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IST Integrated Project No 507023 – MAESTRO

D11-1.1

Training Report

Contractual Date of Delivery to the CEC: 31/12/2004

Actual Date of Delivery to the CEC: 03/01/2005

Author(s): G.E. Corazza, A. Vanelli-Coralli, C. Caini, L. Calandrino.

Participant(s): UoB

Workpackage: WP11

Est. person months: 6.5

Security: Pub.

Nature: R

Version: 3.0

Total number of pages: 86

Abstract:

This report describes the results of the MAESTRO activities achieved within the WP11 workpackage. The training strategy, including the selected audience, which was considered during the preparation and finalization of the training material are described. The main outcome has been a Tutorial on “Digital Multimedia Broad-casting” (DMB), that was delivered during the EMPS/ASMS 2004 conference, on September 20, 2004. An updated and extended version of the Tutorial is planned to be delivered during the IST Mobile Summit 2005 conference, on June 19, 2004. Links to other IST-FP6 projects in related fields are also reported upon.

Keyword list: Training, S-DMB, DVB-H, Seminars, Cooperation, Exchange, Tutorial.

D11-1.1 MAESTRO: An IST Integrated Project No. 507023

03/01/2005 D11-1.1_V3.0 D11-1.1_UoB_MAESTRO_V3.0.doc

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document contains deliverable D11-1 of the IST Integrated Project MAESTRO – Mobile Applications & sErvices based on Satellite and Terrestrial inteRwOrking (IST Integrated Project n° 507023).

The MAESTRO project aims at studying technical implementations of innovative mobile satellite systems concepts targeting close integration & interworking with 3G and Beyond 3G mobile terrestrial networks.

More precisely, MAESTRO is focused on Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (S-DMB), which is an emerging technology for distributing multimedia contents to mobile terminals and handhelds. Therefore, the considered market segment is overlapping with that of 3GPP terrestrial MBMS (Multimedia Broadcasting and Multicasting Services). In fact, S-DMB is designed to be deployed in an adjacent spectrum allocation with respect to the terrestrial IMT-2000 band, and to exploit all the possible commonalities in terms of transmission standard and equipment hardware.

On the other hand, several other standards are being developed around the world for the distribution of multimedia contents in mobile systems. Terrestrial DMB solu-tions are also being built around the Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) standard. Alternative satellite solutions are the Japanese-Korean MBSAT system, and the XM-Radio and the Sirius systems in the US.

It is therefore clear that there is a need to clarify the position of S-DMB with re-spect to all other alternative solutions, in order to grow the awareness of the indus-trial and scientific communities about the new role of the satellite component and its technical and economic viability. To this end, MAESTRO has enforced a train-ing programme which is described in this deliverable D11-1 – “Training Report”. The task is led by UoB and is indirectly supported by all MAESTRO partners.

Chapter �2 deals with the strategy defined for the MAESTRO training, and with the identification of the target audience. The most relevant categories have been iden-tified, and the major training objective has been selected to be a Tutorial on Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, to be delivered at major international conferences. Chapter �3 reports on of the Tutorial material. The objective of this Tutorial is to perform an in-depth overview of the different systems that provide or will provide DMB services, and to identify a position for S-DMB. For each system, a descrip-tion of the architecture, associated markets, and principal features is provided. Chapter �4 reports on the links between MAESTRO training and other IST projects, namely SatNEx and MoSSA, which are briefly described.

The major achievement within WP11 was the delivery of the MAESTRO S-DMB Tutorial during the EMPS/ASMS 2004 conference, held on September 20 at ESA/ESTEC premises in Noordwijk (The Netherlands). The audience was com-



posed by more than 60 attendees. An updated and extended version of the tutorial will be prepared in the second year of the MAESTRO project, and is planned to be delivered during the IST Mobile Summit 2005 conference, on June 19, 2005.



COPYRIGHT © Copyright 2004 The MAESTRO Consortium consisting of :

Alcatel Space (ASP), France Motorola Toulouse SAS (MSPS), France LogicaCMG UK Limited (LOGICACMG), United Kingdom Agilent Technologies Belgium SA (AGILENT), Belgium Ascom Systec AG (ASC), Swiss University College London (UCL), United Kingdom Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UoB), Italy The University of Surrey (UNIS), United Kingdom Fraunhofer Gesellschaft e.V. (FHG/IIS), Germany Udcast (UDCAST), France Space Hellas SA (SPH), Greece Ercom Engineering Reseaux Communications (ERCOM), France AWE Communications GMBH (AWE), Germany GFI Consulting (GFIC), France SES Astra (SES), Luxembourg British Telecommunications PLC (BT), United Kingdom E-TF1 (E-TF1), France Bouygues Telecom (BYTL), France Alcatel CIT (A-CIT), France Alcatel SEL AG (ASEL), Germany

This document may not be copied, reproduced, or modified in whole or in part for any purpose without written permission from the MAESTRO Consortium. In addi-tion to such written permission to copy, reproduce, or modify this document in whole or part, an acknowledgement of the authors of the document and all appli-cable portions of the copyright notice must be clearly referenced.

All rights reserved.

This document may change without notice.



