trace minerals-lail 2

7/29/2019 Trace Minerals-Lail 2

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THE TRACE

MINERALS

Lailatul Muniroh,SKM.,M.Kes

Department of Nutritional HealthSchool of Public Health, The University of Airlangga


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The Trace MineralsOAn essential mineral nutrient

found in the human body inamounts less than 5 grams,also known as microminerals


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Interactions

O Excess of one may cause a deficiency ofanother (a slight of manganese overload,

may aggravate iron deficiency)

O A deficiency of one may interfere with the

work of another(a selenium deficiency haltsthe activation of the iodine-containing thyroid

hormones)

O

A deficiency of a trace mineral may even openthe way for the contaminant mineral to cause

a toxic reaction(iron deficiency makes the

body vulnerable to lead poisoning)


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A. IronOBoth too little and too much in the body can beharmful

Ferrous iron (reduced): Fe ++Ferric iron (oxidized): Fe +++

Iron as a Cofactorto enzymes

involved in oxidation-reduction

reaction


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Functions:

OHemoglobin formation

OThe iron-containing protein in redblood cells that carries oxygen

OPart of myoglobin

OCarries oxygen in the body

OEnergy utilization


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Iron Absorption


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Iron Recycled in the Body


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Iron deficiency

O The Most Common Nutrient Deficiency

OAffecting 1.2 billion people

O 50% of School Children and Pregnant

Women Suffer from Iron Deficiency Anemia(Developing Country)

O High Risk : Women in their reproductive year,Pregnant Women, Infants and YoungChildren, Teenagers


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Anemia Kurang Zat Besi

Tidak AnemiaTidak pucat

AnemiaPucat

AnemiaPucat

Tidak AnemiaTidak pucat


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Toxicity SymptomsOIron overload

O InfectionsOLiver injury

OAcidosis

OShock


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Heme & Nonheme Iron


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Food Sources Beef

Clams

Spinach

Green leafy veggies

Beans

Fortified grains


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RDA of Iron

O Men = Women 51+ = 8 mg/day

O Women 19-50 = 18 mg/dayO Vegetarian RDA = RDA x 1.8

O UL for Adults = 45 mg/day

O Young children, 200 mg/day = deadly


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B. ZincOFunctions:ONeeded for protein & enzyme

functionO Immunity & wound healingOVitamin A transportOTaste

OFetal development


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Enteropancreatic Circulation of Zinc


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Deficiency SymptomsOGrowth failure in children

OLoss of taste

OPoor wound healing

OPoor appetite


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Dwarfism

KELAINAN KULIT AKIBAT


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KELAINAN KULIT AKIBATKEKURANGAN SENG (Zn)

Kulitmengelupas


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Toxicity SymptomsOLoss of appetite,

impaired immunity, lowHDL, copper and irondeficiency


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Food SourcesOProtein-containing foods:OMeatO

Fish & shellfishOPoultryOGrains

OVegetables


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RDA of Zinc

O Men = 11 mg/day

O Women = 8 mg/dayO UL for Adults = 40 mg/day


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C. IodineOAmount of iodine in food is

reflected in the soil

OFunctions:OPart of thyroxine, which

regulates metabolism


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Deficiency symptoms

O Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroidgland due to an iodine deficiency,malfunction of the gland, or over

consumption of a goitrogen.O Cretinism: severe mental & physical

retardation of an infant caused by severeiodine deficiency in the mother during

pregnancy


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Goiter

GANGGUAN AKIBAT


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GANGGUAN AKIBAT

KEKURANGAN YODIUM

Kretin


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Toxicity Symptoms:O Under active thyroid gland, elevated

TSH, goiter

O RDA of Iodine :OAdults = 150 g/day

OAdults = 1100 g/day


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iu


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D. FluorideO Functions:O Formation of bones & teeth

OHelps make teeth resistant to decay

OHelps make bones resistant tomineral loss


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Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms

O Deficiency Symptoms:O Tooth decay

O Toxicity Symptoms: (rare in humans)

O Fluorosis: discoloration of teethO The first symptom of excess fluoride

O Nausea

O Vomiting

O Diarrhea


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Food SourcesODrinking water, Tea, Seafood

ORDA of Fluoride :

OMen = 3.8 mg/dayOWomen = 3.1 mg/day

OUL for Adults = 10 mg/day


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E. CopperO Functions:O Helps make hemoglobinO Part of several enzymes

O Food Sources:O LegumesO Whole grainsO SeafoodO Nuts


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ODeficiency Symptoms: (rare inhumans)

OAnemia

OBone changes (abnormalities)

O Toxicity Symptoms:

ONausea

OVomiting

ODiarrhea

O Liver damage


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RDA of CopperOAdults = 900 g/day

O UL for Adults = 10 mg/day or equal to 10,000

g/day


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F. ManganeseO Functions:

O Along with enzymes, facilitates many

cell processesO Involved in bone formation

O Food Sources:

O Widely distributed in plant foods


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ODeficiency Symptoms:OPoor growth

ONervous system disorders

OAbnormal reproduction

OToxicity Symptoms:

O

PoisoningONervous system disorders


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RDA of Manganese

O Men = 2.3 mg/day

O Women = 1.8 mg/dayO UL for Adults = 11 mg/day


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G. ChromiumO Functions:OEnhances insulins action

ORequired for release of energy from

glucoseO Food Sources:

OMeat (especially liver)

OUnrefined foodsOBrewers yeast

OWhole grains


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ODeficiency symptoms:

OAbnormal glucose metabolism(Diabetes-like condition)

O Toxicity symptoms:

OOccupational exposures damage

skin & kidneys


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RDA of Chromium

O Men = 35 g/day

O Women = 25 g/dayO UL for Adults = not yet established


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H. SeleniumO Functions:

O Protects body from oxidation (antioxidant)

O Works with vitamin E

O Food Sources:O Seafood

O Meats

O Grains

O Vegetables (depends on soil conditions)


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Deficiency Symptoms

O Fragile red blood cells

OCataracts

OGrowth failureOHeart damage (cardiac tissue

becoming fibrous, Keshan Disease)


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Toxicity Symptoms

ONausea, Abdominal pain, Nail & hairchanges, Liver & nerve damage

ORDA of Selenium :

OAdults = 55 g/day

OUL for Adults = 400 g/day

trace minerals-lail 2

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