Частотность слов английского языкаСодержание135 НАИБОЛЕЕ ЦЕННЫХ АНГЛИЙСКИХ СЛОВ.................................................................................................................2

ОБЩИЙ СПИСОК..............................................................................................................................................................................2СПИСОК ПО РАЗРЯДАМ СЛОВ..........................................................................................................................................................3

1. Местоимения (79%).............................................................................................................................................................32. Предлоги (55%).....................................................................................................................................................................33. Служебные глаголы (53%)...................................................................................................................................................34. Артикли и показатель инфинитива (27%)........................................................................................................................35. Союзы (26%).........................................................................................................................................................................36. Другие глаголы (10%)...........................................................................................................................................................37. Числительные (6%)..............................................................................................................................................................38. Прилагательные (4%)..........................................................................................................................................................39. Наречия (1%).........................................................................................................................................................................310. Существительные (3%).....................................................................................................................................................311. Остальные...........................................................................................................................................................................3

1000 ПОПУЛЯРНЫХ АНГЛИЙСКИХ СЛОВ (UK).................................................................................................................4

СПИСОК САМЫХ ЧАСТОТНЫХ СЛОВ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА..........................................................................................................4СПИСОК 1000 САМЫХ ЧАСТОТНЫХ БРИТАНСКИХ СЛОВОФОРМ....................................................................................................6

СТЕНОГРАФИРОВАНИЕ ЧАСТОТНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ..........................................................................................................25

АЛФАВИТ МУНА...........................................................................................................................................................................25СТЕНОГРАФИРОВАНИЕ 135 НАИБОЛЕЕ ЦЕННЫХ АНГЛИЙСКИХ СЛОВ.........................................................................................25

Группа 1 (10-4%: местоимения, союзы, предлоги, модальные глаголы)..........................................................................25Группа 2 (2-1%: другие разряды слов)..................................................................................................................................26Группа 3 (популярные слова вне 135-словного списка).....................................................................................................26

135 наиболее ценных английских словОбщий списокВ Учебном словаре лексического минимума "2000 наиболее употребительных слов английского языка" под редакцией Петроченкова А. В.( М.: Издательство НЦ ЭНАС, 2002) был составлен словарь 135 наиболее ценных английских слов, которые действительно дают ровно 50% статистики всех словоупотреблений. Без прочного и глубокого знания этих 135 слов невозможно серьезное знание английского языка. [Нужно исследовать следующие 25%]

the (1) 6,8% (1)

of (4) 10% (4)

and (2), to (3) 15% (2-3)

a (5), in (7) 20% (5-7)

is (28), that (10), was (8), it (11), for (18) 25% (8-28)

on (25), with (17), he (9), be (23), I (6), by (32), as (15), at (21) 30% (6-32)

you (14), are (59), his (12), had (16), not (20), this (34), have (26), from (36), but (22), which (31)

35%(12-59)

she (19), they (37), or (42), an (50), her (13), were (39), there (45), we (54), their (61), been (46), has (117), will (63), one (47), all (35), would (41)

40%(13-117)

can (103), if (40), who (51), more (56), when (43), said (20), do (58), what (44), about (72), its (142), so (33), up (60), into (68), no (38), him (27), some (67), could (48), them (52), only (82), time (73), out (57), my (24), two (102), other (86), then (66), may (114), over (105)

45%(24-142)

also (403), new (265), like, these (125), me (30), after (94), first (115), your (62), did (77), now, any (69), people (209), than (65), should (75), very (49), most (139), see (87), where (112), just (158), make (124), between (217), back (131), way (116), many (151), year (472), being (98), our (11), how (84), work (276), us (121), get (185), come (91), think (95), go (104), take (136), tell (160), use (385), sir (130), thing (198), shall (129), same (176), such (80), much (71), find (249), here (107), each (258), again (100), still (153), old (109), little (64), state (401), present (281), against (205), know (74), under (178), before (85), above (371), place (170), part (227), through (175), across (525), although (832), upon (79), though (118)

50% (30-276; 403;

832)

Самые используемые – артикли, предлоги, союзы, местоимения, наречия, служебные глаголы – слова, организующие сообщение [грамматические]. У них наибольшая валентность – способность сочетаться с другими словами, и встречаться в любой фразе и любом тексте. [Это для аморфного языка типа китайского, отчасти, английского. В агглютинативных и флективных языках сообщение организуется аффиксами.].