DOCUMENT HISTORY Vers. Issue Date Content and changes 0.1 March 25, 2004 Table of Contents

0.2 September 15, 2004 Added training strategy section

1.0 December 23, 2004 Pre-Final version

1.2 January 3rd, 2005 Final version

3.0 January 3rd, 2005 Final version for delivery



DOCUMENT AUTHORS

This document has been generated from contributions coming from most of the MAESTRO partners. The contributors are the following:

Partners company Contributors

UoB G.E. Corazza

A. Vanelli-Coralli

C. Caini

L. Calandrino

DOCUMENT APPROVERS

This document has been verified and approved by the following partners:

Partners company Approvers

UoB Giovanni E. Corazza

ASP



TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 10

2 TRAINING STRATEGY........................................................................................................... 12

3 TRAINING MATERIAL............................................................................................................ 13

3.1 ASMS2004 TUTORIAL MATERIAL ....................................................................................... 13

4 LINKS TO OTHER PROJECTS AND INITIATIVES ............................................................... 82

4.1 SATNEX ........................................................................................................................... 82 4.2 MOSSA............................................................................................................................ 84

5 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 86



LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Members of the SatNEx Consortium ...................................................... 83

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: SatNEx Workpackage Breakdown Structure......................................... 84



ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

ASMS-TF Advanced Satellite Mobile Systems Task Force

DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting

DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

DVB Digital Video Broadcasting

EC European Commission

ERA European Research Area

FP6 Sixth Framework Programme

GPRS General Packet Radio System

GSM Global System for Mobile communications

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

IST Information Society Technologies

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MoSSA ASMS-TF Specific Support Action

MSS Mobile Satellite Systems

SatNEx Satellite communications Network of Excellence

S-DMB Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

RAN Radio Access Networks

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network



1 INTRODUCTION The MAESTRO project will introduce a major paradigm shift in the way satellite and terrestrial networks interwork. In fact, MAESTRO is aimed at demonstrating that a satellite overlay network based on the service complement concept rather than on the usual geographic complement concept is instrumental for the success of both terrestrial and satellite 3G (and beyond) industries.

In particular, MAESTRO is focused on S-DMB, which is an emerging technology for distributing multimedia contents to mobile terminals and handhelds. Therefore, the considered market segment is overlapping with that of 3GPP terrestrial MBMS. In fact, S-DMB is designed to be deployed in an adjacent spectrum allocation with respect to the terrestrial IMT-2000 band, and to exploit all the possible commonal-ities in terms of transmission standard and equipment hardware. By distributing multimedia contents through S-DMB, the capacity for the terrestrial IMT-2000 cel-lular systems can be fully exploited for the high-valued point to point connections. In essence, close interworking between the terrestrial and the satellite component will produce profitable system architectures and business opportunities.

On the other hand, several other standards are being developed around the world for the distribution of multimedia contents in mobile systems. Notably, the DVB-H standard is undergoing several approval steps within the DVB forum. This is a modification of the DVB-T standard to address efficiently delivery to mobile termi-nals. At the same time, terrestrial DMB solutions are also being built around the DAB standard. Alternative satellite solutions are the Japanese-Korean MBSAT system, and the XM-Radio and the Sirius systems in the US. It is therefore clear that there is a need to clarify the position of S-DMB with respect to all other alter-native solutions. In other words, it is necessary:

1. to grow the awareness of the industrial and scientific communities about the new role of the satellite component and its technical and economic viability;

2. to enhance the competence of industrial and scientific staff about satellite based DMB systems;

3. to position S-DMB in the overall multimedia distribution market.

To this end, MAESTRO has enforced a training programme which includes:

the definition of a training strategy;

the production of high level technical, professional, scientific and educa-tional material;



the organisation of short courses and tutorials on specific topics (e.g., MBMS services, MBMS technology, multicast protocols, physical layer is-sues, etc.).

All of these activities have been addressed in the first year of MAESTRO. Possible additional activities, that could also be part of the WP11 activities in the second year, are the following:

organisation of stages and exchanges for researchers and members of technical staff;

evaluation and possible use of e-learning tools.

In the following, the research strategy and the technical material prepared for the training purposes will be described.



2 TRAINING STRATEGY The strategy defined for the MAESTRO training is essentially based on four steps:

1. identification of the strategic audience to be addressed;

2. submission of proposals for tutorials and short courses on MAESTRO re-lated topics (e.g., DMB services, DMB technology, multicast protocols, physical layer issues, etc.) to different bodies;

3. preparation of high level technical/professional/scientific educational mate-rial for MAESTRO training purposes;

4. creation and maintenance of links between MAESTRO and other FP6 pro-jects, such as Networks of Excellence in Satellite Communications and/or in Wireless Communications.

Regarding the audience the following categories have been identified and ad-dressed:

technical and scientific personnel involved in R&D activities;

technical and non-technical personnel involved in the regulatory and stan-dardization frameworks;

higher education students;

business-oriented managerial staff.

Regarding the preparation of the training material, chapter �3 deals with the Tutorial prepared during the first year. This material was delivered during the EMPS/ASMS 2004 conference, on September 20, 2004. The audience was a heterogeneous mix of more than 60 attendees, covering all of the above identified categories. An updated and extended version of the tutorial will be prepared in the second year of the MAESTRO project, and is planned to be delivered during the IST Mobile Summit 2005 conference, on June 19, 2004.



3 TRAINING MATERIAL The objective of the DMB tutorial is to perform an overview of the different systems that provide or will provide DMB services, and to give a position for S-DMB. Under this respect, five different systems have been considered:

the XM radio deployed in the United States;

the Sirius system deployed in the United States;

the DVB-H system under development in the DVB forum framework;

the MBMS system under standardization within 3GPP;

the S-DMB system addressed by the MAESTRO project.

For each system, a description of the architecture, of the associated markets, and of the principal features has been provided.

