Toyotas Approach to Fuel Cell Vehicles

June 25, 2014

Toyota Motor Corporation

1

The first automobiles

Steam-powered vehicle (1769)

Electric vehicle (1899)

Gasoline vehicle (1886)

Benz Patent-Motorwagen

Price 2,750 marks (approx. $1,000)

Engine Single-cylinder horizontal

984 cc/400 rpm/0.9 hp

Max. speed 16 km/h

Weight 313 kg Source: Toyota Automobile Museum; Wikipedia

2

The electric engine starter

Electric engine starter (1911)

Source: Cadillac 1912 Instruction Book

Manual engine starter

3

The assembly line

Advent of mass production (1913)

Price reductions due to

innovations in production

methods

$290 (1924)

$780 (1910)

Ford Model T assembly line

Ford Model T

$850 (1908) (Rival companies: $1,800)

Sources: Ford Motor Company; Wikipedia; Utah Division of State History;

Amerika jidosha kogyo no kenkyu (Setsuo Kotani, 2001)

4

The road network in the U.S.

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration;

Cato Handbook on Policy, 6th Edition

Interstate Highways (Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways)

Built under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956

Combined length of approx. 66,000 km, at a total cost of 25 billion dollars over 13 years

Funded with Highway Trust Fund (Gasoline tax in 1956: 3 cents/gallon)

5

History of gasoline

Lucas gusher, Spindletop Hill,

Texas (1901) Drive-in gas station (1913)

Sources: Sekiyu no seiki (Daniel Yergin, Yoshiki Hidaka, Naotake Mochida,1991);

The Paleontological Research Institution, Gulf Oil

1901: Oil fields discovered in Texas

1907: First gas station opens in the U.S.

1913: Thermal cracking allows greater quantities of gasoline to be obtained from petroleum

1929: 300,000 stores selling gasoline in the U.S.

6

The age of gasoline-powered automobiles

1950

Electric

vehicles

1900 Year

Gasoline-powered

vehicles

Steam-powered

vehicles

Nu

mbe

r o

f a

uto

mob

iles

Mass

production

Electric

engine

starter

Lincoln Highway Federal-Aid Highway Act

of 1956

Development of thermal

cracking process

Gas stations spread

The first gas station

Increased demand for gasoline Roads

Fuel

Gasoline-powered automobiles

Steam, electricity, and

gasoline-powered automobiles Horse-drawn cart

The simultaneous development of technologies, roads and fuel

gave rise to the age of gasoline-powered automobiles

7

What the automobile has achieved

Enhanced mobility (for people and for goods)

Freedom and convenience (anytime, anywhere)

Mobile personal spaces

Economic,

social, and cultural growth

New possibilities

created by enhanced mobility

=

8

Problems caused by gasoline-powered automobiles

Concern over future oil supply

Increase in

number of

vehicles

Surge in

fossil fuel

consumption

Air pollution

CO2 emissions leading to

global warming

Growth of global

industry and

technology in the

20th century

9

Crude oil supply forecast

Developing non-conventional resources

will increase the global oil supply Source: IEA; ExxonMobil

Others

Biofuels

Crude and condensate resources

Crude oil

(conventional oil fields)

Tight oil Oil sands

Liquid natural gas

Deep-sea oil fields Remaining

resources

Cumulative

production

through 2040

(units: million oil-equivalent

barrels/day) (trillion barrels)

Global liquids supply by type

10

Increase in distance traveled

1985 $1= 250

GDP and distance traveled by region (1950-1997)

North America

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Australia and New Zealand

Former Soviet Union

Central Asia

South Asia

Latin America

Middle East and Africa

Africa

Asia Pacific

World

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 $0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000

Per capita GDP in 1985

Dis

tan

ce

tra

ve

led

per

pe

rso

n p

er

ye

ar

(km) 1997

1950

Distance traveled has increased due to economic growth Source: WBCSD Mobility 2001

11

The world in 2050

Global population of 9.6 billion

70% of the worlds population living in cities

Global and urban population

Source: OECD

Environmental

Outlook

Global GDP

Source: U.N. Dept. of

Economic and Social

Affairs

Global GDP to increase more than threefold

Rapid increase in overall/urban population and economy leading to

Intensified environmental problems

(climate change, global warming, air pollution)

Global population

Urban population

Po

pu

lati

on

10

8

6

4

2

0

(billion)

12

What is a sustainable mobility society?

One that allows us all to move freely

in comfort and safety,

in an environment-friendly, sustainable manner

13

A sustainable society

A society which uses diverse energy sources, with electricity and hydrogen infrastructures

EVs/PHVs

Electricity

storage

facilities

Thermal

power

generation

Power generation units

Automotive fuel

Hydrogen

tanks

Biomass

Wastewater

Photovoltaic

generation

Wind power Renewable

Energy

Fossil Fuels Electricity Grid

Hydrogen Grid

Hydrogen-Electricity Conversion

High-volume,

long-term storage

Electrolysis

Industry

Electricity

Energy Flow

Hydrogen

Fossil fuels

FCVs/FC buses

Urban/

residential

HVs

Refineries/chemical plants

Chemical

plants

Urban/

residential

Urban/

residential

14

Toyotas environmental principles

Driving real and positive change by popularizing

these vehicles

Developing efficient, low-emission vehicles

Embracing diverse energy sources

15

Primary energy sources, automotive fuels and powertrains

Primary energy

source Automotive fuel Powertrain

Oil

Co

nserv

e

Div

ers

ify Coal

Plants

Electricity

Hydrogen

Diesel

Conventional

and hybrid

vehicles

EVs

FCVs

PHVs

Natural gas

Uranium

Hydro, solar, geothermal electricity

generation

Gasoline

Biofuels

Gaseous fuels

Synthetic fuels

16

Hybrid vehicle lineup

Toyota has introduced hybrid models in all vehicle categories

Compact

Medium

Large

SUV

Minivan

Commercial As of May 2014

17

Hybrid vehicle sales

As of May 2014 1997 1999 2001 2009 2011 2003 2005 2007 2013

Annu

al sale

s (

mill

ion

s)

1.2

1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Cum

ula

tive s

ale

s (

mill

ion

) HV global sales 2012: Achieved 1 million annual units sales for the first time Dec. 2013: Cumulative sales passed 6 million units

3 million units

2 million units

1 million units

4 million units

5 million units

6 million units

2014

18

Development of hybrid technology

Hybrid technology underpins Toyotas PHVs, EVs and FCVs

EV

HV

PHV

FCV

Motor

Fuel tank

PCU

Battery

Engine

Generator

Motor

Fuel

tank

PCU

Battery

Engine

Generator

Motor

Fuel

tank

PCU

Battery

Engine

Motor

Hydrogen

tank

PCU

Battery

Engine

19

Characteristics of alternative fuels

The strengths of individual alternative fuels

Electricity

Hydrogen

Biofuel

Natural gas

Well-to-wheel CO2 Poor

to Excellent

Poor

to Excellent

Poor

to Excellent Good

Supply volume Excellent Excellent Poor Good

Cruising range Poor Excellent Excellent Good

Fueling/charging time Poor Excellent Excellent Excellent

Dedicated infrastructure Good Poor Excellent Good

Internal combustion

engines

Internal combustion

engines FCV EV

20

Fuel diversity and uses

EVs: Short-distance, HVs & PHVs: Wide-use, FCVs: Medium-to-long distance

Short-distance commuter vehicles

Travel distance

Fuel Electricity Gasoline, diesel, biofuels, CNG, synthetic fuels, etc. Hydrogen

Home delivery vehicles

EVs

HVs