Список по разрядам слов[Процент указан условно, и лишь отражает частотный приоритет.]

1. Местоимения (79%)That (5% ?), it (5% ?), he (4% ?), I (4% ?), you (4% ?), his (4% ?), this (4% ?); which (4% ?), she (3% ?), they (3% ?), her (3% ?), there (3% ?), we (3% ?), their (3% ?), all (3% ?), who (2% ?), more (2% ?), when (2% ?), what (2% ?), its (2% ?), so (2% ?), him (2% ?), some (2% ?), them (2% ?), only (2% ?), my (2% ?), other (2% time (в значении «раз»? 2% ?), ?), then (2% ?), these (1% ?), me (1% ?), your (1% ?), any (1% ?), many (1% ?), much (1% ?), same (1% ?), such (1% ?) – всего 79%. [Или more, many, much – наречия или числительные?]

2. Предлоги (55%)Of (10%), in (10% ?), for (5% ?), on (4% ?), by (4% ?), with (4% ?), at (4% ?), from (4% ?), about (2% ?), up (2% ?), into (2% ?), out (2% ?), over (2% ?) – всего 55%.

3. Служебные глаголы (53%)Is (5% ?), was (5% ?), be (4% ?), are (4% ?), had (4% ?) / have (4% ?), were (3% ?), been (3% ?), has (3% ?), will (3% ?), would (3% ?), can (2% ?), do (2% ?), no (2% ?), could (2% ?), may (2% ?), did (1% ?), should (1% ?) – всего 53%. [Корни: быть (24+7+2), иметь (11), мочь (6), делать (3 – без does)].

4. Артикли и показатель инфинитива (27%)The (~7%), to (7% ?), a (10% ?) / an (3% ?) – всего 27%.

5. Союзы (26%)And (7% ?), as (4% ?), but (4% ?), not (4% ?), or (3% ?), if (1% ?), also (1% ?), than (1% ?), although (1% ?) – всего 26%.

6. Другие глаголы (10%) Said (2% ?), make (1%), get (1%), take (1%) - всего 5%. Work, come, think, know - всего 5%

7. Числительные (6%)One (3% ?), two (2% ?), first (1% ?) – всего 6%.

8. Прилагательные (4%)New (1%?), most (1% ?), old (1%?), little (1% ?) – всего 4%.

9. Наречия (1%)Very (1% ?) – всего 1%.

10. Существительные (3%)People (1% ?), way (1% ?), part (1%) – всего 3%. [А почему нет «человек» ?].

11. ОстальныеПод № 11 в таблице ниже будут обозначатся слова из общего списка, неприведенные в этом разделе (например, слово after – они в предыдушей главе выделены курсивом).

1000 популярных английских слов (UK)Ниже представлен список 1000 наиболее распространенных словоформ в британском английском, основанный на 29 литературных произведениях 18 авторов (4 600 000 слов) с указанием частотности по Розенгрену (Rosengren), with case-equated matching.

abs is the absolute frequency (total number of occurrences); r is the range (number of texts in which the word occurs); mod is the modified frequency as defined by Rosengren (1972).

