2007-2008AP Biology

Tour of the Cell 1

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Prokaryotebacteria cellsTypes of cells

Eukaryoteanimal cells

- no organelles

- organelles

Eukaryoteplant cells

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Why organelles? Specialized structures

specialized functions cilia or flagella for locomotion

Containers partition cell into compartments create different local environments

separate pH, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions

lysosome & its digestive enzymes Membranes as sites for chemical reactions

unique combinations of lipids & proteins embedded enzymes & reaction centers

chloroplasts & mitochondria

mitochondria

chloroplast

Golgi

ER

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Cells gotta work to live! What jobs do cells have to do?

make proteins proteins control every

cell function make energy

for daily life for growth

make more cells growth repair renewal

2007-2008AP Biology

Building Proteins

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Proteins do all the work!

cellsDNA

proteins

organismRepeat after me…

Proteins do all the work!

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Cells functions Building proteins

read DNA instructions build proteins process proteins

folding modifying

removing amino acids adding other molecules

e.g, making glycoproteinsfor cell membrane

address & transport proteins

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Building Proteins Organelles involved

nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum

(ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles

nucleus ribosome ER Golgiapparatus vesicles

The Protein Assembly Line

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nuclearpores

nuclearpore

nuclear envelopenucleolus

histone protein

chromosome

DNA

Function protects DNA

Structure nuclear envelope

double membrane membrane fused in spots to create pores

allows large macromolecules to pass through

Nucleus

What kind of molecules need to

pass through?

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DNA

NucleusmRNA

nuclearmembrane

smallribosomal

subunit

largeribosomal

subunit

cytoplasm

mRNA

nuclear pore

production of mRNAfrom DNA in nucleus

mRNA travels fromnucleus to ribosomein cytoplasm throughnuclear pore

1

2

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Nucleolus Function

ribosome production build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &

combine to form functional ribosomes

smallsubunit

large subunit

ribosome

rRNA &proteins

nucleolus

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smallsubunit

largesubunitRibosomes

Function protein production

Structure rRNA & protein 2 subunits combine 0.08µm

RibosomesRough

ER

SmoothER

AP Biology membrane proteins

Types of Ribosomes Free ribosomes

suspended in cytosol synthesize proteins that

function in cytosol Bound ribosomes

attached to endoplasmicreticulum

synthesize proteinsfor export orfor membranes

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

processes proteins manufactures membranes synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds

Structure membrane connected to nuclear envelope &

extends throughout cell

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Types of ER

rough smooth

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Smooth ER function Membrane production Many metabolic processes

synthesis synthesize lipids

oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones

hydrolysis hydrolyze glycogen into glucose

in liver detoxify drugs & poisons

in liver ex. alcohol & barbiturates

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Membrane Factory Build new

membrane synthesize

phospholipids builds membranes

ER membraneexpands bud off & transfer

to other parts ofcell that needmembranes

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Rough ER function Produce proteins for export out of cell

protein secreting cells packaged into transport vesicles for export

Which cellshave lot of rough ER?

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Synthesizing proteins

cytoplasm

cisternalspace

mRNA

ribosome

membrane ofendoplasmic reticulum

polypeptide

signalsequence

ribosome

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Golgi Apparatus

Which cellshave lots of Golgi?

transport vesicles

secretoryvesicles

Function finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products

like “UPS shipping department” ships products in vesicles

membrane sacs “UPS trucks”

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Golgi Apparatus

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Vesicle transport

vesiclebuddingfrom roughER

fusionof vesiclewith Golgiapparatus

migratingtransportvesicle

protein

ribosome

Regents Biology

DNA

RNA

ribosomes

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleus

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proteins

transportvesicle Golgi

apparatus

vesicle

smooth ER

rough ER

nuclear porenucleus

ribosome

cellmembrane protein secreted

cytoplasm

Making proteinsPutting it together…

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2007-2008AP Biology

Any Questions!!