topicality - wake 2013

5/23/2018 Topicality - Wake 2013

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Wake Forest Debate 1/ 75Matt Struth

TOPICALITY


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EARLIEST BIRD PRIMER

The camp affs are fairly topical, however, the following sections break down the best T

arguments versus each aff.

Venezuela/Mexico.Both of these affs are investment in energy infrastructure. On face, thats pretty topical. There is aviolation in the file that says energy cooperation is non-economic engagement, but the aff argument thatwould moot the most pertinent affs on the topic is pretty strong. Youll have better luck with the must bea quid-pro-quo (QPQ) violation. The strongest part of the QPQ violation is the limits argument- that thereare too many forms of engagement for the neg to be prepared without a stable element to prepare against(the element of conditioning). Conditioning provides the negative stable options- the unconditional CP, Klinks based off conditioning, and say no/backlash case arguments for each country. The trick to winningthis is the magnitude of the limits argument- you need to prove that EE is truly too broad to allow goodneg ground.

CubaEmbargoAlthough the QPQ violation also applies here, there is an argument that lifting the embargo justALLOWS economic engagement and is therefore only effects T at best. The best part of this violation isthe increase argument. The best standards argument is the aff doesnt get links based off theengagement, like spending.

CubaEconomic EngagementSince this aff just uses the resolutional phrasing, it will be hard to disprove that it is T. The EE specargument is an option, although non-ASPEC specs are rarely round winners. The weakness of this aff isthat it will have a hard time beating the just lift the embargo CP with any net benefit (spending?).Therefore, I dont foresee people reading this aff as much. Also, the QPQ violation applies.

And always, ASPEC.


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***ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT***


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--- Violations ---


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1NC: EECant Be Military

A. Definition -- Economic engagement excludes political/military/cultural engagement- the

alternative is unlimiting and destroys education

Haass, 2000Brookings Foreign Policy Studies director[Richard, and Meghan O'Sullivan, "Introduction" in Honey and Vinegar, ed. by Haass and O'Sullivan,google books]

Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose. Economicengagement might offer tangible incentives such as export credits, investment insurance or promotion,access to technology, loans, and economic aid." Other equally useful economic incentives involve the removal of penalties,whether they be trade embargoes, investment bans, or high tariffs that have impeded economic relations between the United States and the targetcountry. In addition, facilitated entry into the global economic arena and the institutions that govern it rank among the most potent incentives in

today's global market." Similarly,political engagement can involvethe lure of diplomatic recognition, access toregional orinternational institutions, or the scheduling of summitsbetween leaders-or the termination of these benefits.Militaryengagement could involvethe extension of International Military Educa- tional Training(IMET) both to strengthen respect for

civilian authority and human rights among a country's armed forces and, more feasibly, to establish relationships between Americans and youngforeign military officers." These areas of engagement are likely to involve working with state institutions, while cultural or civil societyengagement is likely to entail building people-to-people contacts. Funding nongovernmental organizations,facilitating the flow of remittances, establishing postal and telephone linksbe- tween the United States and the targetcountry, and promoting the exchange of students, tourists, and other nongovernmentalpeople between the countries aresome of the incentives that might be offered under a policy of cultural engagement. This brief overviewof the various forms of engagement illuminates the choices open to policymakers. The plethora of optionssignals the flexibility of engagement as a foreign policy strategy and, in doing so, reveals one of the real strengths of engagement.At the same time, it also suggests the urgent need for considered analysis of this strategy. The purpose of this

book is to address this need by deriving insights and lessons from past episodes of engagement and proposing guidelines for the future use ofengagement strategies. Throughout the book, two critical questions are entertained. First, when should policymakers consider engagement? Astrategy of engagement may serve certain foreign policy objectives better than others. Specific characteristics of a target country may make itmore receptive to a strategy of engagement and the incentives offered under it; in other cases, a country's domestic politics may effectivelyexclude the use of engagement strategies. Second, how should engagement strategies be managed to maximize the chances of success? Shedding

light on how policymakers achieved, or failed, in these efforts in the past is critical in an evaluation of engagement strategies. By focusingour analysis, these questions and concems help produce a framework to guide the use of engagementstrategies in the upcoming decades.

B. Violationthe aff is military aid not economic aid.

C. Voting Issue fairness and educationallowing military affs explodes the topic, adds a

whole new topic to an already large resolution, kills predictability and ground.


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1NC: EE - Cant Be Intermediaries

A. DefinitionIts is possessiveeconomic engagement must come from the US not an

intermediary.

Glossary of English 05. (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to showpossession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk andshows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violationthe aff isnt direct economic engagement they include an intermediary.

C. Voting Issue for fairness and abusethey explode the topic, allows engagement with

ANYONE, crushes predictability and the negative research burden.


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2NC: Its =/= Intermediaries

The US does not have control over aid routed through multilateral organizations once it

becomes multilateral assistance it is no longer offered by the United States

Weiss 8. [Martin, Analyst in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade @ CRS4/1/08, The World BanksInternational Development Association (IDA), http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/3225.pdf]

On the other hand, some analysts raise concerns that the United States loses too much control over the provision of its aid with amultilateral approach. First, they argue, it is very difficult for donors to earmark funds when they arecontributed multilaterally. If other donors are not in broad support of the U.S. aid agenda, the United States might be able to achieve itsforeign policy objectives more directly by providing bilateral aid through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) or anotherU.S. agency. Second, since the United States does not have veto power on World Bank lending, the Bank sometimes provides assistance tocountries despite strong U.S. opposition. For example, the World Bank has several loan projects in Iran, a country that the United States hasdesignated as a state-sponsor of international terrorism. Although Congress requires the United States to oppose any World Bank loan to Iran (orany other country so-designated by the State Department), since the United States does not have a veto, several projects to Iran have gone throughover the past few years. Most recently, the World Bank approved a $224 million water supply and sanitation project in May 2005. Currently, theWorld Bank has ten active projects in Iran worth $1.36 billion. 4 According to some Members of Congress, a purely bilateral approach mightensure that no U.S. funds are used to support aid programs to countries that run counter to U.S. foreign policy. Others argue that for some

countries, it may in the interest of the United States for certain types of programs to be funded by the World

Bank(humanitarian, environmental, for example), since certain countries might not be willing to accept aid if it wereoffered by the United States for domestic political reasons.

Lack of definitional clarity undermines policy implementation.

Crawford 1. [Gordon, Lecturer in Development Studies @ University of Leeds, Foreign Aid and Political Reform: A ComparativeAnalysis and Political Conditionality, 2001, pg.29-30]

A range of analysts have commented that a feature of the main conceptshuman rights, democracy and good governanceis theircontested nature and that their introduction into development assistance is characterized by a lack ofconceptual clarity, with repercussions for policy coherence. The only possible exception is human rights, benefiting fromgreater definitional specificity through its incorporation into international law. Pertinently, Burnell (1994, p. 488) noted that clarity of aimsand objectives is essential for effective policy implementation, with negative implications if concepts are

insufficiently well defined.


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Ext: Its = Possessive

Possession means control over

Oxford Dictionaries 11. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/possession

Possession Pronunciation:/pz()n/ noun 1 [mass noun] the state of having , owning, or controllingsomething: she had taken possession of the sofa the book came into my possession he remains in fullpossession of his sanity

Its means belonging to.

