topic 1: cells-structure, function, membranes, different types
TRANSCRIPT
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Topic 1: Cells-structure, function, membranes,
different types
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Topic 2: Photosynthesis
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Topic 3: Respiration
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Topic 4: cell division-mitosis and meiosis
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Topic 5: Molecular genetics – transcription,
translation, DNA structure
& replication, genetics
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Topic 6: Evolution & classification - natural selection, speciation,
classification
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Double Jeopardy!
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CellsPhotosyn
thesisRespiration Cell
division-mitosis
and meiosis
Evolution and
Classification
Plant Systems
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Cells
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This bond is formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one
electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative
atom
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Cells
Back
What is a hydrogen bond?
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In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in this region that is not separated from the rest of
the region by a membrane
Cells
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What is a nucleoid?
Cells
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Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles in this process
Cells
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What is phagocytosis?
Cells
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The chloroplast is a specialized member of closely related plant organelles called…
Cells
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What are plastids?
Cells
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Cells
The tissue in the interior of the leaf
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What is the mesophyll?
Cells
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“self-feeders” that sustain themselves by producing
their organic materials from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the
environment
Photosynthesis
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What are autotrophs?
Photosynthesis
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A type of photosynthetic cells that is arranged into
tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf
Photosynthesis
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What are bundle-sheath cells?
Photsynthesis
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What colors on the spectrum are most effective in driving
photsynthesis?
Photsynthesis
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What are violet-blue and red?
Photsynthesis
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Plants that preface the Calvin cycle with an
alternative mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound as its
first product
Photsynthesis
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What are C4 plants?
Photosynthesis
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The process that requires cooperation
of the two photosystems
Photosynthesis
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What is reduction of NADP+?
Photosynthesis
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The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate in the intermembrane of the
mitochondrion
Respiration
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What is ATP synthase?
Respiration
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The catabolic process that is a partial
degradation of sugars that occurs without the
use of oxygen
Respiration
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What is fermentation?
Respiration
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The transfer of one or more electrons in chemical reactions from one reactant to another
Respiration
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What are redox reactions?
Respiration
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This occurs in the cytosol and begins the
degradation process by breaking glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate
Respiration
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What is glycolysis?
Respiration
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The enzyme that catalyzes step 3 of
glycolysis
Respiration
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Phosphofructokinase
Respiration
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The result of mitotic cell division
Cell division
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What are genetically identical daughter
cells?
Cell division
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The products of meiosis
Cell division
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What are gametes?
Cell division
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The meiosis phase in which chromosomes replicate during the S
phase but remain uncondensed
Cell division
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What is interphase?
Cell division
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The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their
original site
Cell division
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What is metastasis?
Cell division
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The longest stage of mitosis
Cell division
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What is metaphase?
Cell division
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The process by which humans have modified other species over many generations by
selecting and breeding individuals that possessed
desired traits
Evolution/Classification
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What is artificial selection?
Evolution
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Structures of marginal, if any, importance to
the organism
Evolution/Classification
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What are vestigial organs?
Evolution/Classification
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The theorem that states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population’s gene pool remain
constant from generation to generation, provided that only
Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work
Evolution/Classification
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?
Evolution/Classification
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The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the
next generation, relative to the contributions of other
individuals
Evolution/Classification
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What is fitness?
Evolution/Classification
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A state of stable frequencies of two or
more phenotypic forms in a population
Evolution/Classification
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What is balanced polymorphism?
Evolution/Classification
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How plants obtain nitrogen
Plant systems
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What is nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Plant systems
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The nutritional requirements of
plants
Plant systems
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What are H20, C02, O2, and minerals?
Plant systems
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The loss of water vapor through leaves that pull water up from the roots
Plant systems
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What is transpiration?
Plant systems
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The chemical element that controls the opening and
closing of guard cells
Plant systems
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What is K+?
Plant systems
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When a plant cell’s protoplasts shrink and pull away from its wall when as water leaves the
cell by osmosis
Plant systems
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What is plasmolyzation?
Plant systems
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DoubleJeopardy!!!
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Topic 7: Animal Systems
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Topic 8:Ecology
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Topic 9:Labs
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Topic 10: Biotechnology
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Topic 11:Molecular genetics –
transcription, translation,
DNA structure & replication, genetics
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Topic 12: Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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Animal Systems
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Molecular Genetics
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
Final Jeopardy!
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BiotechnologyLabsEcology
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When the immune system loses tolerance for self
and turns against certain molecules of the body
Animal Systems
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What is an autoimmune disease?