Список самых частотных слов английского языка

№ Базовоеслово

Разрядслов Кол-во Словоформы Примечание Значение

1. the 4 225300 от that определенный артикль

2. be

3

172276

am, Is, are, was, were. been; being

глагол

3. he1

171365his, him; they, their, them

местоимение он > его, ему; они, их, им

4. and 5 157486 союз и5. I 1 147883 me, my; местоимение я > мне, мой;

6. to4

134478предлог дательный падеж (кому, чему) и

направление (к кому, к чему; куда)

7. of2

126523предлог родительный падеж (чей, кого,

чего)8. a 4 112377 an от «1» (one) неопределенный артикль9. she 1 90942 her местоимение она10. in 2 73439 предлог в (внутри); ,,,11. have 3 72462 had, has глагол иметь12. it 1 59748 its местоимение оно13. you 1 57406 your, yours местоимение ты14. that 1 55871 those; the местоимение тот15. no 3 51242 not частица нет16. as 5 42859 союз как

17. with2

40496предлог творительный падеж (чем) и

совместность (с кем, с чем)18. for 2 38406 предлог для19. at 2 31552 предлог у20. say 6 31515 said глагол сказать21. but 5 30309 союз но22. on 2 26766 предлог на23. will 3 26391 would от be; want ? хелать (и будущее время)24. do 3 23870 did, done; don't глагол делать25. which 1 22503 местоимение который26. we 1 21415 our, us местоимение мы27. by 2 20847 предлог творительный падеж (кем, чем)28. so 1 20510 союз так, итак, поэтому29. this 1 24396 these местоимение этот30. all 1 19709 местоимение Все31. can 3 18394 could глагол мочь32. from 2 17536 предлог от33. if 5 15844 союз если34. go 11 15470 went; come… ? глагол идти35. Mr 14720 обращение мистер (обращение к мужчине)36. or 5 14680 союз или

37. when 1 14491 местоимение когда38. what 1 14482 местоимение что; какой39. there 1 13501 местоимение там, туда40. one 7 13277 числительное 141. very 9 13095 наречие очень42. come 6 11953 came глагол приходить43. shall 11, 3 11923 should44. who 1 11758 местоимение45. make 6 11380 made глагол46. now 11253 наречие теперь47. think 6 11188 thought48. more 1 1102249. out 2 1122650. up 2 1080451. little 8 989852. than 5 946853. then 1 925654. some 1 892455. into 2 8790 in to56. any 1 892157. upon 11 8396 up on58. much 1 800759. well 799060. about 2 792761. time 1 7636 ab out62. know 6 781363. man 786864. like 777465. such 1 758766. never 7353 no ever67. only 1 709868. good 710369. how 11 694370. before 11 6804 be fore71. other 1 666772. see 11 661573. must 675674. own 635875. down 650176. after 11 603177. might 6080 My?78. Mrs 761079. again 11 577080. great 586481. two 7 567782. over 2 541783. too 533284. here 11 540185. old 8 556986. himself 5098 him self87. where 11 489988. may 3 4941 might?89. first 7 4793 #190. way 10 481591. though 11 477692. without 4570 with out93. away 4462 a way

94. day 438595. young 446796. nothing 4271 no thing97. long 418398. sir 11 473299. back 11 4312100. house 4078101. ever 3917 every?102. yet 3909103. take 6 3824104. every 4051 ever?105. hand 3924106. most 8 3968107. last 3713108. eyes 3813 eye

Отсюда видим, что самые частые:

глаголы: быть, иметь, говорить, идти + приходить, желать (намереваться будущее время), делать, мочь, творить, думать, смотреть, быть должным, иметь разрешение, брать (но нет «давать»! );

местоимения: он, я, она, оно, ты;

числительные: 1, 2, 3;

союзы: и, но, если, или;

наречия: очень, теперь;

предлоги и падежи: до/к (и дат.пад), род.пад., в, с (и тв.пад.), у, на, тв.пад., от.

