topic 4.the sensory system

7/23/2019 Topic 4.the Sensory System

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LEARNING MODULE

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LEARNING MODULE TITLE

The Sensory System

LEARNING MODULE RATIONALE

Our human senses are like windows to the outside world to experience the different sensationssuch as seeing, hearing, feeling and the like.

This module exposes the student to what we call external sensation. It is common

knowledge that we have fine external senses: vision, audition, olfaction, gestation, ad tactile-kinaesthetic sensation. In this topic, the student will know the general conditions of sensation

that must be present for him to see, hear, smell, taste, or physically feel a stimulus.

Specifically, the student will also learn the adequate stimulus , receptor, transmissor, and brain

center for each sense modality. Also, the student will know some sensory abnormalities whichmay occur when there is an aberration or dysfunction in the elements of sensation.


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LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the conclusion of this learning module, the students are expected to:

A. Define what external sensation is

B. Explain how we see, hear, taste, smell, and experience cutaneous sensations.

C. Discuss briefly the abnormalities in the different sense modalities

TEACHING STRATEGIES/LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Lecture

Classroom Discussion

Graphic Organizers/ Charts

RESOURCES/MATERIALS

Learn more about the definition, parts, and functions of the sensory system. Read the different

related articles about the sensory system and/or watch the video! Check the link provided

below:

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-sensory-system-definition-parts-

functions.html#lesson
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-sensory-system-definition-parts-functions.html#lessonhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-sensory-system-definition-parts-functions.html#lessonhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-sensory-system-definition-parts-functions.html#lessonhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-sensory-system-definition-parts-functions.html#lessonhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-sensory-system-definition-parts-functions.html#lesson


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LEARNING CONCEPT

Topic 4

The Sensory System

External Sensation

- A process of knowing material, concrete stimuli through the external senses namely:

-

Vision- seeing

Audition- hearing

Olfaction- smell Gustation- taste

Cutaneous- touch, therman, pain sensation

- Elements or Conditions

Stimulus- refers to any aspect of the world that influences our behavior or

conscious experience

Threshold stimulus- minimum amount of stimulus that is capable of producing

a sensation

Receptor- any structure in our body that is excitable to stimuli

Exteroceptors- found on the external surface of the body

Proprioceptors- located in muscles, joints, and tendons

Interosceptors or visceroceptors- found in the visceral organs

Transmissor- bundles of nerve fibers that convey sensory messages or impulses

from one neuron to the next.

Fiber tracts- responsible for transmitting the sensory impulses to the brain

Brain Center- anatomically, the brain is continuous with the spinal cord, from

which it emerges. The brain has different areas performing different functions.


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Five External Sensations

The Visual Sense

How you see

A. Visual Stimulus- the stimulus for vision is the light waves from the visible

spectrum the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is seen by the naked eye.

The spectrum colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

The red has the longest wavelength, while violet has the shortest wavelength.

The light reflected into your eyes from the objects around you is the basis foryour ability to see them; if there is no light, there is no vision. (Pinel, 2011).

B. Visual Receptor- the sense organ for vision is the eye. It contains an iris that

gives eye its color and at the center is the pupil which regulates the amount of

light that enters the eye. Behind is the lens that enables the refraction of the

light rays that pass through the pupil. This causes the formation of the retinal

image of the stimulus which appears smaller and inverted. Since there are two

eyes, there are also two images formed on corresponding points in the retina.

These two retinal images fuse so we see only the stimulus as oe object. The

light waves excite the rods and cons of the retina, the innermost layer of the

eye, which are the visual receptors.

Points of Difference Cones Rods

Shape Conical Tubular

Distribution of the retina Center Periphery

Function Daytime Vision Nighttime Vision

Sensitivity to color Sensitive Not sensitive

C. Visual Transmissors- upon the excitation of the rods and cones, neural impulses

or action potentials are generated and transmitted via the optic nerve, the

bundle of nerve fibers emanating from the retina. Near the point of exit of the

optic nerve, there is a point in the retina that is devoid of rods and cones. This


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area is the blind spot.

D.

