topical review: colonial era to 1787. political (colonial era –1763) 1.european renaissance 2.the...

Topical Review: Colonial Era to 1787

Political (Colonial Era –1763)

1. European Renaissance2. The Reformation3. Quest for Empire

A. SpanishB. FrenchC. BritishD. Dutch

4. Chesapeake Colonies5. Great Migration

Political (Colonial Era –1763)

6. Colonial governmentsA. How democratic?B. How innovative?C. Founding documents?

7. New England Confederation (1643-1654)8. English Civil War9. Proprietary and Restoration Colonies10. Salutary Neglect11. Trend towards centralization of Empire

A. Dominion of New EnglandB. Obstacles in AmericaC. Glorious Revolution in America

12. Georgia – buffer colony

Economic (Colonial Era –1763)

1. MercantilismA. ExpectationsB. ImpactC. Navigation Acts

2. Tobacco Culture of ChesapeakeA. Headright systemB. Indentured servitude/slavery

3. Economic diversity of New England4. Cereal grain in Middle Colonies

Social/Cultural (Colonial Era –1763)

1. Regional distinctions and similaritiesA. Environment = economy and healthB. Religious backgroundsC. Democratic/deferential

2. Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)3. Religious declension – Halfway Covenant

(1662)4. Ethnic diversity5. Enlightenment6. Great Awakening

Military/Diplomatic (Colonial Era –1763)

1. Spanish Armada (1588)2. Imperial Wars/North American Wars

A. King William’s War (1689-1697)B. Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)C. King George’s War (1739-1748)

3. Indian WarsA. Powhatan Massacre (1622) (347, 1/3rd die)

(1644) B. Pequot War (1637)C. King Philip’s War (1675-1676) (1 in 20 die)

4. French and Indian War/Albany Plan of Union

Some Possible DBQ/FRQ Topics

Puritanism

I. John Calvin/Calvinism as inspirationA. Doctrines

II. Goals of PuritansIII. Great MigrationIV. ValuesV. DemiseVI. Great Awakening

A. Revivalism/Itinerant MinistryB. Impact

The Enlightenment

I. Foundations in Scientific Revolution

II. Descartes and ReasonIII. Intellectual underpinnings

A. Intellectual freedomB. Locke and the “tabula rasa”C. Natural lawD. Deism

IV. Impact on America

Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to

EnglandI. Prior to 1763

A. Desire to centralize Empire1. Governors2. Proprietary Colonies3. Trend to Royal Status by 1770s4. Dominion of New England (1686-1689)5. Board of Trade and Plantations (Privy Council)6. Mercantilism

B. Failure to centralize (Salutary Neglect)1. Distance 2. Global Nature3. Problems at home and abroad (Wars for Empire/English

Civil War/Glorious Revolution)4. Frontier/rural conditions and foreign immigrants in

America


EnglandII. By 1750

A. Colonists maturing politically, economically, and socially/culturally

1. Representative assemblies2. 2 million people3. Identity

B. Overall, Colonists still happy with English Empire

1. Some resentment toward second class citizenship

2. Some resentment of debt to British bankers


EnglandIII. French and Indian War increases tensions

A. British concernsB. American concernsC. 1763

IV. British expect to enforce mercantilismV. British expect to centralize empireVI. British expect to raise revenue in AmericaVII. Americans resist British expectations

A. ReasonsB. MethodsC. Colonial Unity


EnglandVIII. British Reaction

A. Parliamentary supremacyB. Repeal of Stamp ActC. Repeal of Townshend Acts (except Tea)D. Punishment of Massachusetts

IX. Rebellion is consequence of failure on part of colonists to obtain desired reform and on Britain’s failure to accept federalism and reality

X. Lexington and ConcordXI. Second Continental Congress and Declaration

of Independence

Colonial Expansion

• Positives– West represents adventure, opportunity

and freedom– Land is abundant – land=liberty/social

mobility– Religious dissenters find tolerance and

absence of church authority– Hard work (individualism and self reliance

key to success)– Result: America is more tolerant,

democratic, and mobile

Colonial Expansion

• Negatives– Poor transportation and communication– Life is hard, conditions are primitive– Indian menace– French hostilities– Speculators– East/West tension over representation,

land policy, taxes, protection (Bacon, Leisler, Regulators, Paxton Boys)

– Result: unity is difficult

Colonial Expansion

• British close frontier in 1763– Treaty of Paris– British motive– American reaction

• During Revolution– Western tribes fight with Britain– Treaty of 1783 fixes border at Mississippi

• Confederation Era– Western land policy major accomplishment of

Articles• Land Ordinance of 1785• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Colonial Expansion

– Western states begin empowering more white males– Shays’s Rebellion shows East/West tensions not

solved

• Government under Articles cannot:– Force British out of forts (encourage Indian

hostilities)– Get spain to sign treaty allowing access to

Mississippi River or right of deposit at New Orleans

• New Constitution creates more powerful federal government– Pinckney Treaty, 1795– Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

Democracy in America 1750-1776

• Is America democratic?• Yes

– Distance from England allows for autonomy and local control

– New England town hall meetings– Colonial assemblies– American environment allowed for more mobility

and democracy– Americans more tolerant– Impact of Great Awakening– Impact of the Enlightenment– American Revolution


• Is America democratic?• No

– Patriarchy– Slavery– Poor are disfranchised– Deference, especially in South– South less democratic (ex. North

Carolina)


• Does the Revolutionary Era greatly change America? (How “revolutionary” or “radical”?)