3.1 ASMS2004 Tutorial material

DMBDMBDigital Multimedia BroadcastingDigital Multimedia Broadcasting

((Digital Mobile Broadcasting, Digital Mobile Broadcasting,

Digital Multicasting & Broadcasting)Digital Multicasting & Broadcasting)

Giovanni E. Corazza, Alessandro VanelliGiovanni E. Corazza, Alessandro Vanelli--CoralliCoralli

Noordwijk, September 20, 2004Noordwijk, September 20, 2004

ASMS2004 TutorialsASMS2004 Tutorials



2EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004

OutlineOutline

DMB opportunities and systems (30m)

DVB standards: DVB-T/H (45m)

Break (15m)

IMT2000 UMTS-MBMS (40m)

S-DMB (40m)

Conclusions (10m)


AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Maestro PartnersAlcatel Space (ASP), FranceMotorola Semiconducteurs SAS (MSPS), FranceLogicaCMG UK Limited (LOGICACMG), United KingdomAgilent Technologies Belgium SA (AGILENT), BelgiumAscom Systec AG (ASC), SwissUniversity College London (UCL), United KingdomAlma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UoB), ItalyUniversity of Surrey (UNIS), United KingdomFraunhofer Gesellschaft e.V. (FHG/IIS), GermanyUdcast (UDCAST), FranceSpace Hellas SA (SPH), GreeceErcom Engineering Reseaux Communications (ERCOM), FranceAWE Communications GMBH (AWE), GermanyGFI Consulting (GFIC), FranceSES Astra (SES), LuxembourgBritish Telecommunications PLC (BT), United KingdomE-TF1 (E-TF1), FranceBouygues Telecom (BYTL), FranceAlcatel CIT (A-CIT), FranceAlcatel SEL AG (ASEL), Germany



DMB opportunities and systemsDMB opportunities and systems


The DMBThe DMB opportunityopportunity

Digital multimedia broadcasting and multicasting to mobile terminals isrecognized around the world as one of the hottest market opportunities in the short termNews: September 12, 2004

The big five handset vendors, Nokia, NEC, Motorola, Siemens and Sony Ericsson, announced a co-operation deal to investigate mobile broadcast servicesThe most appealing broadcast service to the mobile handset is widely held to be TV, though the vendors say they will look at all multimedia entertainment Quoting Steffen Ring (Motorola): "Content is King, but mobility is Queen”

EC-FP6: Broadcast and Multicast Cluster (BMC) (Brussels, Sep. 21, 2004)ATHENA, B-BONE, BROADWAN, CAPANNINA, DAIDALOS, EPHOTON-ONE, MAESTRO, MCDN, MUSE, SATLIFE

Forecast for BM market in 2008:90 million users worldwide8 billion € of revenues




DMB: DMB: convergenceconvergence of of differentdifferent worldsworlds

Live TVDriven

DMBDMBWeb-access

Driven

GamingDriven

TecnhologyDriven

BROADCASTINGBROADCASTINGPC

WO

RLD

PC W

OR

LDINTE

RN

ETIN

TER

NET

MOBILE MOBILE TELECOMsTELECOMs


DMB DMB servicesservices: : realreal--timetime vsvs non non realreal--timetime

RT: real-time broadcast/multicast to mobile terminalLive TVLive music Information (news, traffic)Advertising WebcamsMultiplayer gamingEmergency messages

NRT: non-real time, content stored on terminal and consumed laterVideo on-demandMusic on-demandWebcastingWeb-browsingPersonalised contentVideo games




DMB environments and terminalsDMB environments and terminals

EnvironmentsOutdoor pedestrian

e.g. killing time (bus stop, in line, etc)Context-aware information

Outdoor vehicular car, but also bus, train, airplane, shipInfotainment (info to driver, entertainment to passengers)

Indoorat home:download to PAN and consume in the eveningin the office: videoconference

TerminalsStorage capacityBatteryDisplayG/TCost


Content for Mobile TVContent for Mobile TV

Existing TV content cannot be directly transported to mobile terminals“Mobile TV is not TV on the mobile”Content adaptation strategies are necessary

Small screensDetail-driven source codingContent trasducers

New content produced for mobile TVShort sequences (1 to 15 mins typical)

NAVSHP (Networked Audio Visual Systems and Home Platforms)New media technology platform for EC IST FP7Thomson, Alcatel, ST, Siemens, Nokia, Philips, IntelNew Media Council: next meeting Dec 2-3, 2004.




DMB systemsDMB systems

Classification is difficult, due to large overlapCriteria

Coverage: terrestrial/satelliteTerminals: handset/vehicular Target service: audio/video/multimediaWorld region of operationIntegration with cellular networks In operation/plannedStandard/proprietary air interface

ExamplesDigital Audio Broadcasting (e.g. DAB, XM radio, Sirius)Digital Video Broadcasting (e.g. DVB-T, DVB-H)MBSATIMT2000 (e.g., UMTS-MBMS, S-DMB)…


DABDAB

Standardized by ETSI in 1995Replacement for analog AM and FMMPEG2 audio layer IIEnhanced data servicesN x 24 ms Frames, DQPSK, OFDM 1/4 - rate Conv. Code, Interleaving, Puncturing4-Modes of OperationDeployed in >35 Countries around the world




DARS systems: XM radioDARS systems: XM radio

DARS = Digital Audio Radio Service XM Satellite Radio (CONUS)

started in 2001A $1,5 billions program targeting vehicular market 100 Thematic radio channels, FM+ quality$10/month subscriptionReceivers price starting today from $120XM exceeded 1 million customers end of October 2003Constellation

2 GEO satellitesTerrestrial repeaters (˜1500)

Air interfaceQPSK TDMS-Band


DARS systems: SiriusDARS systems: Sirius

Sirius (CONUS)Started 2002120 Thematic radio channels, FM+ quality$12.25/month subscription400K users end of June 2004Member of ASMS-TFConstellation:

3 HEO sat Terrestrial repeaters (˜ 90)

Air interface:Direct link: QPSK TDMTerrestrial repeater link: QPSK COFDMCoding: RS+ConvSat diversity

TDM OFDM

TDM

GroundRepeaters

SIRIUSSatellite

VSATSatellite

NationalBroadcast

Studio

RemoteUplink Site

MobileReceiver

TDM OFDM TDM

12.5 MHz




MBSATMBSAT

MBSAT (Japan and Korea)opening 20041 GEO sat, 12 m antennaGap fillers25 MHz band at 2,6 GHz, 7 Mb/s capacityVehicular and pedestrian usage10 TV and 50 Radio broadcast programsTarget 20 Million customers in 2010400 to 600 $ receivers3 to 20$/month subscription

System Cost ˜800 M$Tens of thousands of terrestrial repeaters

Partnership: Toshiba, NTV, NTT, SKT, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Samsung,...Strong involvement of SKT in Korea to market the MBSAT system