Macmillan Dictionary 9.[pg. http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/its]belonging or relating to a thing, idea, place, animal etc.


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1NC: EEMust be a QPQ

A. Violation -- Economic engagement requires a quid pro quothe aff doesnt.

Haas and O'Sullivan 00. [Richard N., former senior aid to President George bush, and Meghan L., Brookings ForeignPolicy Studies Program fellow,Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy,http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815733550/html/203.html#pagetop, 1-2]

The term engagementwas popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the United States toward

South Africa during the first term of the Reagan administration. However, the word appears to mean simply the conduct of

normal relations. In German, no comparable translation exists. Even to native English speakers, the concept behind the word is unclear.

Except in the few instances in which the United States has sought to isolate a regimeor country, America

arguably "engages" statesand actors all the timein one capacity or another simply by interacting with them. This

book, however, employs the term engagement in a much more specific way, one that involves much

more than a policy of nonisolation. In our usage, engagement refers to a foreign policy strategy that

depends to a significant degree on positive incentives to achieve its objectives. Certainly, engagement does not precludethe simultaneous use of other foreign policy instruments such as sanctions or military force. In practice, there is often considerable overlap of

strategies, particularly when the termination or lifting of sanctions is used as a positive inducement. Yet

the distinguishing feature ofengagement strategies is their reliance on the extension or provision of incentives to shape the behavior of

countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

B. Vote Neg

1. Groundrequiring a qpq is key to disad links, case args, and kritiks based onattaching stringstheir interp explodes the topic, crushing neg predictability.

2. Education- debating quid pro quos allows plans with more nuance than justincreasing US contact or interaction- it better reflects the proposals in the literature


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1NC: EECant Be Energy

A. Violationeconomic engagement is the exchange of goods, services, capital and labor

energy is a non-economic partnership.

Rose, 8-- UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration [Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008,www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1]

Non-Economic Engagementand International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine the role of non-economicpartnerships in promoting international economic exchange. Since far-sighted countries are more willing to join costly international partnershipssuch as environmental treaties, environmental engagement tends to encourage international lending. Countries with such non-economic

partnerships also find it easier to engage in economic exchanges since they face the possibility that debt default might also spill over to hindertheir non-economic relationships. We present a theoretical model of these ideas, and then verify their empirical importance using a bilateral cross-section of data on international cross-holdings of assets and environmental treaties. Our results support the notion that international

environmental cooperation facilitates economic exchange. Countries, like people, interactwith each other on a number ofdifferent dimensions. Some interactionsare strictly economic; for instance, countries engage in internationaltrade of goods, services, capital, and labor. But many are not economic, at least not in any narrow

sense.For instance, the United States seeks to promote human rights and democracy, deter nuclearproliferation, stop the spread of narcotics, and so forth. Accordingly America, like other countries,participates in anumber ofinternational institutionsto further its foreign policy objectives; it has joined securityalliances like NATO,and international organizations such as the International Atomic EnergyAgency. In this paper, we concentrate on the interesting andunderstudied case of international environmentalarrangements (IEAs). We ask whether participation in such non-economicpartnerships tends to enhance international economic relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is

positive.

B. Vote Neg

First, Groundallowing energy affs adds a whole new topic into an already broadresolutionnarrow limits are key to a fair research burden and innovation.

Second, Educationonly the neg interp limits the topic to the core of economic engagement

allowing energy affs skews the focus of the resolution to the fringe, decking topic specific

education
http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1


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--- Additional Definitions ---


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EENarrow Definitions

Economic engagement is the exchange of goods, services, capital and labor- not policy

oriented

Rose, 8-- UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration [Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008,www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1]

Non-Economic Engagementand International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine the role of non-economicpartnerships in promoting international economic exchange. Since far-sighted countries are more willing to join costly international partnershipssuch as environmental treaties, environmental engagement tends to encourage international lending. Countries with such non-economic

partnerships also find it easier to engage in economic exchanges since they face the possibility that debt default might also spill over to hindertheir non-economic relationships. We present a theoretical model of these ideas, and then verify their empirical importance using a bilateral cross-section of data on international cross-holdings of assets and environmental treaties. Our results support the notion that international

environmental cooperation facilitates economic exchange. Countries, like people, interactwith each other on a number ofdifferent dimensions. Some interactionsare strictly economic; for instance, countries engage in internationaltrade of goods, services, capital, and labor. But many are not economic, at least not in any narrowsense.For instance, the United States seeks to promote human rights and democracy, deter nuclear

proliferation, stop the spread of narcotics, and so forth. Accordingly America, like other countries,participates in anumber ofinternational institutionsto further its foreign policy objectives; it has joined securityalliances like NATO,and international organizations such as the International Atomic EnergyAgency. In this paper, we concentrate on the interesting andunderstudied case of international environmentalarrangements (IEAs). We ask whether participation in such non-economicpartnerships tends to enhance international economic relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is

positive.

Negative and positive conditions together constitute economic engagement

Forcese, 2002, Greg BA, McGill; MA, Carleton; LL.B., Ottawa; LL.M., Yale; Member of the Bars ofNew York, Ontario and the District of Columbia. Associate, Hughes, Hubbard & Reed, LLP,Washington, Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal, Globalizing Decency: Responsible

Engagement in an Era of Economic Integration, p. 42, this evidence was obtained at

http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/)

At the margins, conditionalities inducing adherence to codes of conduct and sanctions blur together. Forinstance, while selective purchasing need not constitute a boycott, the Burma and South Africaprocurement regimesdiscussedabove are clearly designed to curtail economic engagement with unpalatable regimes. Measures insisting on divestment crossa subtle boundary, going beyond the mitigation goal of the second prong of responsible engagement. They clearly constitutesanctions, the propriety of which must be scrutinized with an eye to the various concerns about sanctions,their effectiveness and secondary effects.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1


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EEBroad Definitions

Economic engagement includes many things

Heimbach, 13the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs report[Jay, "6 Ways to boost economic engagement with Africa," 3-12-13,www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/]

6Ways to boost economic engagementwith AfricaAs the United States continues itsvital investments in global health, there is also an opportunity for additional investment in the kind ofeconomic statecraft that will facilitate a transition from aid to trade, guaranteeing a higher return on investment for the American taxpayer and

better enabling a sustained US government investment. Senator Chris Coons, D-Del., Embracing Africas Economic Potential I couldntagree more with Senator Coons. Coons is the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs, and last week hereleased a welcome report entitled Embracing Africas Economic Potential. Global Apparel, Ltd, an apparel manufacturing company in Kenya,exports garments to the US under AGOA providing much-needed jobs for Kenyans. Photo credit: Morgana Wingard/ ONE. In the report,Senator Coons lays out the case for an economic engagement policy with Africa that will be beneficial to Americans and Africans alike. AsCoons points out, [T]here is a clear and pressing need for increased US economic engagement in sub-Saharan Africa. Read the report hereIncreased trade facilitates growth for US businesses as well as our African partners, simultaneously strengthening our own ec onomy and Africasemerging markets. In addition to creating jobs here at home, investment abroad allows US companies to project American values in critical areasof the world. The report clearly illustrates the investment potential in Africa. The report lays out six key recommendations for US policymakers

as they consider economic engagement with Africa: - SupportAfrican-led efforts to improve the business climateon thecontinent and remove barriers to trade; - Reauthorize and strengthen the African Growth and Opportunity Act well in advance of its2015 expiration; - Improve coordination between USgovernment agencies and develop a comprehensiveinteragency strategy for increased investmentin sub-Saharan Africa; - Increase the presence of US ForeignCommercial Service Officersin sub-Saharan Africa to help US companies navigate the business climate in theregion; - Increase support for agencies that provide financing to encourage US commercial engagementoverseas, mitigate investment risks, and generate a profit for American taxpayers; and - Engage the Africandiaspora community in the United States to strengthen economic ties. The recommendations in this report are the type ofsmart, bipartisan policies thatif implemented properlywould likely produce exciting, quantifiable results. They recognize the huge potentialfor Africa, and would produce economic opportunities for Americans and Africans. At ONE, we are dedicated to fighting extreme povertyandwe know this will take a lot of smart ideas and committed actors. Reports like this one are a welcome addition to the conversation.