• Democracy as concern for individual, natural rights and self-government

• Yes– Radical patriots want more democracy at home

and home rule– State constitutions

• Lower property requirements for voting (ex. Mass)• Increased separation of church and state• Enlarge and empower lower branch of legislature


• Appoint or elect more humble upper house (no blood ties; natural aristocracy)

• Weaken executives (or get rid of!)• Lower primogeniture and entail• Make titles illegal• Expand public education (esp. in NE)• Include bills of rights• Women vote in New Jersey• Northern abolition of slavery; southern manumission

– Radicals establish weak central government – want local control, distrust distant authority

• Articles– No executive or courts; No tax or regulation of

commerce;Weak congress; Weak military• States are empowered


• No – America not more democratic after 1776– Radicals make no legal provisions for women, free

blacks, or slaves– No alleviation of East/West tension– Counterrevolution of 1787 checks radical revolution

of 1776 (Beard)• Stronger federal government• Check of mob democracy

– But, all desire republican government; virtue/more faith lies within the people

• Democratic ratification process• Bill of Rights

• “Revolution” of 1800

Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities

(1750-1800)• Women

– Expanded role on frontier– Ratio in South still gender imbalance – Legal code favors men everywhere

• No vote; no property ownership once married

– Model traditional role in more established areas

– “Republican Motherhood”– Overall; more choices more options than

English women– Remember Abigail Adams

Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities (1750-

1800)• Blacks

– Slavery=ultimate human degradation– 750,000 slaves– Only blacks/Indians– Legal in all colonies before 1776

• Frowned upon by Quakers• Not economic necessity in North, so fewer

– 1776 tobacco market unstable and egalitarianism raised questions

• Willing manumission; closing of African Slave Trade; Northern Abolition

• No state in south will abolish• Few win freedom for fighting in Revolution as

promised


1800)• Blacks

– Word not used in Constitution– 3/5’s Compromise– 1808 abolition of slave trade

• Indians– Fought in imperial wars and Revolution– Capitalized on European rivalries; offered trade and

hunting lands– Iroquois = British; Algonquin = French– Pontiac’s Rebellion– Fear of land encroachment causes tribes to fight against

Americans in 1776– After independence: not citizens; foreign entities;

encroachment continues


1800)• Non-Anglo immigrants– Scots, Scots-Irish, German, French

Huguenots– Most settle in Middle Colonies or

backcountry– Many disfranchised– Non-Protestant discrimination is high

Topical Review: 1763-1800

Political (1763-1800)

1. Political expectations of mother country/British system of government

2. Political motives for RevolutionA. Writs/privacyB. Admiralty courts/juryC. Denial of right to tax without

representation1. Sugar, Stamp, Townshend, Tea

D. Republicanism/self government


3. Methods of American ResistanceA. Written letters, pamphlets, editorials, resolutionsB. Threats, intimidation, violenceC. Organizations

1. Sons/Daughters of Liberty; Stamp Act Congress;Continental Association; Committees of Correspondence; First and Second Continental Congresses

D. Boycott4. Galloway plan/Olive Branch Petition5. Declaration of Independence6. Creation of state/federal governments

A. Process; similarities; radical/conservative victories


7. Government policy favors westward expansion8. Shays’s Rebellion=sign9. Federalist Era

A. Establishment of new government/precedents; Bill of Rights; Rise of Political parties; Whiskey Rebellion; Alien and Sedition Acts; Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

10. Rise of the two-party system (because domestic and foreign policy issues)

11. Judiciary Act 178912. Washington’s Farewell Address 13. Demise of the Federalists14. Revolution of 1800

Economic (1763-1800)

1. Economic motives of mother country2. Economic motives for Revolution3. Economic problems during Confederation Era

A. Shays’s Rebellion; debt; interstate rivalries4. Class/economic/geographic divisions between

federalists and anti-federalists5. Economic Interpretation of the Constitution –

Beard6. Hamilton’s Program – Four main parts/opposition

response7. Whiskey Rebellion8. Cotton Gin

Social/Cultural (1763-1800)

1. How revolutionary was the Revolution?

A. Blacks; women; common men

2. How united/how American?3. Literature during period4. Deism5. Meritocracy/natural aristocracy

The Constitution of 1787

• Reasons for:– No enforcement– Weak congress and military– Inability to amend– Debt/state rivalry

• Who went to Philadelphia– Conservatives; nationalists; American leaders;

wealthy/elite

• The Debate:– Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan = Connecticut

Plan/Great Compromise/Roger Sherman

The Constitution of 1787

• The Document– Powers delegated– Powers denied states– Federalism– Separation of Powers– Checks and Balances– Republican government/virtue of people

• Ratification debates– Federalists vs. Anti-federalists– The Federalist Papers– Bill of Rights


1. Trend towards increasing democracyA. Jeffersonian; Jacksonian (symbol of common man/changes

electoral politics)2. Era of Good Feelings3. Jacksonian/Antebellum Reform

A. Temperance; prison/asylum; education; utopian communities; abolition; Transcendentalism

4. Rebirth of two party system5. Spoils System/nominating conventions/rotation6. Nullification Crisis7. Manifest Destiny/Indian Removal/Trail of Tears8. Increasing nationalism/increasing sectionalism

1. Reasons/examples/impact


1. Violations of American shippingA. Reasons/results

2. American reaction to War of 1812A. Tariff (1816); Second BUS; rise of manufacturing/decline

of commerce3. Overall prosperous why?