Targeting video over cellphone with Samsung products


DVB standardsDVB standards: DVB: DVB--T/HT/H

DVB-T has been standardized in 1997 and now deployed worldwideDVB-T adopts QAM-OFDMDVB-H is the evolution of DVB-T for broadcasting to mobile handsets

Targeting 2005 commercial product availability

Regulatory allocation for DVB-H Network is a big concern

Will require tremendous lobbying effort to grant VHF/UHF before 2010




IMT2000: UMTSIMT2000: UMTS--MBMSMBMS

MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast & Multicast Services ) is a specification of the UMTS network resource for simultaneous content (streaming and best-effort) delivery to groups of usersIn-band channels Use of broadcast bearers wherever relevant on a per cell basisUMTS includes W-CDMA FDD

SGSN

GGSN

RNC

SAI_1

shared bearers

MBMS Data

RNC

cell_1 cell_2 cell_3

nBnBnB

dedicated bearers

BM-SC


IMT2000: SIMT2000: S--DMB DMB -- a hybrid 3G networka hybrid 3G network




TheInternet

IP backbone

Billing VHESignalling Gateway

WAP Accounting

UMTS

Broadcast Networks(DAB, DVB-T)

Satellite FES

GSM / GPRS

Context-aware information

Centre

IP-based micro-mobility Wireless

LANs

ISP

SIP Proxy Server

Interworking: a 4G Interworking: a 4G objectiveobjective

DVB standardsDVB standards




DVB Standards OverviewDVB Standards Overview

Point to multipoint transmission standards for large volume of information at high data rateInformation is mainly audio and video (MPEG2 format) but can also be files or other dataTransmission (FL)

Different transmission means have been standardizedDVB-S and S2 satellite channelDVB-T/H terrestrial channel (fixed and mobile terminal)DVB-C cable channelDVB-MS multipoint transmission system @ 10 GHz and aboveDVB-MC Multichannel Microwave Distribution System below 10 GHzDVB-MT Microwave terrestrial transmission

Interactivity (RL)Network independent tools ISO/OSI layer 2 and 3Network dependent tools ISO/OSI layer 1 and 2

DVB-RCC cable TV distribution systemsDVB-RCP ISDN, PSTNDVB-RCD DECTDVB-RCL Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS)DVB-RCG GSMDVB-RCCS Satellite Master Antenna TV (SMATV)DVB-RCS SatelliteDVB-RCT Digital TV including multiple access OFDMDVB-RCGPRS GPRS

Ad-hoc groupsDVB-UMTS


DVB view on telecom/broadcast convergenceDVB view on telecom/broadcast convergence

Hybrid Networks are foreseen: interfaces and specifications for hybrid platforms will be given in 2005




DETOUR: OFDM basicsDETOUR: OFDM basics

HistoryFirst developments: parallel modulation/FDM 50’s- 60’sCritical issue: complexity, solved with IFFT/FFT, VLSI technologyIn Europe DAB: mid 80’sDVB-T: early 90’sOFDM is one of the preferred techniques for 4G

Rationale for using OFDM in DVB-T/HRequirements:

High data rates: e.g. 6 Mbit/s (SDTV), 20 Mbit/s (HDTV)Mobile and fixed usersChannel impairments: multipath fading, co-channel interference, adjacent channel interference (PAL), impulsive noise

OFDM fits the requirements because it offers:High data rate transmission thanks to parallel processingMultipath resilience thanks to large sub-carrier symbol periodEnhanced block equalization through Guard time insertion


OFDM basics (cont’d)OFDM basics (cont’d)

OFDM is a multicarrier technique, with orthogonal subcarriersThree approaches to obtain orthogonality:

1. Frequency separation (scarce spectrum efficiency)2. -3 dB superposition (flat spectrum, staggered I/Q modulation for orthogonality)3. Minimum frequency separation: 1/T (achieved by using the DFT over blocks of

length T = NTs)For the m-th block:

1

0

)2

exp()(1

)(N

k Nkjma

Nmb

SP1/NSC

IDFT P/SN/1

“0”

“0”

OFDM Modulator

1

0

)2exp()(1

)(N

sk fTkjmaN

mb

1 1

s

fT NT




OFDM: system overviewOFDM: system overview

Symbol Sampling

OFDMDemodulator

I/Q SymbolMatched

Filter

SoftDemodulator

ChannelDecoder

RemoveCyclic Prefix

RemoveCyclic P.

SP1/N DFT

P/SNSC/1

Soft Demodulator

OFDM Demodulator

Source Bits

Const.Mapping

OFDM Modulator

ChannelCoding

CyclicPrefix

Pulse Shaping

SP1/NSC

IDFT P/SN/1

Const.Mapping

CyclicPrefix

“0”

“0”

OFDM Modulator


OFDM spectrumOFDM spectrum

- 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6

- 0 . 2

0

0 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

0 . 8

N o r m a l i z e d F r e q u e n c y ( fT ) - - - >

No

rma

liz

ed

Am

pli

tud

e -

-->




Guard time insertionGuard time insertion

A Guard time is introduced at the end of each OFDM symbol for protection against multipath.The Guard time is “cyclically extended” to avoid Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) - integer # of cycles in the symbol interval.Guard Time > Multipath Delay Spread, to guarantee zero ISI & ICIGuard Time > Differential cell delay in single frequency networks

Cyclic prefix length

Time

Original N Samples

Added Prefix


OFDM: sensitiveness to non linear distortionOFDM: sensitiveness to non linear distortion

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

In-Phase OFDM signal

PD

F

16QAM - set 1

In-Phase OFDM signalGauss(0, 1/2)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.916QAM - set 1

Normalized Envelope

PD

F

OFDM envelope pdf OFDM envelope cdfAM-PM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

Input Power [dB]

Pha

se d

isto

rtio

n [d

eg]