Expanding Trade and investment are forms of economic engagement

Express Tribune 12, December 2, 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/473827/pakistan-us-hold-talks-on-bilateral-economic-engagement/ Pakistan-US Hold Talks on Bilateral Economic Engagement

Signalling improvement in their high-stakes relationship, Pakistan and theUnited States held talks on expanding bilateraleconomic engagement,particularly in the areas of trade and investment. Finance Minister Dr Abdul Hafeez Shaikh andDeputy Secretary of State Thomas R Nides co-chaired the US-Pakistan Economic and Finance Working Group,pledging to strengthenbilateral cooperation. Welcoming Shaikh at the State Department, Nides said the US-Pakistan cooperation is not only about helping eachother in terms of national security, but also in economic growth. We are going to continue with the idea of trade not aid that we have beenworking on for the last two yearsour theme for these talks is about the economic growth of the people of Pakistan,Nides said, standingalongside the finance minister. Admiring the longstanding bilateral trade and investment links, Shaikh said economic ties were very important tothe relationship. He said that Nides played a major part in re-energising the partnership. We are looking forward to deepening our economic

relationship, the areas we want to focus are trade and investment, better utilisation of external assistance, we aretrying to bring our businesses togetherto put this relationship on really strong foundations, Shaikh said. Both Washington andKabul view Pakistans role as vital to the conclusion of the conflict and success of the Afghan reconciliation bid. The US, on the other hand, had

been a major trading partner and investor in Pakistan, he added. The US commended Pakistans recent efforts to expand economic cooperationwith its neighbours, particularly India. Both sides discussed ways to improve trade and transit with Afghanistan and Central Asia. The USwelcomed the Government of Pakistans plans to extend the most-favoured-nation status to India by the end of the year. Finance minister Shaikhled a delegation of top economic managers including Minister of State Saleem Mandviwalla, Finance Secretary Wajid Rana, State Bank ofPakistan Governor Yasin Anwar and Federal Board of Revenue Chairman Ali Arshad Hakim. The US delegation included senior representativesfrom the Department of State, United States Agency for International Development, the Office of the US Trade Representative, and the National

Security Staff.
http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/


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EEConditions Irrelevant

Economic engagement need not include conditions

Shirk, 9-- Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation director [Susan, et al, "North Korea Inside Out:The Case for Economic Engagement," Independent Task Force, Dec 2009,asiasociety.org/files/pdf/North_Korea_Inside_Out.pdf]

A second objection is that engagement should be conditionedon North Korean behavior . In the past, Washington hasconditioned engagement with North Korea on progress in denuclearization . This strategy puts the cart before the horse, and has beenunsuccessful . It has the perverse result of strengthening arguments inside North Korea that the country needs a strong deterrent to protect itself

from outside threats . The U .S . can better advance its aims by opening the space for change to take place from the ground up . While someengagement should continue to be conditionedon progress on the nuclear and other fronts, many forms ofengagement should proceed with no conditions attached. Our report is focused on the economic side ofengagement, andparticularly on forms of economic engagement that can and should proceednow, withoutany conditionality, as first steps in a process of phased engagement.

Economic engagement can be both conditional and unconditionalKahler 6(Miles Kahler,Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University ofCalifornia, San Diego,Scott L. Kastner,Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland,2006, Journal of Peace Research, Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Po licies onthe Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait, 43(5), p. 523, this evidence was obtained athttp://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/)

While the determinants and effectiveness of economic sanctions have been the subject of a substantial and growing literature in international

relations, much less attention has been given to economic engagement strategies, where a countrydeliberately expands economic ties with an adversary to change the targets behavior. This article develops atheoretical framework that distinguishes between three types of engagement strategies: conditional policies thatdirectly link economic ties to changed behavior in the target state; unconditional policies where economicinterdependence is meant to act as a constraint on the behavior of the target state; and unconditionalpolicies where economic interdependence is meant to effect a transformation in the foreign policy goalsof the target state.

Can be conditional or conditioned

Kahler, 4University of California, San Diego, Graduate School of International Relations and PacificStudies [Miles, and Scott Kastner, University of Maryland Department of Government and Politics,Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies in South Korea, Singapore, andTaiwan, 2006,https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsos.umd.edu%2Fgvpt%2Fkastner%2FKahlerKastner.doc&ei=n1eRUcnVOpTW8gT06oGADA&usg=AFQjCNFNFta1M5d4wNmGEXYkeG86I4Ehdw&sig2=282hgP-ZbOqOdCok5zJqkA&bvm=bv.46340616,d.eWU]

Scholars have usefully distinguished between two types of economic engagement: conditional policiesthat require an explicit quid-pro-quo on the part of the target country, and policies that are unconditional.iConditional policies, sometimes called linkage or economic carrots, are the inverse of economic sanctions. Instead of threatening a target

country with a sanction absent a change in policy, conditional engagement policies promise increased economic flowsin exchange for policy change.Drezners (1999/2000) analysis of conditional economic inducements yields a set of highly plausibleexpectations concerning when conditional strategies are likely to be employed, and when they are likely to succeed. Specifically, he suggests thatreasons exist to believe, a priori, that policies of conditional engagement will be less prevalent than economic sanctions. First, economic coercionis costly if it fails (sanctions are only carried out if the target country fails to change policy), while conditional engagement is costly if it succeeds(economic payoffs are delivered only if the target country does change policy). Second, states may be reluctant to offer economic inducements
http://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Miles+Kahler&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Miles+Kahler&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Miles+Kahler&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Scott+L.+Kastner&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Scott+L.+Kastner&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Scott+L.+Kastner&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Scott+L.+Kastner&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://jpr.sagepub.com/search?author1=Miles+Kahler&sortspec=date&submit=Submit


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with adversaries with whom they expect long-term conflict, as this may undermine their resolve in the eyes of their opponent while also makingthe opponent stronger. Third, the potential for market failure in an anarchic international setting looms large: both the initiating and the targetstates must be capable of making a credible commitment to uphold their end of the bargain. These factors lead Drezner to hypothesize that the useof economic carrots is most likely to occur and succeed between democracies (because democracies are better able to make crediblecommitments than non-democracies), within the context of international regimes (because such regimes reduce the transactions costs of market

exchange), and, among adversaries, only after coercive threats are first used. Unconditional engagement strategies are morepassive in that they do not include a specific quid-pro-quo.Rather, countries deploy economic links with an

adversary in the hopes that economic interdependence itself will, over time, effect change in the targetsforeign policy behavior and yield a reduced threat of military conflict at the bilateral level . How increasedcommercial and/or financial integration at the bilateral level might yield an improved bilateral political environment is not obvious. While mostempirical studies on the subject find that increased economic ties tend to be associated with a reduced likelihood of military violence,ii noconsensus exists regarding how such effects are realized. At a minimum, two causal pathways exist that state leaders might seek to exploit by

pursuing a policy of unconditional engagement: economic interdependence can act as a constraint on the foreign policy behavior of the targetstate, and economic interdependence can act as a transforming agent that helps to reshape the goals of the target state.