Brain Center- from the thalamus, the visual signals are transmitted via nervefibers to the brain particularly in the occipital lobe. This is where the primary

visual area is located. This area enables us to see the stimulus. The primary

visual area is responsible for basic visual information.

Image A

The Human Eye

The Auditory Sense

How you hear

A. Auditory Stimulus- the stimulus for hearing are the sound waves emanating

from the source of the sound such as the voice of the teacher, music being

played, barking of the dog, chirping of the birds, engine of a running vehicle, or

an airplane flying up in the sky.

Physical Element

(Sound Waves)

Physical Element

(Sound)

Frequency PitchIntensity Loudness

Complexity Tonal Quality or Timbre

B. Auditory Receptor- the sense organ for hearing is the ear. The human ear is

sensitive to sound waves in the range of 20 to 20, 000 Hz ( Lahey, 2012).


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- outer ear- is where the auditory canal and the eardrum are found

Inner ear- is where cochlea ( area for hair cells) and vestibular (concerned with

equilibrium) are found.

C. Auditory Transmissor- when the stimulus reaches and excites the auditory

receptors, neural impulses are generated and conducted along the auditory

pathway. This pathway includes the auditory or cochlear nerve which transmits

the auditory messages or signals from one cluster of neurons to another cluster

of within the brainstem.

D. Auditory Brain Center- the auditory signals are relayed to the thalamus in the

brainstem, which is the last relay center of hearing. From the thalamus, the

auditory messages are transmitted to the primary auditory area for the basic

auditory information.

Image B

Parts of the Auditory Sense

The Olfactory and Gustatory Senses

How you smell and taste

A. Stimulus- the stimuli for both senses are chemical substances. For the sense of


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smell, the chemical substances are in the gaseous state, while the the sense of

taste, the chemical substances are in the liquid form.

B. Receptor- the sense organ for smell is the nose. Within the nose are olfactory

cells which are stimulated by the chemical substances in the gaseous state. On

the other hand, the receptor for taste is the taste bud. The taste buds are spread

in the tongue where they are stimulated by the adequate stimulus for taste.

C. Transmissor- when the receptors for the two senses are stimulated, neural

impulses are generated and transmitted to the brain centers for taste and smell

by their respective fiber tracts.

Sense of smellolfactory nerve

Sense of tastegustatory pathway

D. Brain Center- the neural signals for taste and smell are relayed to the primary

gustatory and olfactory area respectively. The primary olfactory area is located

in the temporal lobe for the perception of odor, while the primary gustatory area

for the perception of flavor in the lower portion of the frontal lobe below are the

primary motor area.

Image C

Sense Organ for Taste


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Cutaneous Sense- refer to those sensations, the receptors of which are found in the

skin for body sensations or what is referred to as somatosensation.

- sense of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and kinesthesia ( sense of movement)

Image D

Parts of the Cutaneous Sense

Somatosensation Receptor

Touch Merkels Disk

Pressure Pacinian Corpuscles

Pain Free Nerve Endings

Cold Krauses Corpuscles

Warm Ruffinis Endings

Kinaesthesia Proprioceptors


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Losing an external sense

Condition Medical Term

Loss of Vision Anopsia

Loss of Audition Anacousia

Loss of Olfaction Anosmia

Loss of Gustation Ageusia

Failure to feel pain Analgesia

Failure to identify an object through

touch

Asteriognosia


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Figure 4.1

The External Sensation

seeingVisual

hearingAuditory

smellingOlfactory

tastingGustatory

touch, thermal, sensationCutaneous


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Figure 4.2

Conditions of the External Sensation

stimulus receptor transmissorbrain

center


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REFERENCES

De Guzman, et. Al. (2012). General Psychology A Birds- Eye View. Manila: University

of Santo Tomas Publishing House

Images

Retrieved from

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/imgvis/eyesection.gif( Image A)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/2000px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png( Image B)

http://ciudaddecordoba3scienceblog.blogspot.com/2012/10/taste.html(Image C)