Список 1000 самых частотных британских словоформ№ Слово-

формаРазряд

словКоличе-

ство Значение слова Базовоеслово Примечание

1 the 4 225300 (определенный артикль)2 and 5 157486 и3 to 4 1344784 of 2 1265235 a 4 100200 (неопределенный артикль)6 I 1 915847 in 2 734398 was 3 63012 be9 he 1 59158

10 that 1 5587111 it 1 5591512 his 1 47361 he13 her 1 50679 she14 you 1 4667315 as 5 4285916 had 3 40907 have17 with 2 4049618 for 2 3840619 she 1 4026320 not 5 3459721 at 2 31552

22 but 5 3030923 be 3 3065124 my 1 31018 I25 on 2 2676626 have 3 2651127 him 1 25339 he28 is 3 24936 be29 said 6 25367 say30 me 1 2528131 which 1 2250332 by 2 2084733 so 1 2051034 this 1 2002435 all 1 1970936 from 2 1753637 they 1 1716438 no 3 1664539 were 3 16598 be40 if 5 1584441 would 3 15819 be; want42 or 5 1468043 when 1 1449144 what 1 1448245 there 1 1350146 been 3 13590 be47 one 7 1327748 could 3 12821 can49 very 9 1309550 an 4 1217751 who 1 1175852 them 1 1145953 Mr 1472054 we 1 1152655 now 1125356 more 1 1102257 out 2 1122658 do 3 1104659 are 3 10604 be60 up 2 1080461 their 1 10884 they62 your 1 10733 we < I63 will 3 10572 be; want64 little 8 989865 than 5 946866 then 1 925667 some 1 892468 into 2 879069 any 1 892170 well 799071 much 1 800772 about 2 792773 time 1 763674 know 6 781375 should 3 7659 be76 man 786877 did 3 7666 do78 like 7774

79 upon 11 839680 such 1 758781 never 735382 only 1 709883 good 710384 how 11 694385 before 11 680486 other 1 666787 see 11 661588 must 675689 am 6752 be90 own 635891 come 6 640392 down 650193 say 614894 after 11 603195 think 6 613596 made 604697 might 608098 being 11 613399 Mrs 7610

100 again 11 5770101 great 5864102 two 7 5677103 can 3 5573104 go 11 5580105 over 2 5417106 too 5332107 here 11 5401108 came 5550109 old 8 5569110 thought 5053111 himself 5098112 where 11 4899113 our 11 5278114 may 3 4941115 first 7 4793116 way 10 4815117 has 3 5044118 though 11 4776119 without 4570120 went 4945121 us 11 4611122 away 4462123 day 4385124 make 6 4334125 these 1 4372126 young 4467127 nothing 4271128 long 4183129 shall 11 4264130 sir 11 4732131 back 11 4312132 don't 5158133 house 4078134 ever 3917135 yet 3909

136 take 6 3824137 every 4051138 hand 3924139 most 8 3968140 last 3713141 eyes 3813142 its 1 3833143 miss 5092144 having 3621145 off 3637146 looked 3709147 even 3651148 while 3463149 dear 3952150 look 3518151 many 1 3504152 life 3447153 still 11 3495154 mind 3437155 quite 3700156 another 3388157 those 3442158 just 11 3456159 head 3447160 tell 11 3304161 better 3240162 always 3400163 saw 3282164 seemed 3346165 put 3205166 face 3375167 let 3144168 took 3177169 poor 3182170 place 11 3068171 why 3178172 done 3051173 herself 3499174 found 3057175 through 11 3044176 same 1 3043177 going 3110178 under 11 2968179 enough 2959180 soon 3093181 home 3027182 give 2921183 indeed 3236184 left 2864185 get 6 3074186 once 2870187 mother 3571188 heard 2738189 myself 3080190 rather 2755191 love 2874192 knew 2760

193 got 2913194 lady 3400195 room 2785196 something 2754197 yes 3049198 thing 11 2897199 father 2778200 perhaps 2631201 sure 2704202 heart 2635203 oh 2941204 right 2632205 against 11 2566206 three 2633207 men 2743208 night 2582209 people 10 2521210 door 2616211 told 2465212 round 2616213 because 2561214 woman 2697215 till 2622216 felt 2589217 between 11 2377218 both 2413219 side 2383220 seen 2321221 morning 2345222 began 2413223 whom 2460224 however 2429225 asked 2522226 things 2482227 part 10 2329228 almost 2327229 moment 2272230 looking 2360231 want 2213232 far 2154233 hands 2236234 gone 2159235 world 2146236 few 2091237 towards 2084238 gave 2053239 friend 2205240 name 2088241 best 2001242 word 2002243 turned 2045244 kind 2012245 cried 2248246 since 1989247 anything 2162248 next 1942249 find 249 1912

