toward an urban society, 1877-1900
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TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900. America: Past and Present Chapter 19. The Lure of the City. City becomes a symbol of the new America between 1870-1900 Explosive urban growth sources included immigration, movement from countryside six cities over 500,000 by 1900. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900America: Past and PresentChapter 19
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The Lure of the CityCity becomes a symbol of the new America between 1870-1900Explosive urban growthsources included immigration, movement from countrysidesix cities over 500,000 by 1900
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Skyscrapers and SuburbsSteel permits construction of skyscrapersStreetcars allow growth of suburbsTwo defining characteristics of American city
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Tenements and the Problems of OvercrowdingTenements house urban dwellersTenement problemsinadequate sanitationpoor ventilationpolluted water Urban problemspoor public healthjuvenile crime
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Strangers in a New LandBy 1900 most urban dwellers foreign-born or children of immigrants1880s--eastern, southern European immigrants prompt resurgent NativismNativist organizations try to limit immigration
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Immigration to the United States, 1870-1900
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Foreign-born Population, 1890
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Immigrants and the City:Families and Ethnic IdentityImmigrants marry within own ethnic groupsMore children born to immigrants than to native-born Americans
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Immigrants and the City:InstitutionsImmigrant associations preserve old country language and customs aid the process of adjustmentImmigrant establish religious, educational institutions, media which preserve traditions
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The House That Tweed BuiltUrban party machines headed by bossessome bosses notoriously corrupt, e.g. William Tweed of New York Citymost trade services for votes Most bosses improve conditions in cities
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Social and Cultural Change 1877-1900End of Reconstruction marks shift of attention to new concernsPopulation growth1877--47 million1900--76 million1900 population more diverseUrbanization, industrialization changing all aspects of American life
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Urban and Rural Population, 1870-1900 (in millions)
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Manners and MoresVictorian morality dictates dress, mannersProtestant religious values strong Reform underpinned by Protestantism
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Leisure and EntertainmentDomestic leisure--card, parlor, yard gamesSentimental ballads, ragtime popularEntertainment outside homecircus immensely popularbaseball, football, basketball Street lights, streetcars make evening a time for entertainment and pleasure
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Changes in Family LifeUrbanization, industrialization alter family Family life virtually disappears among poorly-paid working classSuburban commute takes fathers from middle-class homesTensions for womendomesticity encouragedidentity as mere housewife almost shameful
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Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness among Women"New women"--self-supporting careersDemand an end to gender discriminationSpeak openly about once-forbidden topics
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Educating the MassesFew students reach the sixth gradeTeaching unimaginative, learning passiveSegregation, poverty compound problems of Southern education1896Plessy v. Ferguson allows "separate but equal" schools
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Higher EducationColleges and universities flourishGreater emphasis on professions, researchMore women achieve college education
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Higher Education: African Americans African Americans usually confined to all-black institutions like Tuskegee Institute in AlabamaBooker T. Washington--accommodate racism, concentrate on practical educationW.E.B. DuBois--demand quality, integrated education
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The Stirrings of ReformSocial Darwinists see attempts at social reform as useless and harmfulReformers begin to seek changes in U.S. living, working conditions
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Progress and PovertyHenry George: the rich getting richer, the poor, poorerGeorges solution: tax land, wealths source
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New Currents in Social ThoughtClarence Darrow rejects Social Darwinism, argues poverty at crimes rootRichard T. Elys New Economics urges government intervention in economic affairsLiberal Protestants preach "Social Gospel" purpose: reform industrial society means: introduce Christian standards into economic sphere
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The Settlement HousesFamous Houses1886--Stanton Coits Neighborhood Guild, New York 1889--Jane Addams' Hull House, Chicago1892--Robert A. Woods South End House, Boston1893--Lillian Walds Henry Street Settlement, New YorkCharacteristicsmany workers womenclassical, practical education for poorstudy social composition of neighborhood
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A Crisis in Social WelfareDepression of 1893 reveals insufficiency of private charity New professionalism in social workNew efforts to understand povertys sourcesIncreasing calls for government interventionSocial tensions engender sense of crisis