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EEYes QPQ

Economic engagement requires a quid pro quo.


The term engagementwas popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the United States toward

South Africa during the first term of the Reagan administration. However, the word appears to mean simply the conduct of

normal relations. In German, no comparable translation exists. Even to native English speakers, the concept behind the word is unclear.

Except in the few instances in which the United States has sought to isolate a regimeor country, America

arguably "engages" statesand actors all the timein one capacity or another simply by interacting with them. This

book, however, employs the term engagement in a much more specific way, one that involves much

more than a policy of nonisolation. In our usage, engagement refers to a foreign policy strategy that

depends to a significant degree on positive incentives to achieve its objectives. Certainly, engagement does not precludethe simultaneous use of other foreign policy instruments such as sanctions or military force. In practice, there is often considerable overlap of

strategies, particularly when the termination or lifting of sanctions is used as a positive inducement. Yet

the distinguishing feature ofengagement strategies is their reliance on the extension or provision of incentives to shape the behavior of

countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

Engagement requires quid pro quo- a demand for change in the target country in exchange

for incentives


The strategy of engagement, or the use of incentives alongside other foreign policy tools to persuadegovernments to change one or more aspects of their behavior, has received relatively little scrutiny.


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EEYes Sanctions

Increasing sanctions are economic engagement

Babson 11, March 11, 2011, Bradley, Rethinking Economic Engagement with NorthKorea,http://38north.org/2011/03/rethinking-economic-engagement-with-north-korea/,this evidence wasobtained athttp://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/)

Unfortunately, U.S.,South Korean, and Chinese economic engagement policieswith North Korea have been guided by verydifferent national interests and objectives. Taken together they produce conflicting dynamics that distort incentives for managed change in the

economic system. Giveaways,sanctions, and commerce are all in this mix, with results that are not satisfying for any of thecountries involved and are no doubt confusing for the North Koreans.

Economic engagement includes sanctions.

Trachy 11. [ELizabeth, JD Candidate, Albany Law School, "Comment: State and Local Economic Sanctions: The constitutionality of NewYork's divestment actions and the Sudan accountability and divestment act of 2007" Albany Law Review -- 74 Alb. L. Rev. 1019 -- lexis]

A successful American foreign relations program depends upon theability of the federal government to workcooperatively with its trading partners and allies, which in turn depends upon the formulation and implementation of a singleforeign policy for the nation as a whole. Economic engagement by the United States, especially the use of

economicand other sanctions, is a key element of United States foreign policy.Therefore, the capacity to calibratesuch an important tool to meet international demands is vital to the success of American diplomacy. State and municipal divestment laws, such asthe Illinois Sudan Act, have been challenged as interfering with the ability of the federal government to formulate a nation-wide, comprehensiveforeign policy toward targeted countries. Such enactments have also been challenged in that they impose a significant burden on American andforeign companies by requiring those companies to comply not only with the federal government's laws and regulations, but also with the variousforeign policy initiatives of the fifty states and numerous municipalities.
http://38north.org/2011/03/rethinking-economic-engagement-with-north-korea/http://38north.org/2011/03/rethinking-economic-engagement-with-north-korea/http://38north.org/2011/03/rethinking-economic-engagement-with-north-korea/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/http://38north.org/2011/03/rethinking-economic-engagement-with-north-korea/


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EEYes Removing Barriers

Economic engagement includes removing barriers.

Heimbach, 13the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs report[Jay, "6 Ways to boost economic engagement with Africa," 3-12-13,www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/]

6Ways to boost economic engagementwith AfricaAs the United States continues itsvital investments in global health, there is also an opportunity for additional investment in the kind of economic statecraft that willfacilitate a transition from a id to trade, guaranteeing a higher return on investment for the American taxpayer and better enabling a sustained US governmentinvestment. Senator Chris Coons, D-Del., Embracing Africas Economic Potential I couldnt agree more with Senator Coons. Coons is the chairman of theSenate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs, and last week he released a welcome report entitled Embracing Africas Economic Potential. GlobalApparel, Ltd, an apparel manufacturing company in Kenya, exports garments to the US under AGOA providing much-needed jobs for Kenyans. Photo credit:Morgana Wingard/ ONE. In the report, Senator Coons lays out the case for an economic engagement policy with Africa that will be beneficial to Americans and

Africans alike. As Coons points out, [T]here is a clear and pressing need for increased US economic engagement in sub-Saharan Africa. Read the report here

Increased trade facilitates growth for US businesses as well as our African pa rtners, simultaneously strengthening our own economy and Africas emerging markets.In addition to creating jobs here at home, investment abroad allows US companies to project American values in critical areas of the world. The report clearlyillustrates the investment potential in Africa. The report lays out six key recommendations for US policymakers as they consider economic engagement with Africa: -

SupportAfrican-led efforts to improve the business climateon the continent andremove barriers to trade; - Reauthorize andstrengthen the African Growth and Opportunity Act well in advance of its 2015 expiration; - Improve coordination between US government agencies and develop a

comprehensive interagency strategy for increased investment in sub-Saharan Africa; - Increase the presence of US Foreign Commercial Service Officers in sub-Saharan Africa to help US companies navigate the business climate in the region; - Increase support for agencies that provide financing to encourage US commercialengagement overseas, mitigate investment risks, and generate a profit for American taxpayers; and - Engage the African diaspora community in the United States to

strengthen economic ties. The recommendations in this report are the type of smart, bipartisan policies that if implemented properlywould likely produce exciting,quantifiable results. They recognize the huge potential for Africa, and would produce economic opportunities for Americans and Africans. At ONE, we are dedicated

to fighting extreme povertyand we know this will take a lot of smart ideas and committed actors. Reports like this one are a welcome addition to the conversation.
http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/http://www.one.org/us/2013/03/12/6-ways-to-boost-economic-engagement-with-africa/


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EEIncludes Lowering Tariffs

Economic engagement includes lowering tariffsState Dept says so.

Hormats 12. [Robert, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, "US Economic Engagement with the AsiaPacific" US Department of State -- December 7 -- www.state.gov/e/rls/rmk/2012/201746.htm]

But the real indicator of this is what weve done to enhance our economic engagementin the region, and I would like tospend some time describing what weve done and then go on to the kind of things that we anticipate doing over coming months and coming

years.A few highlightsof what we have include:(1) Seeking to forge more open economic ties, particularlythrough enhanced engagement with regional institutionssuch as ASEAN and APEC;(2) Promoting a free systemof commerce and investment and the exchange of ideas by pushing for lower tariffs, through tradeexpansion, and increased investment throughout the region, along with measures to protect intellectualproperty, and broader and deeper dialogues within regional institutions;


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EEIncludes Energy Cooperation

Economic engagement includes energy cooperation.


