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The Value of ZeroPaul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E.

Principal Engineer 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

 Associate Professor 

Eastern Connecticut State University

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End Use

Credit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini NREL

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Source

Credit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini NREL

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U.S. Building Energy Consumpti

• Every decisio

energy impac

• Buildings mor

the energy futthe world

Credit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini NREL

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Zero Energy Building

Over the course of a year,

if the on-site renewable

energy produced is

greater than or equal to

the energy consumed

within the boundary, it is

considered a ZEBCredit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini N

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 Adding Renewables

Over the course of a year,

if the on-site renewable

energy produced is

greater than or equal to

the energy consumed

within the boundary, it is

considered a ZEBCredit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini NREL

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Building on a Diet

Over the course of a year,

if the on-site renewable

energy produced is

greater than or equal to

the energy consumed

within the boundary, it is

considered a ZEBCredit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini NREL

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ZEB Concept

Goal 1

Reduce Consumption

Goal 2

 Apply On-site Renewable

Energy

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Metrics and Boundaries

• Where is the boundary?

• What is the metric?

• What energy flows will be measure

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Metrics

• Site Energy

• Source Energy

• Emissions• Cost

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Zero Energy Building (ZEB) Defini

 An energy-efficient building, where on a

source energy basis, the actual annual

delivered energy is less than or equal to t

on-site renewable exported energy

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Boundaries

• Building and its site

• Set of closely related buildings: Ca

• Community of buildings

• Portfolio of buildings (single owner

different locations)

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Zero Energy Building Site

Import

PurchasedEnergy

(Source metric)

Export

Excess ReneEnergy Prod

(Source Met

Credit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini NREL

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Zero Energy Building Site

Import200,000 kBtu

Electricity

160,000 kBtu

Natural Gas

Export260,000 kB

Electricity

Credit: Marjorie Schott/Paul Torcellini NREL

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Zero Energy Building Site

ImportElectricity

200,000×3.15+

Natural Gas

160,000×1.09=

804,400 kBtu

ExportElectricity

260,000×3.

819,000 kB

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Import

Purchased

Energy

Export Exce

Produced

Energy

Community

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Import

Purchased

Energy

Export Exce

Produced

Energy

Portfolio

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ZEB Definition Variations

Zero Energy Campus – An energy-efficient campus where the actual annual sour

consumption is balanced by on-site renewable energy

Zero Energy Portfolio – An energy-efficient portfolio where the combined actual a

source energy consumption is balanced by on-site renew

Zero Energy Community – An energy-efficient community where the actual annual s

energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable en

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III

III IV

Value Added

Credit: Paul Torcell ini NREL

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Reduce Consumption

Energy consumption can be reduced through:

• Architectural elements -- form matches func

• Efficiency is part of the envelope

 – Daylighting

 – Passive Strategies• Efficient systems & appliances

• HVAC designed for loads

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 Assumptions:

• 50% of Roof area

available for PV

• 20% Effic ient PV

• 2 floor 

Site EUI (kBtu

29

27

2523

21

18

16

14

12

Credit: Marjorie Schott/Shanti Pless/ Pau

Torcellini NREL

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Percent of Floor Area

 Able to Reach ZEBDecreases with

Number of Floors

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Credit: NREL PIX 17825