Today’s Plan: 11/6/09

• Bellwork: Vocab Quiz (20 mins)

• Plant stations: Day 2 (40 mins)

• Plant notes (20 mins)

• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)

Today’s Plan: 11/9/09

• Bellwork: Finish Plant Discussion (15 mins)

• Animals Activities (45 mins)

• Animals Notes (25 mins)

• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)

Fungus/Plant Self quiz• Write P if the statement is about a plant, F if it’s

about a Fungus or B if it’s about both– Is a producer

– Contains chlorophyll

– Can reproduce using spores

– Multicellular

– Immobile

– Includes yeast

– Includes Angiosperms

– Decomposers

– Extracellular Digestion

– Has membrane-bound organelles (eukaryotic)

Phylogenetic Progression: Bryophytes, Ferns and Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

• Phylum Bryophyta contains the worts and mosses. Due to the fact that these plants have no vascular tissue, they are small and must live in very moist environments.

• .What does their small size and the fact that they live in moist environments have to do with the lack of vascular tissue?

• .What is vascular tissue?

• Vascular tissue carries water and nutrients to the various parts of plants. Because Bryophytes lack this tissue, all of their parts must be close to the water and nutrient sources on the ground. If they were to get too big, they would not be able to get water and nutrients to the tallest parts of the plant.

Bryophytes continued• .Worts have become popular for medicinal

uses. What have you heard about worts in the news?

• St. John’s wort has become a popular suppliment for emotional stability. It is an over-the-counter medicinal for treating depression, bipolar disorder, and some anxiety disorders. The other worts got their names based on what body parts they improved. Ex: liver wort promotes healthy liver function, bladder wort promotes a healthy urinary tract, etc.

Bryophytes Continued• Can you identify the gametophyte portion of the moss?

Where is it?

• The gametophyte is the main body of the moss• .What is the purpose of the sporophyte? To produce

and spread the spores• Bryophytes reproduce sexually.

• .How does the sperm from the antheridium reach the archegonium?

• The sperm swims from the antheridium (male part) to the archegonium (female part) through water. This is another reason why mosses can’t get large, if they did, the sperm could never reach the archegonium.

The Ferns and Fern Allies are the first plants

to have vascular tissue. • .What can you infer about their size, given this fact?

• Since they can carry nutrients and water, they can carry it to the tall parts of the plant. They are therefore able to get larger than Bryophytes.

• These plants reproduce sexually with spores instead of seeds. Examine the underside of the fern on the microscope.

• .What part of the plant do you see? • .What is inside each of the sacs under the Fronds?

• Under the fertile frond of a fern (spore-producing), sacks for holding spores, called sori are present.

Gymnosperms• A Gymnosperm is a naked-seed plant. It is called this

because its seed is not protected by a fruit. These are the first plants to produce seeds of any kind. Seeds, however, require a lot of energy to be produced.

• .Of what advantage are seeds to plants?

• Seeds are lightweight and easily dispersed. A seed is a plant embryo, but also contains endosperm, a food supply which can support the embryo as it grows. It is an adaptation which ensures the baby plant’s survival until its leaves develop and it can produce its own food.

Gymnosperms Continued• .Describe how Gymnosperms reproduce.

• Pollen is released from the male part of the plant and is carried by air to the female part of the plant, where it enters the ovary and fertilizes the ovule. This develops into the seed. In angiosperms, the seed is surrounded by the developed ovary, which becomes the fruit.

• .How does this represent an advantage over the Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants?

• Seeds can disperse farther and can be carried in a number of different ways (wind, water, animals carrying them in their digestive tracts, animals carrying them on their fur or feathers)

• What is contained inside of these pollen grains? Pollen contains plant sperm cells.

Angiosperms• The most diverse and complex groups of plants are

the Angiosperms, or fruit-producing, flowering plants. All fruit is the mature, fertilized ovary of the plant with the baby plant encased in the seed.

• The female parts-stigma, pistil, and ovary catch pollen, transport it to the mature ovule, and house the fertilized ovule. The ovary becomes the fruit, which protects the seed.

• The fruit requires even more energy to be produced than the naked seeds.

Angiosperms Continued• .Of what advantage are fruits to plants?

• Fruits contain more endosperm than naked seeds do, ensuring a longer supply of food to support the seed. Fruits are also attractive to animals, which can then carry the fruit to other places in their digestive tracts.

• What adaptations do plants use to ensure seed dispersal? Attractive fruits, “wings” that can catch air and carry the seeds far away, etc.

Plant Parts• Stems offer support and structure for the plant.

They contain the vascular tissue.

• Leaves are broad and flat so that they can catch the maximum amount of sunlight and disperse the maximum amount of excess water. This is were most photosynthesis takes place

• Roots absorb nutrients and water from the soil. Their tiny root hairs increase the surface area available for absorption.

Plant Parts (continued)• Vascular tissue is found throughout the plant. Phloem tissue

carries sugars from the leaves of the plant to the rest of the plant, while xylem tissue carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

• Flowers are the reproductive parts of the plants. They produce nectar, which entices insects, birds, and some mammals toward the reproductive structures of the plant. A bee can rub the male part and catch pollen, then move to a female flower and rub against the female parts, spreading pollen, while getting nectar. They also have UV markings on their petals which act as landing strips for insects. The female parts are often placed high in order to catch the maximum amount of pollen.

Plant Hormones• Auxins-cause cells to grow, stop

sprouting/spreading and hold fruit to the plant until ripe

• Gibberellins-cause germination and growth of seedlings, increase fruit size, and can promote flowering 

   Ethylene-Ripens fruit   Abscisic Acid (ABA)-promotes dormancy,

blocks growth, stops effectiveness of other hormones

Plant Tropisms

• Phototropisms-growth toward light– Because of Auxin-hormones that collect on the dark

side of the plant to elongate dark-side cells• Thigmotropism-growth in response to touch• Gravitropism-growth of stems upward, roots downward

– Because of amyloplasts-cells with starch grains that collect to “tell” the plant which way is up (like the otoliths in your ears)

• Chemotropism-growth of pollen tube• Nastic Movements-movements in response to stimuli

– Thigomonastic: touch– Nyctinastic: daily light cycles