalizibility and can be used to build wavepackets whichdo represent physical states, albeit without a determinate momentum.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 9 / 10

Page 113: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: completeness

This restricted set of eigenfunctions of momentum are also complete.

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)fp(x) dp =1√2π~

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)e ipx/~ dp

〈fp′ |f 〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)〈fp′ |fp〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)δ(p − p′) dp = c(p′)

While this subset of eigenfunctions of p are not In a true Hilbert space,they have quasi-normalizibility and can be used to build wavepackets whichdo represent physical states, albeit without a determinate momentum.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 9 / 10

Page 114: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: completeness

This restricted set of eigenfunctions of momentum are also complete.

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)fp(x) dp =1√2π~

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)e ipx/~ dp

〈fp′ |f 〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)〈fp′ |fp〉

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)δ(p − p′) dp = c(p′)

While this subset of eigenfunctions of p are not In a true Hilbert space,they have quasi-normalizibility and can be used to build wavepackets whichdo represent physical states, albeit without a determinate momentum.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 9 / 10

Page 115: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: completeness

This restricted set of eigenfunctions of momentum are also complete.

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)fp(x) dp =1√2π~

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)e ipx/~ dp

〈fp′ |f 〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)〈fp′ |fp〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)δ(p − p′) dp

= c(p′)

While this subset of eigenfunctions of p are not In a true Hilbert space,they have quasi-normalizibility and can be used to build wavepackets whichdo represent physical states, albeit without a determinate momentum.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 9 / 10

Page 116: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: completeness

This restricted set of eigenfunctions of momentum are also complete.

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)fp(x) dp =1√2π~

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)e ipx/~ dp

〈fp′ |f 〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)〈fp′ |fp〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)δ(p − p′) dp = c(p′)

While this subset of eigenfunctions of p are not In a true Hilbert space,they have quasi-normalizibility and can be used to build wavepackets whichdo represent physical states, albeit without a determinate momentum.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 9 / 10

Page 117: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Momentum eigenfunctions: completeness

This restricted set of eigenfunctions of momentum are also complete.

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)fp(x) dp =1√2π~

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)e ipx/~ dp

〈fp′ |f 〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)〈fp′ |fp〉 =

∫ ∞−∞

c(p)δ(p − p′) dp = c(p′)

While this subset of eigenfunctions of p are not In a true Hilbert space,they have quasi-normalizibility and can be used to build wavepackets whichdo represent physical states, albeit without a determinate momentum.

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 9 / 10

Page 118: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 119: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 120: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 121: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = ?

=

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 122: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = ?

=

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 123: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y)

=

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 124: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 125: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 126: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 127: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 128: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y)

→ 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 129: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 130: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 131: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 132: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy

= c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 133: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10

Page 134: Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012csrri.iit.edu/~segre/phys405/12F/lecture_11.pdf · 2012. 9. 29. · Today’s Outline - September 26, 2012 Hermitian operators Determinate states

Position eigenfunctions

The same can be shown forthe position operator x

what eigenfunction has theproperty that multiplied bythe variable x is identical tomultiplying it by the constanty?

picking A = 1

and for completeness

so that

c(y) = f (y)

x gy (x) = y gy (x)

gy (x) = Aδ(x − y) =

∫ ∞−∞

g∗y ′(x)gy (x) dx

= |A|2∫ ∞−∞

δ(x − y ′)δ(x − y) dx

= |A|2δ(y − y ′)

gy (x) = δ(x − y) → 〈g∗y ′ |gy 〉 = δ(y − y ′)

f (x) =

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)gy (x) dy

=

∫ ∞−∞

c(y)δ(x − y) dy = c(x)

C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 405 - Fall 2012 September 26, 2012 10 / 10