During the U.S.-ASEAN Summit last month, President Obama and ASEAN leaders also launched what we called the U.S.-ASEANExpanded Economic Engagement Initiative to promote economic cooperation between the United States and ASEAN. Thisinitiative, which we called the E3, will focus on enhancing ASEAN members capacity for advancing cooperation in many areasthat we think

will further enhance trade.In addition, an exciting new area for our outreach is in the energy sector. At the East AsianSummit, President Obama and his counterparts from Brunei and Indonesia announced the U.S.-Asia Pacific Comprehensive Energy Partnership.

The Partnership will offer a framework for expanding energy and environmental cooperation to advanceefforts to ensure affordable, secure, and cleaner energy throughout the region.We will foster active private sectorinvolvement in the partnership, which will focus on the four key areas of renewable and clean energy, markets and interconnectivity, theemerging role of natural gas, and sustainable development.


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EECan be Multilateral

Economic engagement can be multilateral or bilateral.


Let me conclude by simply emphasizing a few of the points that I have raised a few moments ago. In all of the areas of economicengagementIve mentioned whether key bilateral relationships or the emerging importance of multilateralinstitutions such as APECthebottom line is that this engagement can create jobs in the United States andin all of the partner countries engaged in this process.


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EEContextual Definitions

Economic Engagement.


But the real indicator of this is what weve done to enhance our economic engagementin the region, and I would like tospend some time describing what weve done and then go on to the kind of things that we anticipate doing over coming months and coming

years.A few highlightsof what we have include:(1) Seeking to forge more open economic ties, particularlythrough enhanced engagement with regional institutionssuch as ASEAN and APEC;(2) Promoting a free systemof commerce and investment and the exchange of ideas by pushing for lower tariffs, through tradeexpansion, and increased investment throughout the region, along with measures to protect intellectualproperty, and broader and deeper dialogues within regional institutions;(3) Advancing a more transparentsystem with rules and with regulations that will promote higher standards,such as through the TPP and through othervehicles; and(4) Supporting a fairer system, a system that respects rules of the road on trade andinvestment, particularly through extensive and constructive dialogues with emerging economiesof the regionin APEC, in ASEAN, and in other groups, engaging a wide number of countries in the region in a wide range of dialogues.


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25/75


***EMBARGO***


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1NC: EE =/= Embargo

A. Definition -- Economic engagement must be tangible- excludes lifting the embargo


Architects of engagement strategies have a wide varietyof incentives from which to choose.Economic

engagement might offer tangible incentives such as export credits, investment insurance or promotion,

access to technology, loans, and economic aid."Otherequally useful economic incentives involve the removal of

penalties, whether they be trade embargoes, investment bans, orhigh tariffsthat have impeded economic relations between theUnited States and the target country. In addition, facilitated entry into the global economic arena and the institutions that govem it rank among themost potent incentives in today's global market."

And Increase means to make greater in number.Dictionary.com Unabridged[Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2010., "Increase,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increase]

increase [v. in-krees; n. in-krees] Show IPA verb, -creased, -creasing, nounverb (used with object)1.to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to: to increase taxes.

B Violationthe aff just removes the embargoit doesnt net increase economic

engagement.

C. Voting Issue -

A. Limitstheir interp allows tariffs of the week affsexplodes the research burdenfor th eneg

B. Groundmeans they can spike out of all links based off of increasing engagementkills spending and politics.

C. Effects T is an Independent Voterthe aff gets advantages off of removing theembargo, NOT increasing engagement, proves the resolution insufficient.


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2NC: Precision Impact

The core meanings impact on predictability outweighs limits

Pregerson 6.[Harry, US Judge for the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, ARMANDO NAVARRO-LOPEZ, Petitioner, v.ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney General, Respondent. No. 04-70345 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH

CIRCUIT 503 F.3d 1063; 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 22312lexis]Expanding these categories beyond recognition at the expense of depriving common wordslike "felony" and"violence" of their ordinary meaning does a disserviceto the law. In order for judges to apply laws and forcitizens to obey them, words must have meanings that are consistent and predictable. Precision inlanguage is necessary not only for effective communication, but also for a well-functioning legal system.As guardians of the rule of law, we should be careful not to contribute to the deterioration of the English language, with the loss of respect for thelaw that inevitably results.


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2NC: Overlimiting Good

Turnlimits are vital to creativity and innovation

Intrator 10.[David, President of The Creative Organization, Thinking Inside the Box October 21 --http://www.trainingmag.com/article/thinking-inside-box]

One of the most pernicious myths about creativity, one that seriously inhibits creative thinking and innovation, isthe belief

that one needs to think outside the box. As someone who has worked for decades as a professional creative, nothing

could be further from the truth . This a is view shared by the vast majority of creatives, expressed famously by the modernist

designer Charles Eames when he wrote, Design depends largely upon constraints. The myth of thinking outside

the box stems from a fundamental misconception of what creativity is,and what its not. In the popular imagination,creativity is something weird and wacky. The creative process is magical, or divinely inspired. But, in fact, creativity is not about

divine inspiration or magic. Itsabout problem-solving, and by definition a problem is a constraint,

a limit, a box . One of the best illustrations of this is the work of photographers. They create by exc luding the great mass whats before

them, choosing a small frame in which to work. Within that tiny frame, literally a box, they uncover relationships and establish priorities. What

makes creative problem-solving uniquely challenging is that you, as the creator, are the one defining theproblem. Yourethe one choosing the frame.And you alone determine whats an effective solution. This can be quite

demanding, both intellectually and emotionally. Intellectually, you are required to establish limits , set priorities,

and cull patterns and relationships from a great deal of material, much of it fragmentary. More often than not, this is thematerial you generated during brainstorming sessions. At the end of these sessions, youre usually left with a big mess of ideas, half-ideas, vaguenotions, and the like. Now, chances are youve had a great time making your mess. You might have gone off-site, enjoyed a brainstorming

camp, played a number of warm-up games. You feel artistic and empowered. But to be truly creative, you have to clean upyour mess, organizing those fragments into something real, something useful, something that actuallyworks. Thats the hard part. It takes a lot of energy, time, and willpower to make sense of the mess youve just generated. I t also can be

emotionally difficult. Youllneed to throw out many ideas you originally thought were great, ideas

youvebecome attached to, because they simply dontfit into the rules youre creating as you build your box.


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30/75


***ENGAGEMENT SPEC***


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1NC: Engagement Specification

Substantial requires context- must specify the type of economic engagementWords and Phrases, Vol. 40A, 2002, p. 464.

Cal. 1956. "Substantial" is it relative term, its measure to be gauged by all the circumstances surrounding thematter in reference to which the expression has been used.-Atchison, 'I'. & S. F. IZy. Co. v. Kings County Water Dist., 3(12P.2d 1, 41 Ca1.2J 140.

