• At the end of the lesson, student should able to:

a)Explain the factor for the British interventionb)Explain the local reaction to the colonisationc)Describe the impact of the colonisation

INTRODUCTION (1)• Colonial era started in 1511 until 1957 (446

years)• ColonistsColonistsa) Portuguese (1511-1641) 130 yearsb) Dutch (1641-1824) 183 yearsc) British (1824-1942 , 1945-1957) 130 yearsd) Siamese (1821-1909) 88 yearse) Japanese (1942-1945) 31/2 years

INTRODUCTION (2)Portuguese (1511-1641)Portuguese (1511-1641)• Mainly in Malacca ~ attempt to control the

maritime trade in East and to spread Christianity.

• Was opposed by the Malay of Malacca with the aid of Acheh

• Sultan Mahmud tried to get back Malacca but failed

INTRODUCTION (2)Portuguese (1511-1641)Portuguese (1511-1641)• Do not leave behind many traces, except in the

area of language, romanized writing and dance• Eurasian community- Catholic and follow

Portuguese custom• Settlement in Malacca• Portuguese bring downfall of Malay Kingdom

of Malacca and started the Johore-Riau Malay Kingdom

INTRODUCTION (2)Dutch (1641-1824)Dutch (1641-1824)• With the aid the Johore, the Dutch defeated

the Portuguese and took Malacca in 1641.• Dutch activity centre mainly in Batavia

(Jakarta)• Dutch only interested in tin ore in Malay

Peninsular • Did not leave many traces- focusing in

colonising Indonesia• Left Malaya after the agreement with the

British in 1824

INTRODUCTION (2)British (1824-1942, 1945-1957)British (1824-1942, 1945-1957)• Colonised whole Peninsula Malaysia in two

phases• Left behind significance influence on the way

of life of the people. (Political, economy and social)

• Was strongly opposed by the country’s population.

INTRODUCTION (2)Siamese (1821-1909)Siamese (1821-1909)• Stayed mainly in the northern states of

Malaysia Peninsula –Kelantan, Perlis and Kedah

• Influence very evidence especially in the area of religion (Buddhist) and the art

INTRODUCTION (2)Japanese (15 Feb 1942-15 Aug 1945)Japanese (15 Feb 1942-15 Aug 1945)• Colonised the entire country in 70 days• Aim to establish a New Great East Asia

government and promise to declare independence for South East Asia countries.

• Greatly influence the life of people, especially between the relationship between the races

• Was opposed by the whole country.

Factors for British Colonisation

• British need the raw material raw material for the Industrial Revolution

• Presence of important economic resources such as tin ore and agriculture products.

• Strong competition among the western powers for colonies to fulfil their economy needs economy needs of their country.

• Anarchy situation Anarchy situation in some of the states- civil war, war between Chinese society, pirate activities in Straits of Malacca.

• No unity-giving chance for British intervention

BRITISH INTERVENTION (1)• Focused to the opening of Singapore, the

Anglo Dutch Treaty of 1824, and some other matters e.g. economy.

• The English merchants set up the British East India Company in 1600

• Reason: to improve trade improve trade in the region, especially with China.

• China was not interested in trading with British- British looked for other trading zones other trading zones in the Malay Archipelago

BRITISH INTERVENTION (2)A. Penang• On 11 August 1786, agreement between

Sultan Abdullah and Francis Light signed• British protect Sultan Abdullah (Sultan Kedah)

from Siamese threat, .• Penang Island came under the occupation of

British.

BRITISH INTERVENTION (3)B. Singapore• British manipulated a local issue of

misunderstanding between Chief Military Officer, Abdul Rahman (Singapore Administrator) and Sultan Abdul Rahman in Riau.

• On 6th February 1819, Stamford Raffles occupied Singapore

• It was seen as a suitable new base for the British in the island of Malay Archipelago.

• With the occupation of Penang Island and Singapore the colonisation of British in Malaya began.

CONFLICT BETWEEN BRITISH AND DUTCH

Dutch:Dutch:• Claim Singapore under his territory • Worry the development of Singapore will affect

his trade in BetawiBritish:British:• Refuse to give Singapore to Dutch• Believe that Singapore will developed as the

platform for their soldier in Malay Archipelago and trade

Anglo-Dutch Treaty 17/3/1824 (1)

• Aim: to end all rivalry between the British and the Dutch especially in the East.