250 half 1941251 hope 1987252 called 1896253 nor 2050254 words 1921255 hear 1908256 brought 1899257 set 1942258 each 11 1925259 replied 2295260 wish 1970261 voice 1919262 whole 1897263 together 1859264 manner 1942265 new 8 1889266 believe 1863267 course 1869268 least 1831269 years 12 1824 year (472)270 answered 2129271 among 1818272 stood 1930273 sat 1903274 speak 1773275 leave 1740276 work 6 1853277 keep 1742278 taken 1689279 end 1698280 less 1741281 present 11 1764282 family 1874283 often 1711284 wife 1797285 whether 1644286 master 2096287 coming 1644288 mean 1657289 returned 1818290 evening 1649291 light 1678292 money 1728293 cannot 1691294 whose 1615295 boy 1924296 days 1511297 near 1529298 matter 1512299 suppose 1490300 gentleman 1868301 used 1495 use (385)302 says 1736303 really 1600304 rest 1458305 business 1461306 full 1424

307 help 1435308 child 1495309 sort 1489310 passed 1449311 lay 1510312 small 1434313 behind 1416314 girl 1569315 feel 1474316 fire 1461317 care 1348318 alone 1368319 open 1351320 person 1465321 call 1333322 given 1352323 I'll 1778324 sometimes 1319325 making 1322326 short 1346327 else 1369328 large 1337329 within 1338330 chapter 1414331 true 1306332 country 1409333 times 1277334 ask 1271335 answer 1284336 air 1278337 kept 1263338 hour 1274339 letter 1356340 happy 1360341 reason 1268342 pretty 1266343 husband 1418344 certain 1246345 others 1266346 ought 1273347 does 1293348 known 1205349 it's 2068350 bed 1249351 table 1231352 that's 1578353 ready 1161354 read 1165355 already 1177356 pleasure 1225357 either 1187358 means 1178359 spoke 1142360 taking 1138361 friends 1203362 talk 1176363 hard 1205

364 walked 1198365 turn 1128366 strong 1154367 thus 1227368 yourself 1157369 high 1136370 along 1248371 above 11 1125372 feeling 1240373 glad 1123374 children 1246375 doubt 1143376 nature 1172377 themselves 1111378 black 1233379 hardly 1138380 town 1174381 sense 1126382 saying 1090383 deal 1130384 account 1159385 use 11 1103386 white 1209387 bad 1101388 everything 1243389 can't 1380390 neither 1119391 wanted 1158392 mine 1104393 close 1095394 return 1101395 dark 1207396 fell 1095397 subject 1136398 bear 1028399 appeared 1060400 fear 1081401 state 11 1049402 thinking 1045403 also 5 1101404 point 1031405 therefore 1332406 fine 1059407 case 1002408 doing 1004409 held 1024410 certainly 1098411 walk 1010412 lost 975413 question 1013414 company 1049415 continued 1076416 fellow 1117417 truth 1056418 water 1133419 possible 1024420 hold 986

421 afraid 1003422 bring 957423 honour 1247424 low 977425 ground 1015426 added 1006427 five 970428 remember 979429 except 1004430 power 1011431 seeing 977432 dead 1019433 I'm 1464434 usual 944435 able 991436 second 925437 arms 1015438 late 929439 opinion 1051440 window 1002441 brother 1135442 live 913443 four 943444 none 949445 death 948446 arm 961447 road 968448 hair 989449 sister 1290450 entered 960451 sent 911452 married 1040453 longer 933454 immediately 1028455 god 1110456 women 1031457 hours 886458 ten 901459 understand 912460 son 998461 horse 1147462 wonder 892463 cold 931464 beyond 908465 please 881466 fair 936467 became 891468 sight 881469 met 883470 afterwards 895471 eye 917472 year 11 889473 show 892474 general 923475 itself 854476 silence 883477 lord 998