Voting issue for education and ground- specification is pre-req to education and evaluating

solvency and disads


Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose. Economicengagement might offer tangible incentives such as export credits, investment insurance or promotion,

access to technology, loans, and economic aid."Other equally useful economic incentives involve the removal of penalties,whether they be trade embargoes, investment bans, or high tariffs that have impeded economic relations between the United States and the targetcountry. In addition, facilitated entry into the global economic arena and the institutions that govern it rank among the most potent incentives intoday's global market." Similarly, political engagement can involve the lure of diplomatic recognition, access to regional or internationalinstitutions, or the scheduling of summits between leaders-or the termination of these benefits. Military engagement could involve the extensionof International Military Educa- tional Training (IMET) both to strengthen respect for civilian authority and human rights among a country'sarmed forces and, more feasibly, to establish relationships between Americans and young foreign military officers." These areas of engagementare likely to involve working with state institutions, while cultural or civil society engagement is likely to entail building people-to-peoplecontacts. Funding nongovernmental organizations, facilitating the flow of remittances, establishing postal and telephone links between theUnited States and the target country, and promoting the exchange of students, tourists, and other nongovernmental people between the countries

are some of the incentives that might be offered under a policy of cultural engagement. This brief overview of the various formsof engagement illuminates the choices open to policymakers. The plethora of options signals theflexibility of engagement as a foreign policy strategy and, in doing so, reveals one of the real strengths of engagement. At the

same time, italsosuggests the urgent need for considered analysis of this strategy.The purpose of this book isto address this need by deriving insights and lessons from past episodes of engagement and proposing guidelines for the future use of engagement

strategies. Throughout the book, two critical questions are entertained. First, when should policymakers consider engagement? A strategyof engagement may serve certain foreign policy objectives better than others.Specific characteristics of atarget country may make it more receptive to a strategy of engagement and the incentives offered under it;in other cases, a country's domestic politics may effectively exclude the use of engagement strategies.Second, how should engagement strategies be managed to maximize the chances of success? Shedding light on how policymakers achieved, or

failed, in these efforts in the past is critical in an evaluation of engagement strategies. By focusing our analysis, these questions

and concerns help produce a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.


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2NC: Engagement Specification

Key to education

Kahler, 4University of California, San Diego, Graduate School of International Relations and PacificStudies [Miles, and Scott Kastner, University of Maryland Department of Government and Politics,Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies in South Korea, Singapore, andTaiwan, 2006,https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsos.umd.edu%2Fgvpt%2Fkastner%2FKahlerKastner.doc&ei=n1eRUcnVOpTW8gT06oGADA&usg=AFQjCNFNFta1M5d4wNmGEXYkeG86I4Ehdw&sig2=282hgP-ZbOqOdCok5zJqkA&bvm=bv.46340616,d.eWU]

We begin by developing a theoretical framework through which to examine strategies of economic engagement. Drawing from the existing

literature, our framework distinguishes between different forms of economic engagement, and outlines thefactors likely to facilitate or undermine the implementation of these different strategies. With this framework asa guide, we then examine the strategic use of economic interdependencefocusing in particular on economic engagementin three East Asian

States: South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. We use these case studies to draw conclusions about the underlying

factorsthat facilitate the use of a strategy of economic engagement, that determine the particular type of engagement strategy used, and thathelp to predict the likelihood of success. Because our conclusions are primarily derived inductively from a small number of cases,we are cautious in making claims of generalizability. Nonetheless, it is our hope that the narratives we provide and the conclusions that we drawfrom them will help to spur further research into this interesting yet under-studied subject.


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34/75


***INCREASE***


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1NC: Must be Pre-Existing

A. DefinitionIncrease must be pre-existing.Brown, US District Judge, 7-17-2003

[Anna J., UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON, 275 F. Supp. 2d1307; 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13355, l/n, accessed 8-1-10, mss]

The Fair Credit Reporting Act does not define the term "increase." The plain and ordinary meaning of theverb "to increase" is to make something greater or larger. The "something" that is increased in 15U.S.C.S. 1681a(k)(1)(B)(i) is the "charge for any insurance." The plain and common meaning of thenoun "charge" is the price demanded for something. Thus, the statute plainly means an insurer takes

adverse action if the insurer makes greater (i.e., larger) the price demanded for insurance. An insurer

cannot "make greater" something that did not exist previously .The statutory definition of adverse

action, therefore, clearly anticipates an insurer must have made an initialcharge or demand for paymentbefore the insurer can increase that charge. In other words, an insurer cannot increase the charge for

insurance unless the insurer previously set and demanded payment of the premium for that insured'sinsurance coverage at a lower price.

B. Violationthe aff creates an entirely new category of economic engagement.

C. Voting Issuefor limits and ground -- they justify limitless new mechs explodes the

research burden and jacks division of ground.


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37/75


***OTHER DEFINITIONS***


38/75


Resolved

Resolved means firm in purposeRandom House Dictionary, 2009

[Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "resolved,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, mss]

resolved [ri-zolvd]

adjectivefirm in purpose or intent; determined.

Resolved = congressWest's Encyclopedia of American Law, 2008[The Free Dictionary, "Resolution; redirected from resolved," http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/resolved, mss]

The official expression of the opinion or will of a legislative body. The practice of submitting and votingon resolutions is a typical part of business in Congress, state legislatures, and other public assemblies.These bodies use resolutions for two purposes. First, resolutions express their consensus on matters ofpublic policy: lawmakers routinely deliver criticism or support on a broad range of social issues, legalrights, court opinions, and even decisions by the Executive Branch. Second, they pass resolutions forinternal, administrative purposes. Resolutions are not laws; they differ fundamentally in their purpose.However, under certain circumstances resolutions can have the effect of law.

Resolved definitionsRandom House Dictionary, 2009

[Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "resolved,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, mss]resolve [ri-zolv]-solved, -solving, noun

verb (used with object)1. to come to a definite or earnest decision about; determine (to do something): I have resolved thatI shall live to the full.2. to separate into constituent or elementary parts; break up; cause or disintegrate (usually fol. byinto).3. to reduce or convert by, or as by, breaking up or disintegration (usually fol. by to or into).4. to convert or transform by any process (often used reflexively).5. to reduce by mental analysis (often fol. by into).

6. to settle, determine, or state formally in a vote or resolution, as of a deliberative assembly.7. to deal with (a question, a matter of uncertainty, etc.) conclusively; settle; solve: to resolve thequestion before the board.8. to clear away or dispel (doubts, fears, etc.); answer: to resolve any doubts we may have had.9. Chemistry. to separate (a racemic mixture) into optically active components.10. Music. to cause (a voice part or the harmony as a whole) to progress from a dissonance to aconsonance.11. Optics. to separate and make visible the individual parts of (an image); distinguish between.12. Medicine/Medical. to cause (swellings, inflammation, etc.) to disappear without suppuration.


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verb (used without object)13. to come to a determination; make up one's mind; determine (often fol. by on or upon): to resolveon a plan of action.14. to break up or disintegrate.15. to be reduced or changed by breaking up or otherwise (usually fol. by to or into).16. Music. to progress from a dissonance to a consonance.

noun17. a resolution or determination made, as to follow some course of action.18. firmness of purpose or intent; determination.

ResolvedMSN Encarta Dictionary, 2009["Resolved,"http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861700940, mss]resolve [ ri zlv ] adjectiveDefinition:

2. transitive verb solve difficulty: to find a solution to a problem

ResolvedMSN Encarta Dictionary, 2009["Resolved,"http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861700940, mss]resolve [ ri zlv ] adjectiveDefinition:

4. transitive verb dispel doubts: to dispel doubts or anxieties


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: (Colon)

Colon marks a pause for explanationLynch, Rutgers University English professor, 2000

[Jack, "Guide to Grammar and Style," http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/c.html, mss]

A colon marks a pause for explanation, expansion, enumeration, or elaboration. Use a colon to introduce alist: thing one, thing two, and thing three. Use it to pause and explain: this sentence makes the point. Useit to give an example: this, for instance.