A. Expansion; King Cotton; population growth and urbanization in North; increasing technology (coal, improved transportation – canals, steamboats and rail at end of era, telegraph

4. Lowell Mills5. Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842


1. Jackson as anti-monopoly/special interest

2. American System (Clay, Whigs)

3. Tariffs of 1828/1832

4. Marshall court to 1835

5. Taney court – pro states rights (Charles River Bridge v. Warren River Bridge)

6. Killing of the BUS

7. California Gold Rush

8. Economic Sectionalism


1. Rise of public schools and private universities; instill American values

2. Literary nationalism and romanticism – Irving, Cooper, Longfellow, “Fireside” poets

3. Transcendentalism A. Individualism; self-reliance; non-conformity; intuitionB. Know God through natureC. Active in abolition and other reformsD. Emerson, ThoreauE. Intellectual Independence


4. Second Great AwakeningA. Finney, Channing – UnitarianismB. Response to rationalism and deismC. Perfectibility of man

5. Art is romantic tooA. Hudson River School reflects nature, noble savage;

nature=awesomeB. Church, Audubon Society

6. Theater/minstrel shows popular7. Rise of Mormons (1830, NY)

A. Joseph Smith, Killed in Nauvoo, ILB. Brigham Young, Mormon Trek, 1847 (perfectibility)


8. NativismA. Reaction to Irish and German immigration in

1830s-50s

B. Know-Nothings (American Party)

C. Discrimination, especially against Irish

9. Urbanization slowly beginning; poor conditions in cities

Civil War

• Reasons for:– Expansion led to tension over slavery

expansion– States rights vs. Nationalism/federalism– Abolition movement led to tension over

morality of slavery (Positive Good)– Economic and cultural divergence of North

and South

Civil War

• Key events leading to:– Colonial economies, Declaration, Constitutional

debates, political/economic and cultural sectionalism– Missouri Compromise 1820– Nullification Crisis 1832– Texas Annexation 1836-45– Mexican Cession 1848– Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852, Slavery as it is (Weld), The

Impending Crisis of the South (Helper)– Gadsden Purchase 1853/transcontinental

railroad/Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Civil War

• Key events leading to:– Division of Democratic Party and rise of Republican party

1854-60 (sectional parties)– Bleeding Kansas/John Brown at Potawatomie

Creek/Lecompton Constitution– Sumner/Brooks Affair– Dred Scott Decision 1857– Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858– John Brown’s Raid 1859– Election of Lincoln 1860– Secession of South Carolina 1860, six others in early 1861, four

others after Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers in late 1861

Civil War

• Key battles:– Sumter; border states; Lincoln’s call for troops– Manassas– Shiloh– Antietam– Gettysburg– Atlanta– Wilderness-Appomattox

• Trent Affair/British and French support• Emancipation Proclamation 1863


• Republican domination (ex. Cleveland)• Lack of talent and integrity (Gilded Age, corruption/Grant and Credit

Mobilier)• Controversial Election 1876/Compromise of 1876/End of

Reconstruction• Garfield Assassination• Pendleton Civil Service Reform 1883• Populist Party and platform

– abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, civil service reform, a working day of eight hours, Government control of all railroads, telegraphs, and telephones, free silver, federal storehouses for grain, the three “R’s

• Election of 1896 – Democrats co-opt Populist platform and candidate

Economic (1875-1900)• Key is rising technology (see next topic)• Laissez-faire (Republican, pro-business ascendancy)• Consolidation of businesses and farms• Rise of railroad industry (national economy)• Farmer discontent and revolt 1890s• Bland-Allison Act (Crime of ’73)• Munn v. Illinois 1877/Wabash case 1886• Greenback Party 1878• Knights of Labor form in 1886/AFL in 1886• Standard Oil Trust forms 1882• Gold discovered in Alaska 1886• Rise of Farmer’s Alliance in 1886• Haymarket Riot 1886• Interstate Commerce Act 1887• McKinley Tariff 1890/Wilson-Gorman 1894/Dingley Tariff 1897


• Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890, repealed 1893

• Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890

• Populist Party/Platform of 1892

• Homestead Steel Strike 1892

• Panic of 1893

• Pullman Strike (and 1,400 others) 1894

• Coxey’s March 1894

• Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speech 1896

Industrial Revolution 1870s

• Reasons For:• Early Industrial Revolution of Antebellum Era causes rise of factory

system and manufacturing• Transportation revolution and Civil War act as catalysts• Encouraged by government

– Republican domination/laissez-faire – favors but no regulation• Urbanization and immigration provide abundant and cheap labor• Technology (see list)• Change in business structures

– Increased consolidation (horizontal and vertical)/trusts, holding companies

– Professional management

Industrial Revolution 1870s

• Results of:• Economic growth

– Economic industrial superpower – Increasing prosperity for most Americans, fortunes for some