Animal Systems
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A chemical involved in a localized inflammatory
response that triggers dilation and increased permeability of
nearby capillaries
Animal Systems
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What is histamine?
Animal Systems
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The source of O2 for animals
Animal Systems
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What is the respiratory medium?
Animal Systems
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Cells on the interior surface of the
stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid
Animal Systems
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What are parietal cells?
Animal Systems
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Another name for red blood cells, the most numerous type
of blood cells
Animal Systems
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What are erythrocytes?
Animal Systems
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The type of ecology that applies ecological principles to return
humanly disturbed ecosystems back to their
normal state
Ecology
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What is restoration ecology?
Ecology
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A species-rich boundary between
ecosystems
Ecology
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What is a boundary?
Ecology
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The four abiotic components of climate
Ecology
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What are temperature, water, sunlight, and
wind?
Ecology
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Species whose population size is primarily
determined by birth rate
Ecology
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What are R-related species?
Ecology
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The theory that views foraging behavior as a
compromise between the benefits of nutrition and
the costs of obtaining food
Ecology
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What is the optimal foraging theory?
Ecology
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Inquiry: Do the alleles for seed color and seed
shape sort into gametes dependently or independently?
Labs
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Conclusion: The results supported the hypothesis of
independent assortment. The alleles for seed color and
seed shape sort into games independently of each other
Labs
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Field study: Ecologists MacArthur and Wilson studies the number of plant species on the Galapagos Islands,
which vary greatly in size, in relation to the area of each
island
Labs
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Conclusion: The results of the study showed that plant species richness
increased with island size, supporting the species-area theory
Labs
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Inquiry: How does interrupting the dark
period plants need with a brief exposure to light
affect flowering?
Labs
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Conclusion: Flowering of each species was determined by a
critical period of darkness for that species, not by a specific period of
light. Therefore, “short-day” plants are really “long-night”
plants, and “long-day” plants are really “short-night” plants
Labs
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Inquiry: Can predation pressure select for
size and age at maturity in guppies?
Labs
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Conclusion: Reznic and Endler (experimenters) found that the change in predator resulted in
different variations in the population being favored. Over a short time, this altered selection
pressure resulted in an observable evolutionary change in
the experimental population
Labs
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Inquiry: How does distribution of the gray
crescent at the first cleavage affect the potency of the two
daughter cells?
Labs
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Conclusion: The totipotency of the two blastomeres normally
formed during the first cleavage division depends on
cytoplasmic determinants localized in the gray crescent
Labs
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Genomics
Biotechnology
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What is the study of whole sets of genes
and their interactions?
Biotechnology
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A method to separate DNA or proteins
based on size and charge
Biotechnology
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What is gel electrophoresis?
Biotechnology
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A cloning vector that contains a highly active prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be
inserted in the correct reading frame
Biotechnology
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What is an expression vector?
Biotechnology
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The combination of RFLP and nucleic acid probe
hybridization that transfers DNA from gel to a solid
substrate
Biotechnology
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What is Southern blot analysis?
Biotechnology
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A tool for cloning eukaryotic genes which combine the essentials of a eukaryotic
chromosome- an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and
two telomeres, with foreign DNA
Biotechnology
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What are yeast artificial
chromosomes (YACs)?
Biotechnology
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The carrier of information from DNA to the cell’s protein-synthesized machinery;
transcribed from the template strand of a gene
Molecular Genetics
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What is messenger RNA?
Molecular Genetics
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The replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides
Molecular Genetics
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What is a base-pair substitution?
Molecular Genetics
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The noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between
coding regions
Molecular Genetics
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What are introns?
Molecular Genetics
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How new genes evolve
Molecular Genetics
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What is exon shuffling?
Molecular Genetics
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An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to
the existing chain
Molecular Genetics
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What is DNA polymerase?
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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The perceptions of olfaction; dependent on
chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals in the
environment
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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What is smell?
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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This type of eye found in some invertebrates such as insects
consists of up to several thousand light detectors
called ommatidia
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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What are compound eyes?
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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When focusing on a close object, the lens of the eye becomes almost
spherical
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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What is accommodation?
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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Cells that synapse with bipolar cells and transmit action potentials to the
brain via axons in the optic nerve
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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What are ganglion cells?
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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When signal molecules cause changes in nearby
target cells
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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What is induction?
Stuff We Didn’t Cover
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FinalJeopardy!!!
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The ability of the zygote in many species to develop into all the cells types found in the
adult
Final Jeopardy!!!
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What is totipotency?
Final Jeopardy!!!