Training and Development

1. Objectives and Goals2. Theories and Principles of Training.3. Orientation4. Process of Training and Development5. Modes and Techniques of Training

Training and Developing Employees

Behavioral ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:•Describe the basic training process.•Explain the nature of at least five training techniques.•Discuss what management development is and why it’s important.•Describe the five on-and off-the-job development techniques.•Explain why training evaluation is important and how it is best accomplished.

Chapter Outline

• Orienting Employees• The Training Process• Training techniques• Training for Special Purposes• Managerial Development and Training

Techniques.• Evaluating the Training Effort

Key words

employee orientationA procedure for providing new employees with basic back-ground information about the firm.

training The process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs.

Key words

task analysis A detailed study of a job to identify the skills required so that an appropriate training program may be instituted.

performance analysisVerifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining whether that deficiency should be rectified through training or through some other means (such as transferring the employee).

Key words

on-the-job training (OJT)Training a person to learn a job while working at it.

job instruction training (JIT)Listing of each job’s basic tasks, along with key points in order to provide step-by-step training for employees.

Key words

programmed learningA systematic method for teaching job skills involving presenting questions or facts, allowing the person to respond, and giving the learner immediate feedback on the accuracy of his or her answers.

vestibule or simulated trainingTraining employees on special off-the-job equipment, as in airplane pilot training, whereby training costs and hazards can be reduced.

Key words

management developmentAny attempt to improve current or future management performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills.

succession planningA process through which senior-level openings are planned for and eventually filled.

Key words

job rotationA management training technique that involves moving a trainee from department to department to broaden his or her experience and identify strong and weak points.

action learningA training technique by which management trainees are allowed to work full time analyzing and solving problems in other departments.

Key words

case study methodA development method in which the manager is presented with a written description of an organizational problem to diagnose and solve.

management gameA development technique in which teams of managers compete with one another by making computerized decisions regarding realistic but simulated companies.

Key words

role playing A training technique in which trainees act out the parts of people in a realistic management situation.

behavior modeling A training technique in which trainees are first shown good management techniques in a film, are then asked to play roles in a simulated situation, and are then given feedback and praise by their supervisor.

Key words

in-house development centersA company-based method for exposing prospective managers to realistic exercises to develop improved management skills.

controlled experimentationFormal methods for testing the effectiveness of a training program, preferably with before-and-after tests and a control group.

1. Objectives and Goals

(1) Definition(2) Goals and Objectives(3) Relation with other HRM activities

(1)Definition

• Training and development are planned efforts to facilitate the learning ob job-related behavior on the part of the employees.

(2)Goals and Objectives

(1)Goals of training and developmentThe goal of training and development is to

enhance employee quality and motivation so as to improve productivity and meet future needs of the organization.

(2)Objectives of training and development:A.Meet organization needs.B.Meet individual needs.C.Improve productivity satisfaction.

(3) Relation with other HRM activities

A. Task analysis: the basis for developing training programs, strategies and materials.

B. HR planning: guidelines for training and development programs.

C. Performance appraisals: identifying training needs.

D. Organization development: identifying training needs.

2. Theories and Principles of Training

(1) Reinforcement theory(2) Goal-setting theory(3) Expectancy theory(4) Application of the theories(5) Basic principles of learning

(1)Reinforcement theory (Skinner, B.F.)

A. The frequency of behavior is influenced by its consequences.

B. Three major types of consequences:• Positive reinforcement: reward desirable

behavior.• Negative reinforcement: withhold

punishments to force the adoption of desirable behavior.

• Punishment: punish undesirable behavior.

(2) Goal-setting theory (Locke, E. A)A. One’s conscious goals or intentions regulate

his/her behavior.B. Three important implications for motivating

trainees:• The learning objective should be conveyed

clearly to the trainees.• Training goals should be difficult enough to

challenge the trainees and satisfy their needs.• The final goal should be supplemented with

periodic sub-goals during training.

(3) Expectancy theoryA. One will be motivated to chose a behavior alternative

that is most likely to have favorable consequences.B. Key concepts:• Outcome: the result of a certain behavior.• Valence: perceived value of the outcome.• E (effort) →P (performance) expectancy: the amount of

effort for a certain level of performance.• P (performance) → O (outcome) expectancy: the

probability that improved performance will lead to desirable outcome.

(4) Application of the theories

A. Schedule reinforcement in training:• Continuous reinforcement.• Intermittent reinforcement.B. Set clear and challenging goals in training.C. Tie desirable rewards to training outcome for

each individual.

(5) Basic principles of learning

A. The principle of reinforcement: continuous and repetitive practice ensures the retention of knowledge and skills.

B. The principle of behavior modeling: set models for the trainees to follow.

C. The principle of feedback: timely and adequate feedback motivates the trainees.

D. The principle of learning transfer: those that can be transferred to work are most likely to be retained.

Orientation(1) What is orientation?Orientation is to help the new employees know the

organization and their jobs.(2) Content of orientation:A. Socialization: to help the new employees know

their colleagues and supervisors.B. Organization: to help the new employees to know

the organization structure and regulations.C. Job: to help the new employees know the tasks,

duties and desirable behavior of their jobs.

4. Process of Training and Development

(1) Training needs analysis(2) Instructional design(3) Validation(4) Implementation(5) Evaluation and follow-up

(1)Training needs analysis

A. Organization analysis: identify training needs of the organization according to its long-term goals-set the training goals.

B. Job analysis: identify training needs according to job descriptions and specifications—specify skills/knowledge/behavior to be trained.

C. People analysis: identify people that need training and their trainability-identify potential trainees.

(2) Instructional design

A. Set training goals.B. Determine what to train.C. Identify trainees.D. Choose training materials.E. Determine training modes and methods.F. Select trainers.G. Schedule training.H. Develop training budget.

(3) Validation

A. Validate the training program before implementation.

• Pilot study: conduct the program with a small number of trainees to test its effect.

• Consultation: consult the trainees and their supervisors on the appropriateness of the program.

B. Make revision of the training programs before implementation.

(4) Implementation

A. Obtain continuous support from line-management to the training program.

B. Appoint manager of the training program.C. Develop managing guidelines for the

program.D. Provide logistic supports.E. Conduct concurrent evaluation of the

program.

(5) Evaluation and follow-up

A. Types of evaluation:• Concurrent evaluation: evaluate training

effects during training.• Immediate evaluation: evaluate training

effects at the end of the training.• Follow-up evaluation: evaluate training effect

by evaluating trainee performance over time.

C. Forms of evaluation

• Written tests: Check learning results of knowledge.

• Simulation: check learning results of skills.• Interviews: check training effects by talking to

the trainees and their supervisors.• Questionnaire: check effectiveness of

instruction materials, trainer and training methods.

• Performance appraisal: check learning transfer and training effectiveness on job.

5. Modes and Techniques of Training

(1) Training modesA. On-job trainingB. Off-job training(2) Training techniques

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