• Labor strife/organization– Reasons– Unions

• Farmer discontent– Reasons for– Organization

• Imperialism– Need for new markets and raw materials– World role/jingoism

Technology (1875-1900)• Typewriter 1875• Telephone 1875 (Bell)• Phonograph 1878• First electric current supplied in New York 1882• Dumbbell tenement 1879• Lightbulb 1879• Mechanical twine binder 1880• Brooklyn Bridge completed 1883• Westinghouse power land and transformer 1886• Ading machine 1889• Electric elevator 1889• Color photography 1890• Electric trolley 1892• Widespread use of earlier innovations; telegraph, railroad (standard gauge, Pullman

car, refrigerated car) Deere’s plow; McCormack’s reaper; barbed wire

Diplomatic (1875-1900)• Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power upon History 1890• Interest in Hawaii (1875-1898 annexed) Pearl Harbor 1887• Samoa – Pago Pago• Wake and Midway Islands• Venezuelan Dispute 1895• U.S.S. Maine /de lome letter 1898• Spanish American War; Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico 1898• Teller Amendment 1898, Platt Amendment 1901• Treaty of 1899• Emilio Aguinaldo defeated 1901• Open Door Notes 1899, 1900• Naval buildup begins 1883; continues in 1890s

Social/Cultural (1875-1900)• National Baseball League 1875• Red Cross 1881• Farmer’s Alliance/Grange 1886• Urbanization/Social Gospel Movement

– Hull House, tenement house

• Closing of the frontier (Turner, 1893); Oklahoma• Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia 1876• Salvation Army in US 1879• Statue of Liberty 1886; Lazarus’s New Colossus 1903• Washington Monument finished

Social/Cultural (1875-1900)• National Baseball League 1875• Red Cross 1881• Farmer’s Alliance/Grange 1886• Urbanization/Social Gospel Movement

– Hull House, tenement house

• Closing of the frontier (Turner, 1893); Oklahoma• Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia 1876• Salvation Army in US 1879• Statue of Liberty 1886; Lazarus’s New Colossus 1903• Washington Monument finished 1884• WCTU 1873• Anti-Saloon League 1895-1895• Public Libraries open in New York and Boston 1895

Literary (1875-1900)• REALISM• Twain – Tom Sawyer 1875, Life on the Mississippi 1876,

Huckleberry Finn 1884• Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor 1881• Henry James – The American, 1877; Portrait of a Lady, 1881; The

Bostonians, 1886• Henry Adams – Democracy, 1880• Edward Bellamy Looking Backward 1888• Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives 1890• Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1890• F.J.Turner The Significance of the Frontier on American History

1893• Stephen Crane The Red Badge of Courage 1895

Immigration (1875-1900)• New Immigrants

– Southern and Eastern Europe• Italy; the Balkans; Russia

• Catholic, Jewish

• Cannot easily assimilate

– The Orient (Angel Island)• Work on railroads of West

• Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

• Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907

• Ellis Island 1892

Women (1875-1925)• 1869 – Wyoming is first to allow woman suffrage, Colorado

1893; Utah, Idaho 1896• 1869 – AWSA and NWSA begin

– AWSA=Stone; NWSA=Stanton and Anthony

• 1890 – NAWSA– Literacy drives, conventions, parades, state by state campaign,

speeches

• 1890s – Ida B. Wells campaigns against lynching in South (A Red Record 1895)

• 1896 – National Association of Colored Women• 1900-1917 – Progressives join call for female suffrage to

advance their goals

Women (1875-1925)• 1900s – women (Gilman) attack traditional marriage; call for

economic independence• 1903 – National Women’s Trade Union formed• 1909 – NAACP involves black women• 1912 – Alice Paul returns from England calls for ERA• 1912 – Paul starts NWP• 1915 – Catt becomes president of NAWSA• 1919 – Congress passes the 19th Amendment• 1920 – 19th Amendment ratified• 1920 – NAWSA becomes League of Women Voters• 1925 – first birth control information center opens (Sanger)

Blacks (1875-1900)• Reconstruction Governments and gains for free blacks• Crop lien and sharecropping• Civil Rights Act 1875• Civil Rights Cases 1883• Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction• Tuskegee Opens 1881• Segregation declared legal in Mississippi 1888 (de jure Jim

Crow)• Increase of lynching (1889-1899=187); Wells• Atlanta “Compromise” 1895• Grandfather clause – Louisiana 1895• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

American Indians (1875-1900)

• Sioux Wars• Little Big Horn 1876• Geronimo Surrenders 1886 (Apache)• Dawes Act 1887• Indian schools=English language 1887• Wounded Knee 1890 (Last Indian War)

Protest 1875-1925• Blacks

– Segregation/lynching/Jim Crow and Plessy– Booker T. Washington and DuBois/Garvey/Harlem Renaissance– Populists and Progressives not committed

• Farmers– Organizations– Grievances– Failure in 1890s followed recovery until after WWI

• Women– Rise of suffragettes (goals and strategies)– Obstacles (internal and external)– 19th Amendment and impact

• American Indians– Reservation Policy– Indian Resistance– Dawes Act and assimilation– Citizens after World War I (1924)

Us Intervention In WW1

Isolationist tradition ends because of: A.Wilsonian idealism

1.Democracy2.Moral Diplomacy3. 14 points include- self determination, freedom on sea, league- world peace

B. Violations of American neutrality1.British2.German- loss of American lives3. Unrestricted Submarine-warfare 1917

C.Allied propagandaD. US economic interests

1.Loans2. Supplies

1920-1925Black History

• Niagra Movement 1906• Race riots Texas 1906• Race riots Atlanta 1906• Race riots Illinois 1908• NAACP formed 1909• Grandfather Clause adopted in 5 states 1910• KKK reorganized in Ga. 1915• Assoc. for Negro life+ History –1915• Garvey into Universal negro Improvement Assoc. 1916• Race riots St. Louis 1917• “Red Summer” race riots 1918• Nat’l Liberty Cong. Of Colored Americans (asks for anti lynch laws-1918)• 70 blacks lynched 1919• ½ million blacks join the Univ. NI Assoc. 1922• Rosewood massacre 1923• KKK up to 5 mil. 1925