• Dutch was not happy with the British occupation of Singapore.

• The hostility escalated when some British people were killed in Ambon (a Dutch colony).

Anglo-Dutch Treaty 17/3/1824 (2)

• Term that agreed:• TerritorialityTerritoriality- the Dutch handed over Malacca to

the British • British handed Bencoolen (Bangkahulu) to Dutch• The area southsouth of Singapore belong to the

Dutch, northnorth belong to British • Agreed to work together to eradicate pirate

activities.

Anglo-Dutch Treaty 17/3/1824 (3)Consequence:Consequence:• Malay Archipelago divides into 2 different geo-

political areas • The Johore-Riau Empire split into 2Johore-Riau Empire split into 2: Johor

belongs to British while the island of Riau belongs to Dutch.

• British control the trade route in Straits of Malacca without interference from other western power and

• British continue to vast his power in Peninsula Malaysia

Straits Settlements (1)• United in 18291829 with Penang Penang as capital• Consists Penang, Malacca and Singapore• Governor as the head• First Governor-Robert FullertonFirst Governor-Robert Fullerton• 1st April 1867, the administration of Straits

Settlement transferred from Calcutta in India to the Colonial Office in London

• declared Straits Settlements as British Colonial territory.

Straits Settlements (2)• The transfer - increase efficiency in

administration. • The commercial agriculture cause the increases

the pirate activities• British start to pay attention to Malay States

Federated Malay States• Through Federation Agreement 1896• Consist- Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang.• Factor of formationa)To address Pahang financial problemb)For efficiency and uniformity in administrationc)To check the Resident’s powerd)For security• Through federation, the resources from all member

states could be collected and used for a common benefit to develop other state with minimal administration costs.

Non- Federated Malay States• Consist Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Trengganu and

Perlis.• British advisor was appointed in each state.

British Intervention in the Malay States, Sabah and Sarawak (1)

• The Malay States that first accepted British intervention were Perak, Negeri Sembilan (Sg Perak, Negeri Sembilan (Sg Ujong), Pahang and Selangor Ujong), Pahang and Selangor (Federated Malay States).

• Observation:Observation:• Colonisation cause by internal weaknessesnternal weaknesses- no

unity among the inhabitants- give British chance and excuse to intervene by installing an advisor (and later resident)

British Intervention in the Malay States, Sabah and Sarawak (2)

• We have Important economic resources economic resources such as tin ore and agriculture products in the states

• British introduce Resident system to strengthen their hold over the colonised territory.

• Resident systemResident systema) 1874- Perak, Selangor, Sg Ujongb) 1888- Pahangc) 1895- whole Negri Sembiland) 1914-Johor

British Intervention in the Malay States, Sabah and Sarawak (3)

• Every Malay State that was conquered had a British Resident. British Resident.

• Role of Resident is to advise Sultan advise Sultan but in certain cases, the Resident had power over state officers.

Effect (1)

Administration• State was divided into districts divisions districts divisions or

residency and village-each have their own head

• Establish police force for peacekeeping

Effect (2)

Political • Traditional ruling system destroyed• Ruler as the advisor for religion and custom

matters only

Effect (3)

Economic• Public infrastructures (roads, railway tracks)

were built • Introducing new plants new plants such as rubber• Developed tin mining, Urbanisationtin mining, Urbanisation• ImbalanceImbalance - development focused mainly on the

areas like tin mining areas, towns and states of the West Coast of the Peninsula

• Immigrants and Western investors monopolised monopolised the economic resources the economic resources while the local ethnic community was still tied with their traditional economy and lives the village

Effect (4)

Social • Introduce taxation system and imposition of taxation system and imposition of

licenses licenses on boats and firearms • British enforced the ban of slaveryban of slavery. • Encouraged immigrant workers from India and

China to assist the development of rubber development of rubber estates and tin minesestates and tin mines

Consequence • The development of infrastructure concentrate

in towns and centres of economic activities• British brought in Chinese and Indian worker• Chinese and Indian foreign workers are

isolated from the locals in term of living quarters and occupation

• No interaction between them and increased the social gap between them.