Colon introducesThe Guide to Grammar and Writing, no date given["The Colon," http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm, mss]

Use a colon [ : ] before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Thinkof the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on:

There is only one thing left to do now: confess while you still have time.The charter review committee now includes the following people:

the mayorthe chief of policethe fire chiefthe chair of the town council

You nearly always have a sense of what is going to follow or be on the other side of the colon.

ColonRandom House, 2009[Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "colon,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/colon, mss]

colon /koln/ [koh-luhn]

noun,1. the sign (:) used to mark a major division in a sentence, to indicate that what follows is anelaboration, summation, implication, etc., of what precedes; or to separate groups of numbers referring todifferent things, as hours from minutes in 5:30; or the members of a ratio or proportion, as in 1 : 2 : : 3 : 6.


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The

TheRandom House, 2009[Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "The,"

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/the, mss]

The [stressed thee; unstressed before a consonant thuh; unstressed before a vowel thee]definite article1. (used, esp. before a noun, with a specifying or particularizing effect, as opposed to the indefiniteor generalizing force of the indefinite article a or an): the book you gave me; Come into the house.2. (used to mark a proper noun, natural phenomenon, ship, building, time, point of the compass,branch of endeavor, or field of study as something well-known or unique): the sun; the Alps; the QueenElizabeth; the past; the West.3. (used with or as part of a title): the Duke of Wellington; the Reverend John Smith.4. (used to mark a noun as indicating the best-known, most approved, most important, mostsatisfying, etc.): the skiing center of the U.S.; If you're going to work hard, now is the time.

5. (used to mark a noun as being used generically): The dog is a quadruped.6. (used in place of a possessive pronoun, to note a part of the body or a personal belonging): Hewon't be able to play football until the leg mends.7. (used before adjectives that are used substantively, to note an individual, a class or number ofindividuals, or an abstract idea): to visit the sick; from the sublime to the ridiculous.8. (used before a modifying adjective to specify or limit its modifying effect): He took the wrongroad and drove miles out of his way.9. (used to indicate one particular decade of a lifetime or of a century): the sixties; the gay nineties.10. (one of many of a class or type, as of a manufactured item, as opposed to an individual one): Didyou listen to the radio last night?11. enough: He saved until he had the money for a new car. She didn't have the courage to leave.12. (used distributively, to note any one separately) for, to, or in each; a or an: at one dollar the

pound.


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USFGBroad Definitions

United States includes all land, waters, seas, airspace, territories, etcDOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 2005

[US Department of Defense 2005, "United States," http://www.thefreedictionary.com/United+States,mss]

United StatesIncludes the land area, internal waters, territorial sea, and airspace of the United States, including thefollowing: a. US territories, possessions, and commonwealths; and b. Other areas over which the USGovernment has complete jurisdiction and control or has exclusive authority or defense responsibility.


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USFGAll 3 Branches

United States government means all 3 branchesWordnet, 2006

[Wordnet 3.0 by Princeton University, "United States government,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/united+states+government, mss]

united states government- nounthe executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States

US means all three branchesColumbia Encyclopedia, no date given["United States," http://www.answers.com/topic/united-states, mss]

The government of the United States is that of a federal republic set up by the Constitution of the UnitedStates, adopted by the Constitutional Convention of 1787. There is a division of powers between thefederal government and the state governments. The federal government consists of three branches: theexecutive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive power is vested in the President and, in the eventof the President's incapacity, the Vice President. (For a chronological list of all the presidents and vicepresidents of the United States, including their terms in office and political parties, see the table entitledPresidents of the United States.) The executive conducts the administrative business of the nation with theaid of a cabinet composed of the Attorney General and the Secretaries of the Departments of State;Treasury; Defense; Interior; Agriculture; Commerce; Labor; Health and Human Services; Education;Housing and Urban Development; Transportation; Energy; and Veterans' Affairs.The Congress of the United States, the legislative branch, is bicameral and consists of the Senate and theHouse of Representatives. The judicial branch is formed by the federal courts and headed by the U.S.

Supreme Court. The members of the Congress are elected by universal suffrage (see election) as are themembers of the electoral college, which formally chooses the President and the Vice President.


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USFGMeans DC

USFG means the government in DCBaker, Goucher College history professor, 2009

[Jean H., B.A., M.A., Ph.D, "United States Government,"http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=1741500781, mss]

United States Government, the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that isresponsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the UnitedStates is centered in Washington, D.C.


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USFGIncludes Territories

United States includes all land, waters, seas, airspace, territories, etcDOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 2005



United States includes territories- US codeUS Code, 2-1-2010[8 USC Sec. 1101, Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives,

http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++("beneficiary%20eligibility"%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20,accessed 8-1-10, mss]

(38) The term "United States", except as otherwise specificallyherein provided, when used in ageographical sense, means thecontinental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, the VirginIslands of the United States, and the Commonwealth of theNorthern Mariana Islands.

United States includes territoriesThe 'Lectric Law Library's Lexicon, no date given["United States," http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/u008.htm, mss]

UNITED STATES - Includes the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of PuertoRico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa,Wake Island, the Midway Islands, Kingman Reef, and Johnston Island.

US includes territoriesBusiness Dictionary, no date given["United States," http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/United-States.html, mss]

United States

Fifty federated states plus District Of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Johnston Island, Midway andWake Islands Northern Mariana Islands, and US Virgin Islands.
http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++(%22beneficiary%20eligibility%22%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++(%22beneficiary%20eligibility%22%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++(%22beneficiary%20eligibility%22%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++(%22beneficiary%20eligibility%22%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++(%22beneficiary%20eligibility%22%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++(%22beneficiary%20eligibility%22%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t05t08+5043+4++(%22beneficiary%20eligibility%22%20definitions)%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20


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USFGExcludes Territories

United States includes only the territories the US has full jurisdiction overDOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 2005



US doesnt have full jurisdiction over: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American

Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Midway Islands, Wake Island, or the Northern Mariana Islands

Photius Energy Dictionary, 2007[U, http://www.photius.com/energy/glossaryu.html#US, mss]

United States: The 50 States and the District of Columbia. Note: The United States has varying

degrees of jurisdiction over a number of territories and other political entities outside the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, JohnstonAtoll, Midway Islands, Wake Island, and the Northern Mariana Islands. EIA data programs may includedata from some or all of these areas in U.S. totals. For these programs, data products will contain notesexplaining the extent of geographic coverage included under the term "United States."

Northern Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Micronesia and Palau arent part of the US -they just have a political relationship with the USCIA World Factbook, 7-30-2009[Central Intelligence Agency, "United States, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html, mss]

note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the PacificIslands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands isa commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of theMarshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); theFederated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

United States is just the 50 statesWordnet 3.0, 2006["United States," http://www.freedictionary.org/?Query=united states, mss]

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska innorthwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776;


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[syn: United States, United States of America, America, the States, US, U.S., USA, U.S.A.]