AM-AM

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

Input Power [dB]

Out

put P

ower

[dB

]




OFDM: nonOFDM: non--linear distortion (cont’d)linear distortion (cont’d)

SolutionsPeak to average ratio (PAR) reduction

Clipping– Out of band emission

Precoding– Complexity – Spectrum efficiency reduction

Selective mapping– Complexity increase– Spectrum efficiency reduction

Predistortion techniques

DVBDVB--T/HT/H




DVBDVB--H System overview (1)H System overview (1)

ObjectivesBroadcast transmission to mobile handheld terminals of datagrams (IP or other datagrams) pertaining to multimedia services, file downloading services, etc

ConstraintsLimited power supply (small terminals)Varying transmission conditions (mobile terminals)

Systems specificationDVB-H = DVB-T +

4K OFDM modeEnhanced interleaving for native DVB-T 2K and 4K modesTime slicingEnhanced signallingPacket coding: MPE-FEC5MHz bandwidth

Reference documentsEN 300 744: Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television (DVB-T), Appendix G and H specific for DVB-HEN 301 192: Link LayerEN 300 468: Service InformationTS 101 191: Single Frequency Network


DVBDVB--T/T/HH System overview (2)System overview (2)

4 bandwidth modes: 5, 6, 7, and 8 MHz3 OFDM modes: 2K, 4K, 8K3 modulation formats:

4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM

Hierarchical and non-hierarchical transmissionNon-hierarchical: constant error protectionHierarchical: higher protection for basic information, lower protection for additional information

Bit-wise and symbol-wise interleavingConcatenated channel coding

Inner code: convolutional code with 4 coding rates: 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8Outer code: RS code




DVBDVB--T/H network layoutT/H network layout

4 kinds of frequency networks can be deployedLarge area SFN (Single Frequency Network) :

Many high power repeaters with large transmitter space– large delays large guard time required

– Challenging transmitter synchronization

Regional SFN:Few high power repeaters with large transmitter space

– Large delays large guard time required

– Simpler transmitter synchronization

MFN (Multi Frequency Network) with dense SFN around each MFN transmitter:Medium power SFM transmitter with medium transmitter spacing

SFN gap fillersLow power SFN transmitter with small spacing to fill gaps in coverage

– Small delays small guard time required


DVBDVB--T/H: frame formatT/H: frame format

1 OFDM symbol (Ts) = data part (Tu)+guard interval (TG)Guard time can be 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, or 1/32 of the data partThe data part contains

Info dataPilot symbols (power boosted)1 TPS bit (Transmission Parameter Signalling), DBPSK modulated

– 68 TPS bits refer to an OFDM frame and are transmitted over one frame.– This requires batch processing at the receiver

68 OFDM symbols = 1 frame (TF)4 frames = 1 superframeEvery superframe conveys an integer number of MPEG2 packetsTPS bits

1 initialization bit16 synchronization bits37 information bits14 redundancy bits, BCH (67,53, t=2)

DVB-H TPS bits contain info on 4K mode, in-depth interleaver, Time slicing, MPE-FEC




DVBDVB--T/H: functional block diagramT/H: functional block diagram


DVBDVB--T/H: MPEGT/H: MPEG--22

MPEG-2 transport multiplex packet:188 byte: 1 synch word + payload

MPEG-2 transport multiplex packet:188 byte: 1 synch word + payload

Sync1 byte

MPEG-2 transport MUX data 187 bytes




DVBDVB--T/H: RS outer codingT/H: RS outer coding

RS (204, 188, t=8)RS (204, 188, t=8)


DVBDVB--T/H: outer interleavingT/H: outer interleaving

Convolutional interleaving (Forney approach)

INTERLEAVING DEPTH = 12 BYTES




DVBDVB--T/H: inner T/H: inner convolutionalconvolutional codingcoding

Convolutional codes: •Mother code rate 1/2, 64 states

•G1= 171oct, G2=133oct•Punctured codes at rates

•2/3•3/4•5/6•7/8

•This is the same code used by DVB-S

Convolutional codes: •Mother code rate 1/2, 64 states

•G1= 171oct, G2=133oct•Punctured codes at rates

•2/3•3/4•5/6•7/8

•This is the same code used by DVB-S


DVBDVB--T/H: T/H: demuxdemux and inner interleavingand inner interleaving




DVBDVB--T/H: nonT/H: non--hierarchical transmissionhierarchical transmission

Non-hierarchical transmissionDemultiplexing of input stream into:

2 output streams for QPSK4 output streams for 16-QAM6 output streams for 64 QAM


DVBDVB--T/H: hierarchical transmissionT/H: hierarchical transmission

Hierarchical transmission

•Demultiplexing of high priority input stream into:

2 output streams

•Demultiplexing of low priority input stream into

2 output streams for 16-QAM4 output streams for 64-QAM




DVBDVB--T/H: bit interleavingT/H: bit interleaving

Bit-wise block interleaver 126 bits/block•6 different interleaver sequences (I0….I5)