1900-1925Labor History

• United Mine Workers strike 1902• National Women trade Union League started 1903• Int’l Workers of the world 1905• Int’l Ladies Garment Workers Union Strike 1909• Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist Co. (NY) 1911• Lawrence textile Strike 1912• War Labor Policies Board created 1918 (no strike pledge0• AFL strikes Steel Industry 1919• Boston Police Strike 1919• Coal Strike 1919• Palmer Raids- IWW 1919

Literature 1900-1925• F. Norris: The Octopus 1901• H James: the Ambassadors 1903• J. London: Call of the Wild 1903• F. Norris: the Pit 1903 • Dubois: Souls of Black Folk 1903• H. James: The Golden Bowl 1904• J. London: The Sea Wolf 1904• L Steffens: Shame of the Cities (19??)

T. Veblen: Theory of Business Enterprise• I Tarbell: History of Standard oil• U. Sinclair: The Jungle 1906• T. Dreiser- Jennie Gerhardt 1911• F. Taylor: Principles of Scientific management 1911• H. Croly: Promise of American Life 1909 • L. Brandeis” Other People’s Money 1914• H. Adams: The education of H.A. 1918• S. Lewis: main Street 1920 • S. Lewis: Babbitt 1922• T.S. Eliot: The Wasteland 1922• T. Dreiser: An American Tragedy 1925• F.S. Fitzgerald: The great Gatsby 1925

Cultural- Social 1900-1925

• Pan American expo 1901• Wright’s Flight- Kitty Hawk NC 1903• La. Purchase expo 1904• Red Cross chartered 1905• 1st “Model T” 1909• Titanic sinks 1912• Daylight savings time adopted 1918• Regular Air Mail began 1918• United Artists established (Chaplin Fairbanks Pickford) 1919• Red scare began 1919 (Palmer Raids)• Harlem Renaissance 1920• Scopes Monkey Trial 1925

1900-1925 Immigrant history

• 1906 Cali. segregates Asian kids in Schools• 1906 Japanese Immigration disallowed

(gentlemen’s agreement)• 1913: Cali. bars Jap. Americans from owning

property• 1917 Wilson vetoes act requiring literacy test for

immigrant voters• 1920 Congress over-rides veto on Quota legislation• 1924 National Origins Act

Progressivism 1900-1917I.GoalA. Respond to problems caused by rapid changes in the late 19th century in more reasonable way than agitators of 1890s

1.urbanization2. Industrialization3. Corruption at all levels

II. Econ Program- end laissez faire 9confident in gov. regulation) A.Anti monopolyB. Tariff reduction- UnderwoodC. Income tax graduated for fairness (16th0D. Regulation of Banking- provide elastic credit and currency (fed reserve)E. Child labor and hour of work for women goes down

III. Pol. Program= end of corruption by restoring democracyA.Direct election of senators (17th)

B. Direct Primaries C. Expose and end city machine politicsD. More Accountability to constituents

1. Referendum2. Recall3. Initiative

Progressivism cont.IV. Social programs: A.Settlement House movement B. Conservation of land and resourcesC. Temperance (18th)D. Women’s suffrage (19th)

V. Strategies A.Increase gov. role in economy (increases regulatory power, change bench, conservation)B. Greater Control of accountability of government to peopleC. Exposure of greed and corruption by muck-racking journalists. • Tarbell- (Standard Oil)• Steffens (cities)• Sinclair (meat packing)• Dreiser (poverty)• Norris (railroads)• Sandburg (workers plight)

1920s cont.

• New consumer goods cars, radios, refrigerators, vacuums, *advertising dem. of goods.

• Blacks: jazz Age Harlem Renaissance , they were the first fired after WW1, and KKK was reborn, Garveys Black Pride- (blacks back to Africa)

• Red Scare- Sacco and Vanzetti• Isolationism : reject role in WW1 league, want to protect America,

insist on debt payment (Dawes Plan)• Washington naval Conf. – disarm• Kellogg Briand- no war• Immigration Act- nat’l Origins • Commercial Entertainment- sports, Hollywood

1930s

• 20th and 22st amendments• 1929 crash> depression • Hoover- Moratorium debt, volunteerism- too little too late• FDR New deal: 3Rs • 1st (1933) “Bank Holiday” = AAA, PWA/CCC, NIRA, TVA• Fireside chats • 2nd (1935) Court Schemes: WPA, Wagner (CIO forms), Soc. Security• Blacks: first fired after WW1. Harlem Riot> FEPC 1941• Isolationism continues- preoccupied with debt/ problems at home • Reciprocal trade Agreement- Free Trade• 1936 – Sit ins at Flint GM plant = creation of the UAW under

Reuther

1930s cont.

• Nye Committee/ Neutrality legislation, embargo (1935) cash carry (1937)

• Appeasement (tow. Agg.)

