Roger Scaletti, PhD

Alltech

Trace Minerals and

SCC

2

Wikse, 1992

TAMV Beef Cattle Short Course

Trace mineral levels

and functions

Neutralization

of Free

Radicals

Vitamin E provides

antioxidant protection in

the cell membrane

Se and other minerals are

co-factors for enzymes that

neutralize ROS

Opportunities

• Optimize Animal Health• Reduce economic losses

• Improve Resistance to Disease Challenges• Ensure immune function is

optimized

Zinc Essential component of

>200 enzyme systems in:

CHO and energy

metabolism, protein

synthesis, nucleic acid

metabolism, epithelial

integrity, cell repair and

division, and utilization of

vitamins A & E.

Zinc Immunity Needed for development

and function of the

immune system and

associated cells

including heterophils,

basophils, macrophages

and T-lymphocytes.

Wound healing

ReproductionEssential for proper

sexual maturity and

reproductive capacity.

Needed for semen

quality

Zinc

Component of immune system

enzymes

Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, lysyl oxidase and thioloxidase

Enzymes are also necessary to increase structural strength and elasticity of connective tissue and blood vessels and increase strength of bone

Needed for metabolism of iron

and the maturation of red

blood cells

Copper

Manganese Cofactor for enzymes in

metabolism of carbohydrates,

fats, proteins, nucleic acids.

Essential for normal brain

function

Involved in collagen formation,

bone growth, urea formation,

fatty acid synthesis and

cholesterol synthesis, protein

digestion.

Immune function

A cofactor in superoxide

dismutase

Needed for synthesis of

chondroitin-4-sulfate,

which is required for

proper wound healing

Manganese

Enzymes

Glutathione Peroxidase: hydrogen

peroxide to water

Cellular Antioxidant System

Thioredoxin Reductase: prevent

oxidative stress

Iodothyronine-5-deiodinase

T4 to T3

Muscular dystrophy (White Muscle

Disease)

Muscle contraction

Immune Function

Neutrophil killing/

chemotaxis

Reproduction

Selenium

Dietary Concentration

Weiss, NMC Proceedings 2002

Effect of Organic Zn on new infections

Cows received 800 mg Zn per day, Bioplex

treatment was 50% Bioplex Zn and 50% zinc oxide

0

5

10

15

20

Zn oxide Bioplex Zn

New

in

fecti

on

s

Spain, 1993

P < 0.03

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Day 10 Day 40 Day 70 Day 100

Me

an

SC

C (

10

00

s/m

l)

Control Bioplex Zn

Organic Zinc Decreases Somatic Cell Counts

Popovic, 2003

-18%

-29%

-36% -46%

0

5

10

15

20

25

Day 10 Day 40 Day 70 Day 100 Averagenumber ofinfectedquarters

Nu

mb

er

of

infe

cte

d q

ua

rte

rs (

pe

r 6

0)

Control Bioplex Zn

Organic Zinc Reduces Number of Infected Quarters

Popovic, 2003

P<0.05

-75%-72%

-20%

-66%

Organic Minerals Reduced Somatic Cell Counts

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

100% inorganic 50% Bioplex 100% BioplexKinal, 2007

-22%

-34%

P < 0.05

Mea

n S

CC

(s/

m)

Cu source and mastitis

47

29

45

32

65

6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Negative quarters CNS

% q

uart

ers

No added Cu Cu sulfate Bioplex Cu

Harmon, 1998P<0.05

Cu source and mastitis: E.Coli in Milk

Scaletti and Harmon, 2012

0

1

2

3

4

5

-24 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240

LO

G 1

0 C

FU

/ml

HOUR

Cu sulfate

Bioplex Cu

No added Cu

*

**

*

* P < 0.05

Cu source and mastitis: Milk Production

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

% P

rech

all

en

ge

Day

Cu sulfate

Bioplex Cu

No added Cu

Scaletti and Harmon, 2012

****

* P < 0.05

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

-25 0 7 14 21 37

Se (

ug/m

l)

Days Relative to Parturition

Control Sel-Plex

Plasma Concentrations of SeleniumDiet: P < 0.01

Diet*Parity: P = 0.94

N = 20/diet

Adequate level (.075 µg/ml)

Silvestre and Thatcher, 2006

Whole Blood Neutrophil Phagocytosis

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

-21 0 7 14 21 37

% N

eu

tro

ph

il th

at

Ph

ag

o

an

d K

ill E

. C

oli

NaSe Sel-Plex

Diet: P < 0.03

**

*

Silvestre and Thatcher, 2006

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

-25 0 21 42

An

ti-O

valb

um

in A

ntb

(O

D)

Days Relative to Parturition

Control Sel-Plex

Serum Anti-Ovalbumin Antibody: adaptive immunity Diet: P< 0.07

* Diet X day: P < 0.01

N= 84= Days of Ovalbumin Challenge

*

*

Silvestre and Thatcher, 2006

Organic Selenium Reduces Neutrophil“Death”

0

10

20

30

40

Inorganic Se Organic Se

Ap

op

toti

c n

eu

tro

ph

ils

(%

)

Se Supplementation (mg/Kg DM)

Control 0.3 0.5

Zhao, 2009

a a

a

a

bb

a,b P < 0.01

Organic Selenium Increases Respiratory Burst

3.5

3.7

3.9

4.1

4.3

4.5

Inorganic Se Organic Se

Re

sp

ira

tory

Bu

rst

Se Supplementation (mg/Kg DM)

Control 0.3 0.5

a

a

a,b

b

b

a

a,b P < 0.01

Zhao, 2009

Antioxidant Status Improves Immune Function

Item No Se NaSe Sel-Plex SE

Whole blood Se, ppm 54.7a

105.0b

172.0c

8.4

GSH-Px, EU/g Hb1

40.2a

119.1b

143.9b

19.4

Macrophage phagocytosis, %2

5.0a

4.2a

9.2b

0.83

1EU/g Hb = nanomoles of NADPH oxidized min/gm of hemoglobin.2% of macrophages that phagocytized at least one porcine RBC.abcLS means within rows with differing superscripts differ (P<0.01).

Gunter et al., 2003

• Both “level and form” of trace minerals are

important

• Trace minerals are co-factors in antioxidant enzymes

important in immune response

• Organic Trace Minerals may reduce mastitis

incidence and improve immune status

Summary

Thank You!