DVBDVB--T/H: symbol interleavingT/H: symbol interleaving

symbol-wise interleaver




DVBDVB--T/H: QAM constellationsT/H: QAM constellations

-10,-10

-8,-8

-6,-6

-4,-4

4,4

6,6

8,8

10,10

-10,-8

-8,-6

-6,-4

-4,4

4,6

6,8

8,10

10,-10

-10,-6

-8,-4

-6,4

-4,6

4,8

6,10

8,-10

10,-8

-10,-4

-8,4

-6,6

-4,8

4,10

6,-10

8,-8

10,-6

-10,4

-8,6

-6,8

-4,10

4,-10

6,-8

8,-6

10,-4

-10,6

-8,8

-6,10

-4,-10

4,-8

6,-6

8,-4

10,4

-10,8

-8,10

-6,-10

-4,-8

4,-6

6,-4

8,4

10,6

-10,10

-8,-10

-6,-8

-4,-6

4,-4

6,4

8,6

10,8

Uniform, v=1 Non-uniform, v=2 Non-uniform, v=4

-8,-8

-6,-6

-4,-4

-2,-2

2,2

4,4

6,6

8,8

-8,-6

-6,-4

-4,-2

-2,2

2,4

4,6

6,8

8,-8

-8,-4

-6,-2

-4,2

-2,4

2,6

4,8

6,-8

8,-6

-8,-2

-6,2

-4,4

-2,6

2,8

4,-8

6,-6

8,-4

-8,2

-6,4

-4,6

-2,8

2,-8

4,-6

6,-4

8,-2

-8,4

-6,6

-4,8

-2,-8

2,-6

4,-4

6,-2

8,2

-8,6

-6,8

-4,-8

-2,-6

2,-4

4,-2

6,2

8,4

-8,8

-6,-8

-4,-6

-2,-4

2,-2

4,2

6,4

8,6

-7,-7

-5,-5

-3,-3

-1,-1

1,1

3,3

5,5

7,7

-7,-5

-5,-3

-3,-1

-1,1

1,3

3,5

5,7

7,-7

-7,-3

-5,-1

-3,1

-1,3

1,5

3,7

5,-7

7,-5

-7,-1

-5,1

-3,3

-1,5

1,7

3,-7

5,-5

7,-3

-7,1

-5,3

-3,5

-1,7

1,-7

3,-5

5,-3

7,-1

-7,3

-5,5

-3,7

-1,-7

1,-5

3,-3

5,-1

7,1

-7,5

-5,7

-3,-7

-1,-5

1,-3

3,-1

5,1

7,3

-7,7

-5,-7

-3,-5

-1,-3

1,-1

3,1

5,3

7,5

4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM


DVBDVB--T/H: pilot and TPS insertionT/H: pilot and TPS insertion

symbol 3

symbol 1

symbol 2

symbol 0

symbol 67

.....

.....

.....

.....

..... .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

..... .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

frequency

time

Pilot carriers

Data and signalling carriers1 OFDM symbol

1 OFDM carrier




DVBDVB--T/H: OFDM multiplexT/H: OFDM multiplex

IFFT:2K4K8K


DVBDVB--T/H: guard intervalT/H: guard interval

Add 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, or 1/32 of the OFDM symbol length




DVBDVB--T/H: OFDM parametersT/H: OFDM parameters

Bandwidth allocation MHz 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8

N. of data carriersN. of pilot carriers

0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.111433.6 1194.7 1024.0 896.0 716.8 597.3 512.0 448.0 358.4 298.7 256.0 224.0

0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.40 1.67 1.95 2.23 2.79 3.35 3.91 4.464.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61

Symbol duration [us] 1/4 Tu 1792.0 1493.3 1280.0 1120.0 896.0 746.7 640.0 560.0 448.0 373.3 320.0 280.01/8 Tu 1612.8 1344.0 1152.0 1008.0 806.4 672.0 576.0 504.0 403.2 336.0 288.0 252.01/16 Tu 1523.2 1269.3 1088.0 952.0 761.6 634.7 544.0 476.0 380.8 317.3 272.0 238.01/32 Tu 1478.4 1232.0 1056.0 924.0 739.2 616.0 528.0 462.0 369.6 308.0 264.0 231.0

Frame ms 1/4 Tu 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.2 60.9 50.8 43.5 38.1 30.5 25.4 21.8 19.01/8 Tu 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.5 54.8 45.7 39.2 34.3 27.4 22.8 19.6 17.11/16 Tu 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.7 51.8 43.2 37.0 32.4 25.9 21.6 18.5 16.21/32 Tu 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8 50.3 41.9 35.9 31.4 25.1 20.9 18.0 15.7

Super frame ms 1/4 Tu 487.4 406.2 348.2 304.6 243.7 203.1 174.1 152.3 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.21/8 Tu 438.7 365.6 313.3 274.2 219.3 182.8 156.7 137.1 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.51/16 Tu 414.3 345.3 295.9 258.9 207.2 172.6 148.0 129.5 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.71/32 Tu 402.1 335.1 287.2 251.3 201.1 167.6 143.6 125.7 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8

N. of MPEG2 blocks/superframe

204840968192

8K 4K 2K

173468

Carrier Spacing KHzDuration Tu usFundamental period usN. of signalling carriers

34096817

3516048701

3024

2525041008

N. of carriers

with guard time

N. of active carriers 17051512176

Bandwidth MHz


DVBDVB--T/H OFDM parameter trade offsT/H OFDM parameter trade offs

Large guard time Higher robustness to delay, i.e. larger cells allowedLarge carrier spacing Higher robustness to Doppler, i.e., higher speeds allowed8K is good for large cells, but sensible to high speeds2K is good for high speeds, but does not tolerate large delays4K is a tradeoff

Bandwidth allocation MHz 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8

N. of data carriersN. of pilot carriers

0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.111433.6 1194.7 1024.0 896.0 716.8 597.3 512.0 448.0 358.4 298.7 256.0 224.0

0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.40 1.67 1.95 2.23 2.79 3.35 3.91 4.464.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61

Symbol duration [us] 1/4 Tu 1792.0 1493.3 1280.0 1120.0 896.0 746.7 640.0 560.0 448.0 373.3 320.0 280.01/8 Tu 1612.8 1344.0 1152.0 1008.0 806.4 672.0 576.0 504.0 403.2 336.0 288.0 252.01/16 Tu 1523.2 1269.3 1088.0 952.0 761.6 634.7 544.0 476.0 380.8 317.3 272.0 238.01/32 Tu 1478.4 1232.0 1056.0 924.0 739.2 616.0 528.0 462.0 369.6 308.0 264.0 231.0

Frame ms 1/4 Tu 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.2 60.9 50.8 43.5 38.1 30.5 25.4 21.8 19.01/8 Tu 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.5 54.8 45.7 39.2 34.3 27.4 22.8 19.6 17.11/16 Tu 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.7 51.8 43.2 37.0 32.4 25.9 21.6 18.5 16.21/32 Tu 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8 50.3 41.9 35.9 31.4 25.1 20.9 18.0 15.7