• Preparedness: *^$def. 1938*^ def. After Blitz= Nat’l Defense Adv. Comm. *1940 Campaign limits FDR’s ability to help Br. Until Wilkie approves 1.Destroyer Deal 2. Selective Service Act*Lend lease has public support 1/ ’41

• Atlantic Charter in 8/ ’41 (after Ger. USSR)

• Pearl Harbor 1941

• Indian reorg. Act

• Big band Era:Swing

1940s

• Democrats in control in WH • WW2 *Supplies *Troops

– Pearl harbor- Midway- “Island hopping” Hiroshima, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima

– N. African Italy– D day, 6/6/44– Bulge– V-E, V-J

1940s cont

• Conferences: Casa Blanca- uncond., Teheran- China, Yalta, Potsdam

• Nuremberg Trials• Iron Curtain Increased• Korean War• Berlin Blockade• During above 3; 1946, TD, M plan, Containment

Policy, NATO increase 1949, arms race increases in 1949

1940s cont.

• Support for freedom in Vietnam, Indochina,( Ho Chi Minh= Communist nationalist

• Fall of Chiang Kai-shek in China to Mao’s red China

• Israel created (U.N)• America accepts global role(short of war)

– See decrease in League/ App. As mistakes– Hear/see Soviet threat– Understand need for global econ. Need for raw materials

and markets to keep the US economy prosperous.

1950s

• Korean War• Alger Hiss/Rosenbergs• McCarthyism/2nd Red Scare/decline of McCarthy @

Army hearings• Eisenhower’s Dynamic Conservatism/Corporate

Commonwealth (cooperation between interest groups)/not friendly towards strikes

• AFL-CIO merge 1955• Interstate Highway Act=Flight to suburbs

(complacent, conformist, consumerism – tvs and cars)

1950s• Massive Retaliation and the Domino Theory• No rescue at Dienbienphu; support for Diem after Geneva

Accords• Eisenhower Doctrine• Suez Canal Crisis• U-2 Spy plane (1960)• Sputnik 1957• Brown Decision• Montgomery Bus Boycott – rise of SCLC• Little Rock Crisis – 1957• Civil Rights Act 1957

1950s

• Beat Generation – Kerouac and Ginsberg

• Elvis

1960s

• Flexible response/détente• Bay of Pigs• Cuban Missile Crisis/Nuclear Test Ban• 2nd Berlin Crisis=Wall• Increase in money to Diem; Diem Falls; Gulf of Tonkin

Resolution; Operation Rolling Thunder=increase of ground troops; Tet Offensive; Vietnamization

• Commission on Status of Women, 1961• New Frontier• Peace Corps

1960s• Alliance for Progress• Great Society=War on Poverty (Education-VISTA;

Employment; Medicare; Head Start)• Civil Rights Act 1964, 1968; Voting Rights Act 1965;

24th Amendment 1964; Affirmative Action (1965-blacks; 1967-women)

• Sit-in movement/SNCC• Freedom Rides• Freedom/marches: Birmingham 1963; DC 1963; Selma

1965• Voter registration drives; Freedom Summer (1964)

1960s• Assassinations: JFK, 1963; Maclom X 1965; Martin

Luther King, Jr. 1968; RFK 1968• Black Panthers (Carmichael, Newton, Seale, Brown)• Race Riots 1967-1968• Chicago Riot @ DNC• United Farm Workers/Chavez-1962• Feminine Mystique – Friedan 1963• NOW 1963; Libbers and bra-burners; ERA

reintroduced in 1970

1960s• Anti-war movement – New Left (SDS);

Counterculture• Beatles, Dylan, etc./Woodstock• Immigration and Naturalization Act 1965• Land on Moon 1969• Détente/SALT I talks begin• Nixon and New Federalism (revenue sharing)• 6 day war in Middle East 1967

1970s

• EPA established 1970• SALT I talks 1970• My Lai Massacre/Cambodia Invasion• Kent State Massacre broadens antiwar movement• American troop withdrawal March 1973• South Vietnam falls 1975• Election of 1972 – Nixon v. McGovern “silent

majority”• Watergate 1972-1974• China Visit 1972

1970s

• Roe v. Wade 1973• SALT I – 1972 • OPEC Embargo/energy crisis 1973• Nixon Resigns 1974 – Ford pardons• War Powers Act 1973• 1976 Election – Carter (non-Washington man)• Creates cabinet Departments of Education and Health

and Human Services• Human rights foreign policy• Camp David Accords

1970s

• Iranian Hostage Crisis

• SALT II 1979 (USSR invades Afghanistan/Olympics)

• Bakke v. University of California 1978

1980s

• Election of 1980/Reagan Revolution “Are you better off than you were four years ago” (used in ’84 too)

• California governor – national pride

• End of hostage crisis (32 minutes into presidency)

1980s

• Assassination attempt March 30• “Reaganomics/tax cuts/deregulation/rollback of

liberalism of 1960s and 70s/maintains core New Deal safeguards

• Milton Friedman Free to Choose/Supply-side• Reformed SS solvent for later years• results in 16 million new jobs and reduced

inflation

1980s

• Air traffic controllers strike 1981 (11,359)• increased deficit – military spending;

outspend Soviets/”Evil Empire”/SDI “Star Wars”

• War on Drugs• A Nation at Risk• 1st female to Supreme Court (Rehnquist

and Scalia too)

1980s

• Tear down this wall” 1989

• Reagan Doctrine – support freedom fighters in Afghanistan/Nicaragua/El Salvador

• Iran-Contra Scandal

• Election of 1988 – George W. Bush

• “no new taxes”

1990s

• Manuel Noriega/Panama

• Desert Storm/Desert Shield

• Collapse of USSR 1991

• START I

• Begins NAFTA talks

• Election of 1992 – Clinton 1st Baby Boomer president

1990s• Clinton years see economic expansion• FMLA 1993• “don’t ask don’t tell” – homosexuals allowed in military• NAFTA 1993• Brady Bill – 5-day waiting period for handguns• Earned Income Tax Credit• Healthcare reform (nationalized) fails• “Contract with America” 1994• Increased minimum wage• Defense of Marriage Act

2000s

• Bush v. Gore 2000

• September 11

• War on Terror/Afghanistan/Iraq

• No Child Left Behind

Cultural 1920-1970

• Mass entertainment 1920s

• Collegiate sports growth

• Film: Chaplin, Bow, Valentino

• Sports:boxing: Dempsey, baseball: Ruth

• Lindbergh’s flight 1927

• Gershwin- composer (popular)

Cultural 1920-1970 cont.