478 wrong 847479 turning 846480 daughter 1009481 stay 836482 forward 847483 O 1125484 interest 847485 thoughts 869486 followed 839487 won't 1075488 different 818489 opened 826490 several 940491 idea 880492 received 904493 change 835494 laid 818495 strange 829496 nobody 889497 fact 853498 during 856499 feet 932500 tears 806501 run 838502 purpose 824503 character 866504 body 896505 ran 854506 past 797507 order 894508 need 790509 pleased 846510 trouble 780511 whatever 786512 dinner 860513 happened 808514 sitting 802515 getting 850516 there's 1046517 besides 808518 soul 830519 ill 774520 early 767521 rose 891522 aunt 1411523 hundred 831524 minutes 831525 across 11 848526 carried 781527 sit 755528 observed 861529 suddenly 832530 creature 767531 conversation 803532 worse 737533 six 758534 quiet 760

535 chair 802536 doctor 1125537 tone 831538 standing 771539 living 754540 sorry 770541 stand 745542 meet 717543 instead 725544 wished 788545 ah 827546 lived 729547 try 751548 red 867549 smile 728550 sound 749551 expected 719552 silent 727553 common 711554 meant 739555 tried 751556 until 1036557 mouth 768558 distance 712559 occasion 791560 cut 748561 marry 827562 likely 710563 length 741564 story 704565 visit 754566 deep 692567 seems 674568 street 870569 remained 723570 become 680571 led 676572 speaking 691573 natural 679574 giving 668575 further 730576 struck 675577 week 695578 loved 749579 drew 689580 seem 661581 church 739582 knows 660583 object 725584 ladies 878585 marriage 814586 book 670587 appearance 677588 pay 683589 I've 1003590 obliged 741591 particular 656

592 pass 628593 thank 663594 form 700595 knowing 678596 lips 674597 knowledge 671598 former 691599 blood 697600 sake 638601 fortune 764602 necessary 680603 presence 661604 feelings 833605 corner 695606 beautiful 642607 talking 654608 spirit 613609 ago 622610 foot 659611 circumstances 650612 wind 699613 presently 644614 comes 627615 attention 684616 wait 600617 play 662618 easy 613619 real 614620 clear 623621 worth 610622 cause 610623 send 591624 spirits 674625 chance 617626 didn't 997627 view 615628 pleasant 624629 party 695630 beginning 615631 horses 758632 stopped 651633 notice 589634 duty 607635 he's 895636 age 588637 figure 603638 leaving 580639 sleep 610640 entirely 653641 twenty 591642 fall 583643 promise 606644 months 609645 broken 590646 heavy 623647 secret 584648 thousand 633

649 happiness 710650 comfort 639651 minute 610652 act 571653 human 616654 fancy 578655 strength 598656 showed 601657 pounds 608658 nearly 603659 probably 610660 captain 1074661 piece 576662 school 838663 write 575664 laughed 628665 reached 631666 repeated 596667 walking 581668 father's 597669 heaven 593670 beauty 606671 shook 567672 sun 600673 waiting 562674 moved 563675 bit 639676 desire 597677 news 573678 front 611679 effect 564680 laugh 535681 uncle 816682 fit 538683 miles 565684 handsome 549685 caught 548686 hat 602687 regard 608688 gentlemen 624689 supposed 541690 easily 552691 impossible 568692 glass 569693 resolved 634694 grew 561695 consider 554696 green 587697 considered 536698 unless 554699 stop 569700 forth 608701 expect 533702 perfectly 600703 altogether 516704 surprise 557705 sudden 514