Super frame ms 1/4 Tu 487.4 406.2 348.2 304.6 243.7 203.1 174.1 152.3 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.21/8 Tu 438.7 365.6 313.3 274.2 219.3 182.8 156.7 137.1 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.51/16 Tu 414.3 345.3 295.9 258.9 207.2 172.6 148.0 129.5 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.71/32 Tu 402.1 335.1 287.2 251.3 201.1 167.6 143.6 125.7 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8

N. of MPEG2 blocks/superframe

204840968192

8K 4K 2K

173468

Carrier Spacing KHzDuration Tu usFundamental period usN. of signalling carriers

34096817

3516048701

3024

2525041008

N. of carriers

with guard time

N. of active carriers 17051512176

Bandwidth MHz

Increasing guard time

Increasing carrier spacing




1/2 2/3 5/6 7/8

1/4 0.62 0.83 1.04 1.09

1/8 0.69 0.92 1.15 1.21

1/16 0.73 0.98 1.22 1.281/32 0.75 1.01 1.26 1.32

1/4 1.24 1.66 2.07 2.181/8 1.38 1.84 2.30 2.421/16 1.46 1.95 2.44 2.561/32 1.51 2.01 2.51 2.641/4 1.87 2.49 3.11 3.271/8 2.07 2.76 3.46 3.631/16 2.20 2.93 3.66 3.841/32 2.26 3.02 3.77 3.96

16-QAM

64-QAM

bit/s/Hz

4-QAM

Code rateModulation Guard time

DVBDVB--T/H Spectral efficiencyT/H Spectral efficiency

Spectral efficiency is independent from the bandwidth (5,6,7, or 8MHz) and the OFDM mode (2K, 4K, or 8K) adopted


DVBDVB--H: time slicingH: time slicing

Implementation of time slicing is mandatory for DVB-HData sent in bursts

higher data rate per bursteach burst contains information on next burst to be decoded

Between burstsreception is switched off for power saving orneighbor cells are monitored for cell handover

Advantages:power consumption reduction seamless service handovercell handover




DVBDVB--H MPEH MPE--FECFEC

Implementation of MPE-FEC is optional for DVB-H

FEC is applied on datagrams

25% overhead

Reed Solomon code RS(255,191,64)

It could give sufficient protection up to 8K/64-QAM modality for a high speed terminal without antenna diversity

New proposal for packet FEC on Sep. 17, 2004

IMTIMT--20002000UMTS: MBMSUMTS: MBMS

Operator Specific Services

Multimedia Services - QoS handling

- Service Provisioning - Subscription Handling

- Efficient routing - Activation - Multicast area Control

Service synchronisation

User-initiated activation

Multicast Capable UTRAN GERAN

M ulticast Subscription

Group

Multicast Data Stream

IP Network

Movie/Music Streaming

Live web casting

TV news/sports/ Advertising




Multimedia Broadcast/Multimedia Broadcast/MulicastMulicast Service (MBMS) Service (MBMS) in UMTS networksin UMTS networks

MBMS ObjectiveEfficient delivery of downlink point to multipoint services in UMTS networksTarget: light video and audio clips

MBMS FeaturesBroadcast or Multicast mode (joining sessions)Mode selection between p-t-p vs. p-t-m (few vs. many users in a cell)Selective vs. soft combining (a single RLC entity performs re-ordering)

MBMS servicesMBMS Streaming User Service (RT services)

continuous transmission of data and the immediate play-out via the display and/or the loudspeaker (multimedia data only).Session triggered by the user

MBMS Download User Service (NRT services)error-free transmission of files via the unidirectional MBMS Bearer Services. Download Content is stored in the local files-system of the user equipment. Download triggered by network as users are registered to the service


MBMS: Multicast and broadcast modesMBMS: Multicast and broadcast modes

Subscription

Joining

Service announcement

Data transfer

Leaving

MBMS notification

Session start

Session Stop

Service announcement

Data transfer

MBMS notification

Session Start

Session Stop

Multicast modeBroadcast mode




UTRA radio protocols UTRA radio protocols

L1

Uu interface

L3

L2

Physical Layer

Logical channels

C-plane signalling u-plane information

Transportchannels

Nt DCGC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

PDCPPDCP

BMC

RRC

MAC

Physicalchannels

Access

Stratum

AIR


MBMS standardization overviewMBMS standardization overview

Ses

sion

S

tart

/ S

top

RTP Stream(s)

file

MC-Relay&

Source Authentication

Unicast or Multicast trafficMulticast traffic

MBMS Bearer Service

Control

User Registration &Authentication

Post-DeliveryProcessing

Server

http

User Authentication (e.g. BM-SC)

& Service Membership(SA4 work?)

BM-SC

MBMS Bearer (see Data Transfer in 23.246)

User Plane

Ctrl Plane

Interactive Bearer

MB

MS

Bea

rer

Ser

vice

R

ecei

ver

Page

UD

P/IP

FE

C

MB

MS

Use

r S

ervi

ce R

ece

iver

http

RTP Stream(s)

file

SDP-Info IGMP Join / leave

App

licat

ion

(e.g

. ex

istin

g m

edia

pla

yer)

and

S

erv

ice

En

able

r (e

.g. O

MA

)

SA4 SA2 & SA3

SA4 SA2 & SA3 SA2 SA4

SA3 SA4

Unicast traffic

MBMS UserService

DiscoverySMS/(CBS)/MMS

MBMS Bearer

Interactive Bearer Pull-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. http

Push-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. SAP/SDP; FLUTE

List of servicesto select

Selection of Service

Ua interface: http-digest (see 33.220)

(Note, key management not agreed in SA3 yet)

Derivation of Password

Shared Secret (http-digest-AKA)