Opposition from the local people (1)

• Reason: The people felt that their positions had been eroded• Perak- a) the British met with opposition from Sultan Abdullah, Dato

Maharaja Lela, Menteri Larut, Datuk Sagor and other chiefs.

b) J.W.W. Birch interfere with the Malay custom and do not understand the Malay custom

c) British abolish slavery practiced) Preventing tax collecting by the local officiale) It climaxed with the murder of J.W.W. Birch, the resident

by Dato Maharajalela.

Opposition from the local people (2)

In Pahang-• Pahang chiefs, especially Dato Bahaman, Tok

Gajah and Mat Kilau, opposed British. • Dato Bahaman received Sultan Ahmad blessings

who felt his position challenged by the British. • The people supported the struggle because they

was angered by the British angered by the British who had imposed taxes in things.

• Local dignitaries lost the source of income from taxes

• Sultan Ahmad was force to bow to Britishforce to bow to British• A holy war holy war was launched against the British

Opposition from the local people (4)

• In Kelantan, the British introduced the taxation system and make the local felt angered.

• British appointed a District Office in Pasir Putih and imposed taxes imposed taxes to local people

• Tok Janggut arose to oppose the British but at the end he lose his life.

• The opposition is known as Tok Janggut Tok Janggut RebellionRebellion

Opposition from the local people (5)

• In Terengganu, • taxation system and other regulation imposed by the

British were not well received by the local people too.

• Main reason: British makes things difficult for Muslim going against teaching of religion teaching of religion and imposition of all sorts of taxes.

• Conflict took place in 1922,1925 and 1928 because British introduce pass for farmer to cultivate land.

• The rebellion was known as Peasants’ Rebellion Peasants’ Rebellion by Abdul Rahman LimbongAbdul Rahman Limbong

Opposition from the local people (6)• In Sarawak, • James Brooke expand influence through military

force aroused the anger of the Malay and Iban.• Sharif Masahor Sharif Masahor – objection to James Brooke

occupying Sg Rejang• RentapRentap opposed British action to end piracy and end piracy and

head hunting activities.head hunting activities.• Banting Banting opposed British action to destroy the

customs and traditions of the local populations.

Opposition from the local people (7)

• In Sabah, • Mat Salleh Mat Salleh arouse to oppose British because his

position was challenged and his people burden with unfair taxation

• AntanumAntanum opposed British’s action against the practice of shifting cultivationshifting cultivation, the construction of the construction of highway in Murut territoryhighway in Murut territory and Murut being force to be labourerslabourers in the construction of roads.

• Known as Rundum RevivalRundum Revival

Opposition from the local people (8)

Japanese OccupationJapanese Occupation• The Japanese oppression of the local people. • Communist Party of Malaya establish Malayan

People Anti Japanese Army (MPAJA). Most of the members were Chinese.

• Malay form the voluntary Army and Malay Regiment.• E.g.:Tentera Wataniah by the Malay in Pahang Askar

Melayu Setia, Perak, Guerilla Kinabalu in Sabah• Guerilla warfare- Guerilla warfare- hiding in the jungle and attack

Japanese from time to time

Opposition from the local people (9)

1. Colonisation caused the local population, the leader s and the rulers lose control in their own country.

2. The foreigners exploited the natural resources and the system of taxation thus taking away the income of local officials.

3. Local population reluctant to pay taxes to foreigners as they have no right to receive any payment of taxes

Opposition from the local people (10)

4. Ignorance of British in understanding the local customs and practices. They were accused of not respecting the local customary practices, Instead they tried to eradicate them.

• Customary practices includeda) slavery b) the traditions of head huntingc) the practice of shifting cultivationd) imposition of pass for tilling the soil

Struggle for Nationalism• Before 20th century- opposition toward colonisation

took the form of a bloody struggle.• The local people use arms and sacrificed their live

to free themselves from foreigners control.• After 20th century, the struggle took another form.• Many changes by British that lead the people to

fight for the independence without bloodshed.• They use organisation and mass media to struggle.

E.g.: Utusan Melayu, Saudara, • Association and organisation. E.g. Union in every

group like Kelantan Malay Association.