trace minerals in cattle reproduction · trace minerals in cattle reproduction. 1. race ce: 589-...

7/22/19

SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injection

Trace Minerals in Cattle Reproduction

1

RACE CE: 589-34605 Jerry Rusch DVMDiplomate ABVP-Beef Cattle

Clinical

Trac

e M

iner

alIn

take

Trace Mineral Functions

Normal

Immunity

Fertility

Growth

Clinical Signs

Normal Subclinical

Time

Wikse, 1992 Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course


SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injection 3

Part 1Trace Mineral Functions in Reproduction and Development

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FeEnzyme Functions SignificanceHemoglobin Oxygen transport Aerobic lifeMyoglobin Oxygen utilization by muscle Anything that moves

Myeloperoxidase Cl- + H2O2 OCl- + H2O Bactericidal, VirucidalCatalase H2O2 H2O + O2 Antimicrobial, Antioxidant

Kretsinger, RH. 2013Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins .

Springer 978-1-4614-1533-6


• “Zinc is required for the structural and functional integrity of over 2000 transcription factors and almost every signaling and metabolic pathway is dependent on one or more zinc-requiring proteins.” (Beattie and Kwun,2004; Cousins et al., 2006).


ZINCALL MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS: Carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acidVitamin A – Transport and utilizationSuperoxide DismutaseRibonucleotide reductase – DNA replication , transcription, translationThymic Atrophy – T cell reduction in number

Thymulin – reduction in T-cell maturationDecrease in Interferon-γ , tumor necrosis factor and interleukinRegulates pattern of cytokine secretion– maintains balance between cell-mediated and humoral immunity


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ZincDecrease growth, hypogonadism

Fetal teratogenesis, prolonged gestation, difficult labor.

Zn crucial in PROSTAGLANDIN synthesis

PGF2ά parturition

Initiate uterine contractions

Tucker HF, S alm on W D Parakeratosis or zinc deficiency disease. Proceedings of the society for e x pe r iment al biology in m e dic ine 88, 6 1 3 -616

Favier AE 1992, The role of zinc in reproduction: H or m onal m e chanis ms, Biological Trace e le m ent research 32 3 6 3 -382


Enzyme Functions SignificanceGlycosyltransferase Cartilage proteoglycans, prothrombin

Skeletal malformations ,swollen joints,dwarfism, prolonged clotting time

Pyruvate Carboxylase Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism GluconeogenesisMn-Superoxide Dismutase O2- H2O2 Mitochondrial oxidation control


MANGANESE

Testicular AtrophyH ur le y WL D oane R M , 1989, R e ce nt de v elopm ents in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction , Journal of Dairy Science 7 2 ,7 84-804

Mn transport -> ά-macroglobulin into tissue into cell into mitochondriaM ay n ar d LS Cotzias G C Th e partition of m an g an ese am o ng organs an d intracellular organelles, Journal Of Biological Chemistry 2 1 4 , 4 89-495

BONE – chondroitin sulfateLe achR M M e t abol ism and function of m ang ane s e Prasad AS Acade m ic press Ne w York p2 3 5 -248


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Manganese ( Regulates Cholesterol Synthesis)

Irregular estrus cycle – Impaired ovulationHigh level in Pituitary and Ovary

Progesterone secretion- increase in Mn in CL

Trace e le m ent deficiencies and fertility in r um inant s : A review ,Hidiroglou M , J Dairy Sci 62: 1 1 9 5-1206

Hidroglou M Shearer DA, Concentration of m an g an ese in the tissues of cycling an d anestrous ewes , Canadian Journal of co m p er ative Medicine 40, 3 0 6 -309


Enzyme Function SignificanceCaeruloplasmin ( ferroxidase) Iron Transport Anemia, Antioxidant

Cytochrome c Oxidase Cellular Respiration Anoxia, Impaired cellular immunityDopamine-B-mono oxygenase Catecholamine metabolism Behavior?