706 free 524707 exactly 546708 grave 514709 carriage 702710 believed 541711 service 536712 angry 521713 putting 524714 carry 523715 everybody 612716 mentioned 582717 looks 520718 scarcely 594719 society 553720 affection 628721 exclaimed 663722 dress 525723 die 528724 earth 542725 latter 565726 garden 569727 step 504728 perfect 502729 countenance 571730 liked 556731 dare 564732 pain 514733 companion 541734 journey 501735 paper 517736 opportunity 531737 makes 509738 honest 552739 arrived 543740 you'll 744741 bright 540742 pity 493743 directly 528744 cry 530745 trust 517746 fast 518747 ye 1051748 warm 501749 danger 524750 trees 573751 breakfast 505752 rich 490753 engaged 521754 proper 554755 talked 554756 respect 504757 fixed 478758 hill 609759 wall 554760 determined 524761 wild 525762 shut 509

763 top 553764 plain 481765 scene 508766 sweet 491767 especially 529768 public 523769 acquaintance 569770 forget 471771 history 522772 pale 505773 pray 506774 books 498775 afternoon 529776 man's 482777 otherwise 460778 mention 522779 position 593780 speech 472781 gate 507782 'em 660783 boys 818784 yours 468785 drink 475786 slowly 533787 broke 461788 clothes 494789 fond 483790 pride 475791 watch 486792 sooner 535793 settled 484794 paid 465795 reply 500796 tea 596797 lie 484798 running 482799 died 454800 gentle 461801 particularly 488802 allowed 463803 outside 514804 placed 483805 joy 461806 hearing 449807 note 468808 condition 498809 follow 442810 begin 470811 neck 489812 serious 464813 hurt 477814 kindness 490815 mere 464816 farther 521817 changed 437818 o'clock 504819 passing 458

820 girls 539821 force 447822 situation 507823 greater 493824 expression 473825 eat 488826 reading 447827 spoken 433828 raised 447829 anybody 495830 started 449831 following 436832 although 5 705833 sea 681834 proud 458835 future 452836 quick 445837 safe 435838 temper 458839 laughing 457840 ears 451841 difficulty 430842 meaning 439843 servant 459844 sad 437845 advantage 461846 appear 453847 offer 429848 breath 467849 opposite 443850 number 429851 miserable 418852 law 445853 rising 416854 favour 474855 save 453856 twice 419857 single 424858 blue 471859 noise 438860 stone 467861 mistress 566862 surprised 469863 allow 438864 spot 482865 burst 406866 keeping 418867 line 445868 understood 412869 court 541870 finding 407871 direction 469872 anxious 460873 pocket 450874 around 524875 conduct 470876 loss 422

877 fresh 411878 below 433879 hall 541880 satisfaction 467881 land 503882 telling 402883 passion 464884 floor 439885 break 407886 lying 448887 waited 428888 closed 435889 meeting 445890 trying 470891 seat 413892 king 677893 confidence 445894 offered 402895 stranger 436896 somebody 428897 matters 426898 noble 505899 pardon 435900 private 426901 sharp 506902 evil 434903 weeks 421904 justice 445905 hot 429906 cast 423907 letters 434908 youth 397909 lives 396910 health 399911 finished 395912 hoped 415913 holding 402914 touch 417915 spite 424916 delight 427917 bound 415918 consequence 431919 rain 420920 wouldn't 638921 third 396922 hung 427923 ways 399924 weather 407925 written 395926 difference 409927 kitchen 453928 she's 607929 mother's 476930 persons 472931 quarter 386932 promised 383933 hopes 405

934 brown 493935 nay 609936 seven 385937 simple 417938 wood 484939 beside 484940 middle 410941 ashamed 387942 lose 369943 dreadful 396944 move 375945 generally 412946 cousin 567947 surely 410948 satisfied 432949 bent 393950 shoulder 426951 art 497952 field 430953 quickly 433954 thrown 374955 tired 392956 share 385957 pair 397958 to-morrow 419959 aware 421960 colour 371961 writing 376962 whenever 368963 quietly 393964 fool 395965 forced 392966 touched 364967 smiling 379968 taste 381969 dog 456970 spent 386971 steps 379972 worst 368973 legs 436974 watched 412975 ay 487976 thee 925977 eight 380978 worthy 405979 wrote 386980 manners 428981 proceeded 402982 frightened 389983 somewhat 409984 born 351985 greatest 427986 charge 368987 degree 426988 shame 349989 places 362990 ma'am 553

991 couldn't 592992 tongue 359993 according 385994 box 419995 wine 385996 filled 364997 servants 421998 calling 342999 fallen 345

1000 supper 368

Omitted in compiling this list: John London England English George Tom. The texts range from 26000 words (Alice in Wonderland) to 360000 (David Copperfield).