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Z2lCle-

AtKQ/SGlNcGbVASI/AAAAAAAAA_s/2zIw6J37Sfc/s1600-h/cutaneous+receptors.jpg

( Image D)
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/imgvis/eyesection.gifhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/imgvis/eyesection.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/2000px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/2000px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/2000px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.pnghttp://ciudaddecordoba3scienceblog.blogspot.com/2012/10/taste.htmlhttp://ciudaddecordoba3scienceblog.blogspot.com/2012/10/taste.htmlhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Z2lCle-AtKQ/SGlNcGbVASI/AAAAAAAAA_s/2zIw6J37Sfc/s1600-h/cutaneous+receptors.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Z2lCle-AtKQ/SGlNcGbVASI/AAAAAAAAA_s/2zIw6J37Sfc/s1600-h/cutaneous+receptors.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Z2lCle-AtKQ/SGlNcGbVASI/AAAAAAAAA_s/2zIw6J37Sfc/s1600-h/cutaneous+receptors.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Z2lCle-AtKQ/SGlNcGbVASI/AAAAAAAAA_s/2zIw6J37Sfc/s1600-h/cutaneous+receptors.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Z2lCle-AtKQ/SGlNcGbVASI/AAAAAAAAA_s/2zIw6J37Sfc/s1600-h/cutaneous+receptors.jpghttp://ciudaddecordoba3scienceblog.blogspot.com/2012/10/taste.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/2000px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/2000px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.pnghttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/imgvis/eyesection.gif


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SELF-TEST

Multiple-choice

Select the best answer.

1. What do you call the process of knowing material, concrete stimuli through the

external senses?

A. Perception

B. Sensation

C. Retention

D.

Realization

2. It involves the sense of taste

A. gustation

B. audition

C. olfaction

D. cutaneous

3. What element or condition of perception refers to any aspect of the world that

influences our behavior or conscious experience?

A.

StimulusB. Receptor

C. Transmissor

D. Brain center

4. What element or condition of perception refers to the bundles of nerve fibers that

convey sensory messages or impulses from one neuron to the next?

A. Stimulus

B. Receptor

C. Transmissor

D.

Brain center

5. What color has the longest wavelength?

A. Blue


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B. Purple

C. Violet

D.

Red

6. Without , human vision will be impossible

A. Light

B. Color

C. Perception

D. Wavelength

7. The sense organ for vision

A.Nose

B. Retina

C. Skin

D. Eye

8. This involves the stimulus for hearing the sound waves emanating from the source

of the sound such as the voice of the teacher or music being played

A. Visual

B. Auditory

C. Sensing

D.

Olfactory

9. This involves sensation with chemical substances in the gaseous state

A. Visual

B. Auditory

C. Sensing

D. Olfactory

10.What element of sound is being referred by the pitch?

A. Complexity

B.

Tempo

C. Frequency

D. Intensity


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11.Which of the following is the receptor for gustatory function?

A. Optic nerves

B.

Taste budsC. Olfactory nerves

D. Cochlea

12.The following are sensations that belong cutaneous sense EXCEPT:

a. touch

b. pressure

c. pain

d. sight

13.This refers to the sense of movement

A. Somatosensation

B. Stereognosis

C. Kinaesthesia

D. Lateral fissure

14.This refers to the touch sensations

A. Somatosensation

B.

StereognosisC. Kinaesthesia

D. Lateral fissure

15.What do you call the receptor for warm sensation?

A. Free Nerve Endings

B. Krauses Corpuscles

C. Ruffinis Endings

D. Proprioceptors

16.

What do you call the receptor for kinaesthetic sensation?

A. Free Nerve Endings

B. Krauses Corpuscles

C. Ruffinis Endings


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D. Proprioceptors

17.

This term refers to blindnessA. Anopsia

B. Anacousia

C. Anosmia

D. Ageusia

18.This term refers to deafness

A. Anopsia

B. Anacousia

C. Anosmia

D. Ageusia

19.This term refers to loss of olfaction

A. Anopsia

B. Anacousia

C. Anosmia

D. Ageusia

20.Which of the following does NOT belong in the list below?

A. Cerebellum

B.

MedullaC. Pons

D.Nasal passage

***end of test***

topic 4.the sensory system

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