Hephaestin Export Fe from intestine AnemiaFerroxidase II Iron Oxidation Anemia

Lysyl Oxidases Desmosine cross linkages in connective tissueAortic Rupture, joint disorders,

osteoporosisMonamine Oxidase Oxidative deamination of monoamines Cell signaling, Leukocyte trafficking

Lipid Peroxidation, Vascular Tone, ImpairedSuperoxide Dismutases e.g. ZnCuSOD O2- H2O2 cellular immunity

Thiol Oxidase Disulfide bond formation Loss of wool and hair strengthTyrosinases Tyrosine to melanin Depigmentation


COPPER CRUCIAL FOR NORMAL STEROIDOGENESIS AND CELLULAR

RESPONSE IN THE OVARY

Expression of lysyl oxidase and effect of copper chloride and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate on bovine ovarian follicle granulosa cells cultured in serum-free media

N.R. Kendall, P. Marsters, R.J. Scaramuzzi and B.K. Campbell

Reproduction (2003) 125, 657–665

Effect of copper and thiomolybdates on bovine theca cell differentiation in vitro

N.R. Kendall, P. Marsters, L Guo, R. J. Scaramuzzi and B.K. Campbell

Journal of Endocrinology (2006) 189, 455–463


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COPPERCytochrome c oxidase – mitochondrial energy production

Superoxide dismutaseCeruloplasminLysyl oxidaseReduced T-cell response & Reduced Interferon production Decreased Neutrophil Phagocytosis & Killing


Enzyme Functions ( location) Abbrev. Pathognomic Sig.

Cytosolic glutathione Antioxidant, storage ( tissue cytosol, GPX1 Impaired Immunity, Whiteperoxidases RBC,) Muscle Disease,

Phospholipid hyperoxide Antioxidant ( intracellular memebranes, GPX2 cellular damage due to oxidativetestes) stress.

Plasma GPX Antioxidant (plasma,kidney, lung) GPX3

Gastrointestional GPX Antioxidant ( intestinal mucosa) GPX4

Epidydimal GPX Antioxidant (epididymus) GPX5

iodthyronine (deiodinases) Conversion T4-T3 (liver, kidney, muscle) ID1 Reduce basal metabolic rateRuminants

Conversion T4-T3 (BAT, brain) ID2 Neonate resistance tocoldstress

Conversion T4-rT3 ( Placenta) ID3

Selenoprotein N Cell proliferation ( Muscle) SePN

Selenoprotein P Transport, Metal detox. ( Plasma) SePP


Selenium deficiency• Reduced recognition and implantation of fetus• Degeneration of ovaries and atresia of follicles• Retained placenta• Reduced neutrophil function (diapedesis and killing ability)• Cystic ovarian disease from reduced GPx activity on follicle

development, steroid hormone synthesis.

Vitamin E and Selenium for Reproduction of the dairy cow, Harrison J H , Hancock D D , Conrad HR, J Dairy Sci 1984, 67: 123-132

Selenium,the thyroid,and the Endocrine System,Kohrle J,Jakob F,ContempreB and Dumont JE , Endocrine Reviews, 2005 ,26(7) 944-984


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Part 2Trace Mineral Effects on Cow Fertility

Literature Review

Assessing the role of C o p p er an d Zinc in the cow-calf production cycle. Paterson J ,S wenson C,Johnson B,Ansotegui R ,M o n tana State University


Trace Mineral Status Not Static


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Pregnancy/ Trace Mineral Relationship


HOW DO THE MINERALS GET TO THE CALF ?



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Pregnancy/trace mineral relationship


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Fixed Time AI Pregnancy Rates


Fixed Time AI Pregnancy Rates



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MARC Longevity Study• South Dakota study (2,195 heifers)

• Heifers that calved in the first 21 days of the calving season stayed in the herd an average of 5.1 years

• Heifers that calved after the first 21 days stayed in the herd an average of3.9 years

• Nebraska study (16,549 heifers)• Calved 1st 21 days stayed 8.2 years• Calved 2nd 21 days stayed 7.6 years• Calved 3rd 21 days stayed 7.2 years