• Artists: O’keefe, Cassatt, Hopper, 1930’s

• Lind. Baby kidnapped 1932

• Chicago world fair 1933

• Film Stars of the 1930s: Bogart, Temple

• Sports Stars of 1930s: Joe Lewis, Lou Gehrig

• 1937: A. Earheart’s last flight


• 1937: Golden Gate bridge• 1938: H. Hughes flies @ world in record time• 1939:Gone With the Wind, and the Wizard of Oz• Film and music stars of the 1940s; Nat King Cole, Duke Ellington,

Joe DiMaggio, Ty Cobb• 1941: New York worlds fair• 1943 Casablanca• 1943: Penicillin introduced• 1943: Jitterbug, “bebop”, zoot suit• 1943: William Lloyd Wright famous architect• Stars of the 1950s: M. Monroe, Sugar Ray Leonard, Rocky

Marciano, Arnold Palmer, Elvis


• 1950: US (6% of world’s population) Owns 60% of all cars, 58% phones, 45% radios

• 1951: Color TV introduced

• 1954: Polio Vaccine

• 1957: Beatnik movement (Kerouac) starts in California and spreads

• 1960s heroes: Vince Lombardi, J. Nicklaus, Mickey Mantle, The Beatles, Cassius Clay, Billie J. King, B. Streisand, K. Hepburn

• 1960: 85m TV sets

• 1961: John Birch Society(reactionary) increasingly active


• 1963: Andy Warhol (NY Guggenheim museum0 and pop art

• 1964: Hoffa found guilty ( for tampering, fraud, conspiracy) – disappears in 1975

• 1966: Mini skirts, “twiggy” twist

• 1969: Campus unrest spreads

Economic 1920-1970

• Roaring Twenties – increase of commercial entertainment advertising and credit; new technology radio, appliances, cars

• 1921: Melon as Secretary of Treasury – tax cuts; high tariffs; laissez-faire; deregulation

• 1922: stock market boom• October 29, 1929 – Black Tuesday• 1925: McNary-Haugen farm relief defeated• 1931: Moratorium on debt payment• 1932: Bonus March; Hoover moves left (RFC, “too little

too late”; FDR campaigns on the 3 R’s)

Economic 1920-1970

• 1933: First New Deal (100 days)– Bank Holiday (relief);Emergency Banking Act (relief)– CCC (relief), NIRA (recovery), AAA (recovery), FDIC

(reform), TVA (Reform), FERA (relief; “priming the pump”), HOLC (relief); SEC (reform)

• 1934: increase of strikes• 1935: critics from R and L• 1935: 2nd New Deal moves Left: WPA (relief), REA (reform),

NLRA (Wagner) (reform), and SS (reform)• 1936: AAA and NIRA unconstitutional• 1937: loses court packing but Court moves left; • 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act; 2nd AAA

Economic 1920-1970

• Winter 37/38 recession (attempted to balance budget)• ND d/n end Depression or unemployment, transform

capitalism except labor; end poverty or redistribute wealth; d/n address racial or female inequality (ex.FEPC)

• Importance: (1) new institutions that expand role of government=minimum assistance to poor and unemployed; protect rights of Labor; stabilize the banking system; building low-income housing; regulate financial markets; subsidizing agricultural production;

• (2) new political coalition for Democrats• (3) New Deal liberalism inspires and shapes Great Society

Economic 1920-1970

• 1939-45: US manufacturing ½ of world’s manufactured goods; supplies 25% of British military needs1945-47: demobilization

• 1940s-50s: population shift to sunbelt

• 1948: Fair Deal – expansion of social welfare/Keynesian Economics

• 1953: Government lifts all wage controls

• 1953: Eisenhower's Dynamic Conservatism – stop momentum of New Deal

• 1959: Ike invokes Taft-Hartley to halt steel strike

Economic 1920-1970

• 1961: New Frontier blocked by conservative coalition; NASA; increased minimum wage

• 1963: LBJ’s Great Society; War on Poverty increases deficits

• 1969: Nixon’s New Federalism – 30billion back to states (decline of economy, unemployment, inflation, GNP, trade deficits) raises taxes and interest rates; does not work

Political 1920-1970

• 1920s Republican domination• 1932 – FDR elected• 1933 – 20th and 21st Amendments• 1935 – Long assassinated• 1936, 40 – FDR reelected• 1940 – Smith Act• 1941 – OPA WPB established• 1944 – FDR reelected• 1950 – McCarran Act• 1951 – 22nd and 23rd Amendments

Political 1920-1970

• 1952, 1956 – IKE (re)elected• 1960 – JFK• 1963 – LBJ• 1963 – Gideon v. Wainwright• 1964 – LBJ reelected (Goldwater); Warren Report;