Absolute frequency is a notoriously noisy indicator of the commonness of a word; a particular word may occur a large number of times in total but in only a few texts. For a discussion of the problem see the introduction of Russian Learners' Dictionary by Nicholas J. Brown (1996).

Rosengren's modified frequency of a word is defined as follows

n KF = ( sum d_i * sqrt(x_i/d_i) ) ** 2 i=1

x_i is the number of occurrences in the ith text, and d_i is the (fractional) size of the text. KF stands for korrigierte Frequenz (corrected frequency).

Modified frequency has the property that it is less than or equal to the absolute frequency, with equality if and only if the word is evenly distributed (same relative frequency in all texts).

The ratio mod/abs can be taken as a measure of the evenness of distribution of a word. On that basis the most evenly distributed words in the above list are

in to a at as with before for and on

and the most unevenly

thee ye captain aunt boys couldn't king it's wouldn't didn't

Стенографирование частотной лексикиАлфавит МунаДоктор Вильямс Мун (William Moon, 1814-1894) придумал короткие стенографические знаки-графемы, подходящие не столько для рукописи, сколько для печати (похожие на знаки первой известной стенографии) и предложил сокращения для ряда частых английских слов из 1-2 своих знаков. Что интересно, многие сокращенные им слова входят в 135-словный список наиболее ценных английских слов (подчеркнуты).

Стенографирование 135 наиболее ценных английских словВоспользуемся идеей и результатами труда Вильямса Муна.

Во-первых, подберем список слов, которым будет эффективно дать 1-2 буквенные сокращения. Для этого воспользуемся списком 135 наиболее ценных английских слов. Можно его дополнить и другими наиболее частосными английскими словоформами (например, первые 200-300 слов).

Во-вторых, возьмем на вооружение сам способ стенографирование Муна – по первой или первой и последней букве слова. Можно расширить этот способ, к примеру, по первой и второй букве или по первой букве и следуюшей согласной.

В-третьих, применим сами результаты его труда – употребим уже придуманные им сокращения.

Группа 1 (10-4%: местоимения, союзы, предлоги, модальные глаголы)1) a (10%) – a (можно так же обозначать артикль an),

2) of (10%) – o(f),

3) in (10%) – i(n),

4) and (7%) – ad,

5) to (7%) – t(o),

6) the (7%) – th,

7) that (5%) – tt (или также th),

8) is (5%) – is,

9) was (5%) – w (так можно обозначать и «were»),

10) it (5%) – it,

11) for (5%) – f,

12) I (4%) – I,

13) he (4% ?) – h(e),

14) you (4% ?) – y(u),

15) his (4% ?) - hs,

16) this (4% ?),

17) which (4% ?),

18) on (4% ?),

19) by (4% ?),

20) with (4% ?),

21) at (4% ?),

22) from (4% ?),

23) be (4% ?),

24) are (4% ?),

25) had (4% ?) / have (4% ?),

26) as (4% ?),

27) but (4% ?),

28) not (4% ?),

Группа 2 (2-1%: другие разряды слов)29) one (3% ?) ,

30) two (2% ?),

31) said (2% ?),

32) make (1%),

33) get (1%),

34) take (1%)

35) work,

36) come,

37) think,

38) know

39) new (1%?),

40) most (1% ?),

41) old (1%?),

42) little (1% ?)

43) very (1% ?)

44) people (1% ?),

45) way (1% ?),

46) part (1%)

Группа 3 (популярные слова вне 135-словного списка)