C u s h man, R. A.; Kill, L. K.; Funston, Richard N.; Mousel, E. M.; an d Perry, G.A., "Heifer calving date positively influences calf wean i n g weights through six parturitions" (2013). J. Anim. Sci. 2 0 1 3.91:4486–4491 d o i : 10.2527/j as2013-6465


Benefits of Improved Calving Distribution• More than just more pounds of beef• Better Genetics- AI calves

• Calves grouped together have fewer diseases• Early born bull calves will reach puberty earlier and be ready for

breeding• Early born heifers will reach puberty earlier and are more likely to—

• breed earlier• fewer dystocia• higher breed back• stay in the herd longer


Drought Effects on Trace Mineral Nutrition• Poor quality feeds- drought stressed feeds - high lignin• Dry matter intake reduced• Heat stress• Trace minerals less available in high lignin feeds• Soil contamination- increased iron — antagonism• Water quality- increased TDS as water sources dry up, sulfur, iron,

manganese


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Part 3Trace Mineral Effects on Bull Fertility

Literature Review

Assessing the role of C o p p er an d Zinc in the cow-calf production cycle. Paterson J ,S wenson C,Johnson B,Ansotegui R ,M o n tana State University


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Bull Fertility

• Testicular Atrophy

• Copper• Decrease in sperm motility.

• Increase in dead sperm

H ur le y WL D oane R M , 1989, R e ce nt de v elopm ents in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction , Journal of Dairy Science 7 2 ,7 84-804

Trace e le m ent deficiencies and fertility in r um inant s : A review ,Hidiroglou M , J Dairy Sci 62: 1 1 9 5-1206


Bull Fertility & Selenium• MIDPIECE of spermatozoa – mitochondria• Phospholipid GPx – Differentiation of spermatid

• changes in morphology – to absence of mature germinal cells.

S e le n ium ,t he thyroid,and the Endocrine S y s t e m ,Kohr le J,Jakob F ,C ont em preB and D um ont JE ,

Endocrine R e v iews, 2 0 05 ,26(7) 9 4 4 -984


BULL DEVELOPMENT K-STATE STUDY

• Bulls were treated with at weaning and again 90 days later – breeding soundness at 12 months of age

• Bulls arriving at the development facility with suboptimal serum selenium (<70ppb) were less likely to pass their yearling Breeding Soundness Exam

• Sperm motility scores were greater (88% vs 86%) (p = 0.06)• 3% more treated bulls passed their yearling

BSE vs untreated bulls


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Part 4Trace Mineral Effects on Development



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EMBRYO RESPIRATION• The embryo utilizes large quantities of oxygen• Antioxidants and their respective trace minerals are required• IVF media- many are now adding SOD and GPx directly to the

media for better embryo survival




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Part 5Trace Mineral Challenges

• Primary• Deficient area, Low levels in forage• No oral supplementation

• Secondary• Free choice minerals vs. supplemented feed• Mineral “Tie up”

• Sulfur: DDG, CGF, water• Iron, Calcium


Zinc


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Copper


Molybdenum


Selenium


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Bioavailability VS AbsorptionABSORPTION : (NRC 2001 & Spears)Copper : 1-5% Organic: (1.3% to 6.5%)Manganese : 0.25-1.2%Zinc :10-20% Organic: ( 15.9- 31.8) (41.2)Selenium : 30% Organic: (60%)


Intake?• Free Choice

• Variation in FC intake• Variation in supplementation

• Variation in FC products.• Diff in palatability• Target Species• Dairy: 30% to 40% decrease in DMI before calving.