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USFGIncludes Agencies

Federal Government includes agenciesWords and Phrases, 2004, Cummulative Supplementary Pamphlet, v. 16A, p. 42

N.D.Ga. 1986. Action against the Postal Service, although an independent establishment of the executive

branch of the federal government, is an action against the Federal Government for purposes of rule thatplaintiff in action against government has right to jury trial only where right is one of terms ofgovernments consent to be sued; declining to follow Algernon Blair Industrial Contractors, Inc. v.Tennessee Valley Authority, 552 F.Supp. 972 (M.D.Ala.). 39 U.S.C.A. 201; U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 7.Griffin v. U.S. Postal Service, 635 F.Supp. 190.Jury 12(1.2).


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US = USA

United States implies of America- legally and because were geographically located there

nowWords & Phrases, Vol. 43, 1969, p. 506

In informations and indictments in the United States of America, it is unnecessary to use the words "ofAmerica" after the words "United States". People v. O'Campo, 71 N.E.2d 375, 377, 378, 330 I11.App.401.

U.S. is an appropriate abbreviation for USAWords & Phrases, Vol. 43, 1969, p. 506

Information charging that accused stole currency of the "U. S." was not defective because of the use ofthe abbreviation, since the abbreviation was deemed to refer to the United States of America. People V.O'Campo, 71 N.E.2d 375, 377, 378, 330 Ill. App. 401.

United States means USABritannic Concise Encyclopedia, 2008["United States government," http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/United+States+government,mss]

United States (redirected from United States government)United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi(9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in populationand the fourth largest country in area. It consists of 50 states and a federal district. The conterminous

(excluding Alaska and Hawaii) United States stretches across central North America from the AtlanticOcean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west, and from Canada on the north to Mexico and the Gulfof Mexico on the south. The state of Alaska is located in extreme NW North America between the Arcticand Pacific oceans and is bordered by Canada on the east. The state of Hawaii, an island chain, is situatedin the E central Pacific Ocean c.2,100 mi (3,400 km) SW of San Francisco. Washington, D.C., is thecapital of the United States, and New York is its largest city.The outlying territories and areas of the United States include: in the Caribbean Basin, Puerto Rico (acommonwealth associated with the United States) and the Virgin Islands of the United States (purchasedfrom Denmark in 1917); in the Pacific Ocean, Guam Guam (ceded by Spain after the Spanish-AmericanWar), the Northern Mariana Islands (a commonwealth associated with the United States), AmericanSamoa, Wake Island, and several other islands. The United States also has compacts of free associationwith the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Republic of Palau, and the Federated States of Micronesia.

US means USARandom House, 2009[Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "United States,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/united+states, mss]

United States


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nouna republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, andAlaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States,3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with Alaska and Hawaii, 3,615,122 sq. mi. (9,363,166 sq. km).Capital: Washington, D.C. Abbreviation: U.S., USAlso called United States of America, America.

United StatesNash, University of California LA history professor, 2009[Gary, BA, PhD, National Center for History in the Schools director, "United States (Overview),"http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761573010, mss]

United States (Overview), United States of America, popularly referred to as the United States or asAmerica, a federal republic on the continent of North America, consisting of 48 contiguous states and thenoncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii.


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Should

Should expresses duty- all other meanings are ambiguous and uncommon in American

EnglishRandom House, 2009[Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "Should,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should, mss]

Usage note:Rules similar to those for choosing between shall and will have long been advanced for should andwould, but again the rules have had little effect on usage. In most constructions, would is the auxiliarychosen regardless of the person of the subject: If our allies would support the move, we would abandonany claim to sovereignty. You would be surprised at the complexity of the directions.Because the main function of should in modern American English is to express duty, necessity, etc. (Youshould get your flu shot before winter comes), its use for other purposes, as to form a subjunctive, canproduce ambiguity, at least initially: I should get my flu shot if I were you. Furthermore, should seems anaffectation to many Americans when used in certain constructions quite common in British English: Had Ibeen informed, I should (American would) have called immediately. I should (American would) reallyprefer a different arrangement. As with shall and will, most educated native speakers of American Englishdo not follow the textbook rule in making a choice between should and would. See also shall.

ShouldAmerican Heritage, 2009[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, "Should,"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should, mss]

should (shd)

aux.v. Past tense of shall1. Used to express obligation or duty: You should send her a note.2. Used to express probability or expectation: They should arrive at noon.3. Used to express conditionality or contingency: If she should fall, then so would I.4. Used to moderate the directness or bluntness of a statement: I should think he would like to go.

Should expresses explicit obligationAmerican Heritage, 2009[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, "Should,"

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should, mss]

In formal style, Americans use shall to express an explicit obligation, as in Applicants shall provide aproof of residence, though this sense is also expressed by must or should.

Should is used to express obligation, shall isntOnline Etymology Dictionary, 2001


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["Should," http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should, mss]

shouldc.1200, from O.E. sceolde, past tense of sceal (see shall). Preserves the original notion of "obligation" thathas all but dropped from shall.


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ShouldImplies Mandatory Action

Should implies mandatory actionWords and Phrases, 1953, Vol. 39, p. 312.

Command implied. The word should, as used in Laws 1901, p. 387, c 106, 3, providing that, on proofof certain facts to the county court, it shall be determined whether territory should be disconnected from acity, does not authorize the court to do as it pleases; the statute is mandatory.

Should is unconditional- it requires an obligation of actionCollins Essential English Dictionary, 2006[Second edition, "should," http://www.thefreedictionary.com/should, mss]

the past tense of shall: used to indicate that an action is considered by the speaker to be obligatory (you

should go) or to form the subjunctive mood (I should like to see you; if I should die; should I be late, startwithout me) [Old English sceolde]


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ShouldNot Mandatory

Should is conditionalBusiness Dictionary,no date given

["Should," http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/should.html, mss]

DefinitionIn general, recommended but not mandatory.


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ShouldNot Mean Past Tense

The past tense of shall refers to the presentOxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., 1989http://dictionary.oed.com shall, v. 17.

In questions introduced by who, whom, what, and followed by but, serving to express the unexpectednessof some past occurrence. The past tense should with modal function. As with other auxiliaries, the pa.tense (orig. subjunctive) of shall is often used to express, not a reference to past time, but a modalqualification of the notion expressed by the present tense. Where in addition the notion of past time is tobe expressed, this can often be effected by the use of the perf. instead of the pres. inf. (though sometimesthis produces ambiguity); the temporal notion may however be merely contextually implied, and in thatcase the pa. tense has the appearance of having both functions (temporal and modal) at once. 18. a. Instatements of duty, obligation, or propriety (originally, as applicable to hypothetical conditions notregarded as real). Also, in statements of expectation, likelihood, prediction, etc. This conditional form ofexpression was from an early period substituted for the unconditional shall in sense 2, and in mod.Eng.the pres. tense in this use is obs., and should = ought to. with omission of have in perf. inf. b. should be:

ought according to appearances to be, presumably is. Also, ought according to expectation to be,presumably will be (cf. sense 18a). c. you should hear, see = I wish you could hear, if only you couldhear, etc. d. Used ironically, expressing the inappropriateness or unlikeliness of the action advocated orstate envisaged, as I should worry, there is no reason for me to worry, I am not worried. colloq. (orig. aYiddishism). 19. In the apodosis of a hypothetical proposition (expressed or implie

topicality - wake 2013

Documents

wake forest debate

noneconomic engagement

economic relations

forms of engagement

economic aid

political engagement

useful economic incentives

aff argument thatwould