24th Amendment; Tonkin Resolution• 1964 – Escobedo v. Illinois • 1966 – Miranda v. Arizona• 1962 – environmental movement gains momentum

(Silent Spring)

Political 1920-1970

• 1967 – 25th Amendment

• 1968 – Nixon elected (RFK; riots at Chicago)

Reconstruction

• Traditional historiography = sordid• Modern historiography = unsuccessful but laudable• Began during CW as how to reunite• 1863: Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan• 1864: Wade-Davis pocket vetoed• April 1865 – Congress out of session; Johnson

issued plan• Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) (Johnson)

– Black Codes infuriate N. Republicans

Reconstruction

• December 1865 – Congress reconvenes• Radical Republicans Sumner and Stevens call for

abrogation of Johnson governments• Call for new governments based on equality before

law and manhood suffrage• Moderates try working with Johnson to modify

– Refused to seat congressmen and Senators elected from S. in November 1865 elections

– Early 1866 Johnson vetoes Freedman’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bill (overridden)

• 1866 – Congress approves 14th Amendment (1868)

Reconstruction

• 1866 midterms repudiate Johnson’s policies; S. refuses 14th Amendment

• Congress decided to take over • 1867: Pass Reconstruction Act; began Radical

Reconstruction (lasts to 1877)• By 1870 all states readmitted and controlled by

Republican Party– Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

• Articulate black political leadership emerges in South (16 in Congress, 600 in state legislatures, hundreds in local offices)

Reconstruction

• Successes of Radical Reconstruction governments:– First state-funded public school system in S.– Equalized taxation– Outlawed discrimination in public transportation and

accommodations– Economic development

• Opposition to Reconstruction (KKK)• Johnson impeached (1868)• 1868 – Grant elected; Congress approves 15th;

destroys Klan in 1871; reelected in 1872

Reconstruction

• Reconstruction wanes; Dems never support/corruption/Republicans b/c more conservative ? use of federal power

• Panic of 1873 = economic concern ahead• Dems win control of House in 1874• Violence erupts in South in mid-1870s; no intervention• By 1876 all S “redemmed” ex. SC, FL, and LA• Compromise of 1876 and collapse of Reconstruction• S. falls under reactionary leadership – Jim Crow emerges• Stronger federal government indifferent as S. effectively

nullified 14th and 15th Amendments – not rectified until 1960s

Social/Economic Impacts - Reconstruction

• Emergence of “modern America”• N and W see transcontinental RR; modern steel industry;

settlement of trans-Mississippi West; final defeat of American Indians; expansion of mining

• Industrialization wipes out small farmers and artisans; wage earner emerges

• By 1877 industrial production 75% greater than 1865 – even with panic

• Little economic development in S.• Blacks solidify family ties – locate loved ones; black

churches• Segregation; limited economic development for freed blacks

Post WWII Economic Trends

• Post-war decade = unprecedented & sustained growth

• Citizens and government – massive spending

• Rising consumerism and credit

• Government spurred economy out of necessity during war; continued after

Post WWII Economic Trends

• 1945-60 – GNP doubles• Inflation under 2% throughout 50s• Defense spending most important stimulant• US monopoly over international trade• Technology sector increases 35% between 1945 and

55• 1945-1960- home ownership grew 50%• Savings less than 5% of income; consumerism and

credit• Middle class 5.7m in 1947 to 12m by 1960

Causes of the Depression1. Watered stock (16 times earnings); careful investors sell stock

back to take profits October 29, 1929=Black Tuesday 16.5 million shares traded; market fell 40 points=decline until 1933

2. Buying on the margin (borrowed 90% with stock as collateral; when prices fell 10% lender sold stock = depressed prices)

3. Depressed farm economy4. New construction declined5. Auto sales lagged6. Underconsumption7. Money hoarding reduced demand; workers laid off; reduced

purchasing power; further decrease in demand; etc.8. Fordney-McCumber and Hawley-Smoot led to less exports,

further hurting the economy

Latin-American/US Foreign Policy

• 1823 – Monroe Doctrine• 1840s – Manifest Destiny/Mexican War• 1850 – Clayton-Bulwer• 1880s – increased investment• 1898 – Spanish-American War• 1901 – Hay-Pauncefote aborgates Clayton• 1903 – Hay-Buneau-Varilla• 1903-14 – Canal built• 1890s-1920 – US Marines in Latin America• 1920s – isolation• 1933 – Good Neighbor Policy• 1950s-1990s – Cold War intervention (Cuba, etc.)• 1961 – Alliance for Progress

Eras of Expanded Democracy

• Jeffersonian Era (1800-1824) simplicity• Jacksonian Era (1820s-1840) UWMS/reform• Age of Lincoln/Civil War/Reconstruction (1860-

1877) Emancipation, Citizenship UMS• Progressive Era (1900-1920) DES; 3Rs; Reg. of

BB; UAS• Age of FDR (1932-1952) ND; FEPC; communists?• JFK/LBJ (1960-1968) CR/Reconstruction Realized• Reagan (1980-1988) simplicity

Good luck on your test!

• “Energy and persistence conquer all things.”– Benjamin FranklinTomorrow all of your hard work will

pay off!!!-Annie

topical review: colonial era to 1787. political (colonial era –1763) 1.european renaissance 2.the...

Documents

america slide

colonial unity slide

impact slide

difficult slide

mobile slide

british concerns b

colonial governments

america c