Compounding factors• Antagonism: Negative Interaction “tie up”

• Calcium: >.8% DM reduces Se absorption• Sulfur (Water, DDG, molasses) : reduces Se, Cu absorption.• Iron (S): reduces Cu absorption or gut solubility.• Cu-Mo-S: Thiomolybdate: reduces copper bioavailability. SYSTEMIC

ANTAGONISM


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0

Effect of Sulfur Content of Supplemental Feeds On Liver Copper Accumulation in Heifers

350

0 32 57 90Days ofStudy

L 300iv 250

p 100per

C p

er p 200

o m150

Molasses Based

CornBased+ SulfurCorn Based

Arthington (2004)SURE Trace Mineral Supply by Timed Injection

Effect of Dietary Sulfur and Selenium Concentrations on Selenium Balance of Lactating Holstein Cows1

• .1 or .3 mg/kg DM of suppl. sodium selenate• 0%, 2% or 4% sulfur for calcium or mag sulfate

DMI, Milk, Milk Fat, and Milk Protein:Linearly reduced with increasing amounts of Sulfur

Plasma Se, and true Se digestibilityLinearly reduced with increasing amounts of Sulfur

J. Dairy Sci. 84:225–232American Dairy Science Association, 2001.


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Interactions between Mo, S and Mo + S on Cu absorption

% Reduction in CuAbsorption

Basal Diet (0.1% S, 0.5 ppm Mo ---+ 4 ppm Mo -0.5%+ 0.3% S -31%+ 4 ppm Mo and 0.3% S -62%

1) Cu and Mo – formation of cupricmolybdate?2) Cu and S – formation of CuS3) Cu-S-Mo interaction – thiomolybdate

formation (mono, di, tri and tetra)Adapted from:Gooneratne et al., 1989.Suttle, N. F. 1991.



Distillers’ by-products S contentA B C D E F

• Avg 0.71 0.72 0.83 1.06 0.81 0.90

• Min 0.44 0.58 0.73 0.90 0.69 0.79• Max 1.72 0.84 0.93 1.26 0.93 1.04

• Avg 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.76 0.82

• Min 0.61 0.64 0.60 0.61 0.69 0.73• Max 0.95 0.82 0.80 0.83 0.82 0.89

Erickson, 2007

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Does not include sulfur from water

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Part 6Trace Mineral Supplementation

Guidelines


Oral Supplementation Guidelines• Ingredients• Proportions• Delivery• Timing


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SURE Trace Mineral S upply by Timed Injection 61

Mineral Units Feeder Dry Cow Lact. Cow Decimal Feeder

K % 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.00600000 thousandthsCa % 0.40 0.16 0.28 0.00400000P % 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.00220000S % 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.00150000Mg % 0.10 0.12 0.20 0.00100000Na % 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.00070000

Fe ppm 50.00 50.00 50.00hundred

0.00005000 thousandthsZn ppm 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00003000Mn ppm 20.00 40.00 40.00 0.00002000Cu ppm 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00001000

I ppm 0.50 0.50 0.50ten

0.00000050 millionthsCo ppm 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00000010Se ppm 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00000010Cr ppm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000000Mo ppm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000000Ni ppm 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000000


Nutrient Calculators• Spreadsheets

• Multimin USA• Mizzou• K-State

• Internet calculators• IA St Beef Center

• BRaNDS – IA St Beef Center

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Iron• Needs to be at least 50 mg/kg of diet

• Rarely a problem

• Ideally will not exceed 400 mg/kg of diet• often a problem in many areas of thecountry

• These levels and higher will downregulate divalent cation absorption (Zn, Cu, Mn)

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Sulfur• Should not exceed 0.30% of total diet• Sulfate sulfur antagonizes absorption more than other forms

• Se – direct competition for incorporation into cysteine and methionine• Cu – sulfate and Mo precipitate Cu in insoluble complexes

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Zinc & Copper• Need to be in the realm of 3:1 Zn:Cu in the total diet• Zinc is absorbed more efficiently (~20-30%) than Copper (1-5%)• Elevating one decreases absorption of the other

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Selenium Regulation by FDA• How it is mixed and premixed• What levels are allowed

• Free Choice• (ii) Beef cattle: At a level not to exceed an intake of 3 milligrams per head

per day.• Mixed in feed

• (1) In complete feed for chickens, swine, turkeys, sheep, cattle, and ducks at a level not to exceed 0.3 part per million.

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Manganese

Selenium 5mg/ml

Copper 15mg/ml

provides Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Seleniumin a readily available injection



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trace minerals in cattle reproduction · trace minerals in cattle reproduction. 1. race ce: 589-...

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