Optional

FE

C

FE

C

Optional

FE

C

Multicast traffic

MB

MS

Use

r S

ervi

ce

Act

ivat

ion

/ D

eact

ivat

ion

TransmissionControl

MBMS User Service Transmitter

Optional

Dat

a T

rans

port

Network ProviderClient

(Only in MBMS Multicast Mode)


Service Activation/ Deactivation

MB

MS

Ser

vice

D

isco

very

Phases

Trigger

Defaults Bearer (see Service Activation

Procedure in 23.246)

Service Provider

Envelope information including META Information like an <application tag>(incl. Multicast/Broadcast Mode)

MBMS BS Context(activation / deactivation)

MBMS UE & BS Context(creation / deletion)

Ses

sion

S

tart

/ S

top

RTP Stream(s)

file

MC-Relay&

Source Authentication

Unicast or Multicast trafficMulticast traffic

MBMS Bearer Service

Control

User Registration &Authentication

Post-DeliveryProcessing

Server

http

User Authentication (e.g. BM-SC)

& Service Membership(SA4 work?)

BM-SC

MBMS Bearer (see Data Transfer in 23.246)

User Plane

Ctrl Plane

Interactive Bearer

MB

MS

Bea

rer

Ser

vice

R

ecei

ver

Page

UD

P/IP

FE

C

MB

MS

Use

r S

ervi

ce R

ece

iver

http

RTP Stream(s)

file

SDP-Info IGMP Join / leave

App

licat

ion

(e.g

. ex

istin

g m

edia

pla

yer)

and

S

erv

ice

En

able

r (e

.g. O

MA

)

SA4 SA2 & SA3

SA4 SA2 & SA3 SA2 SA4

SA3 SA4

Unicast traffic

MBMS UserService

DiscoverySMS/(CBS)/MMS

MBMS Bearer

Interactive Bearer Pull-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. http

Push-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. SAP/SDP; FLUTE

List of servicesto select

Selection of Service

Ua interface: http-digest (see 33.220)

(Note, key management not agreed in SA3 yet)

Derivation of Password

Shared Secret (http-digest-AKA)

Optional

FE

C

FE

C

Optional

FE

C

Multicast traffic

MB

MS

Use

r S

ervi

ce

Act

ivat

ion

/ D

eact

ivat

ion

TransmissionControl

MBMS User Service Transmitter

Optional

Dat

a T

rans

port

Network ProviderClient



Service Activation/ Deactivation

MB

MS

Ser

vice

D

isco

very

Phases

Trigger

Defaults Bearer (see Service Activation

Procedure in 23.246)

Service Provider

Envelope information including META Information like an <application tag>(incl. Multicast/Broadcast Mode)

MBMS BS Context(activation / deactivation)

MBMS UE & BS Context(creation / deletion)




UMTS terminology: UMTS terminology: Logical, Transport and Physical channelsLogical, Transport and Physical channels

Logical channels: services offered by the MAC to upper layersdefined by what type of information is transferred;

Transport channels: services offered by the physical layer to upper layerdefined by how and with what characteristics information is transferred

Physical channels: means of transport channel transmissiondefined by the carrier frequency, scrambling code, channelization code, time start & stop (giving a duration) and, on the uplink, relative phase (I or Q).


UMTS terminology:UMTS terminology: L1L1 generalgeneral featuresfeatures

Physical layer offersinformation transfer services to MAC and higher layers by means of transport channel mapped onto physical channelsFrequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization;Power controlMeasurements and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.)RF processing

Downlink and UplinkCommon channels

addressed UEs are identified through inband identificationDedicated channel

addressed UEs are identified by the physical channel, i.e. code and frequency.




UMTS: L1 UMTS: L1 MappingMapping of of TransportTransport ontoonto PhysicalPhysical ChannelsChannels

BCH (Brodacast)Transport Channels Physical Channels

FACH (Forward Access)

PCH (Paging)

RACH (Random Access)DCH (Dedicated)

DSCH (Downlink Shared)

CPCH (Common Packet)

Primary Common Control Physical (PCCPCH)

Secondary Common Control Physical (SCCPCH)

Physical Random Access (PRACH)Dedicated Physical Data (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control (DPCCH)

Physical Downlink Shared (PDSCH)

Synchronization (SCH)

Physical Common Packet (PCPCH)

Common Pilot (CPICH)

Acquisition Indicator (AICH)

Paging Indicator (PICH)

…


UMTS: UMTS: frameframe structurestructure

The transmission is continuous but organized in

frames (1 frame = 15 slots = 10 ms)

slots (1 slot = 2560 chips= 0.666 ms)

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 14

Frame




UMTS: UMTS: DownDownlink Modulation and spreadinglink Modulation and spreading

•Modulation– QPSKScrambling code – Used to separate base stations– Gold complex sequences– Length

– 10 ms (38400 chips) = 1 frame

•Modulation– QPSKScrambling code – Used to separate base stations– Gold complex sequences– Length

– 10 ms (38400 chips) = 1 frame

S/P +

ComplexScrambling

code

Channel Code

J

•Channel codes:– used to separate channels and

connections to different users– Rc=3.84 Mcps (Tc=260 ns)– OVSF

• SF4 -> 4 chip/bit 0.96 Mbits• SF8 -> 8 chip/bit 0.48 Mbits• …• SF512

•Channel codes:– used to separate channels and

connections to different users– Rc=3.84 Mcps (Tc=260 ns)– OVSF

• SF4 -> 4 chip/bit 0.96 Mbits• SF8 -> 8 chip/bit 0.48 Mbits• …• SF512


UMTS: UMTS: OrthogonalOrthogonal VariableVariable SpreadingSpreading FactorFactor CodesCodes

C1,1=(1)

C2,1=(1,1)

C2,2=(1,-1)

C4,1=(1,1,1,1)

C4,2=(1,1,-1,-1)

C4,1=(1,-1,1,-1)

C4,2=(1,-1,-1, 1)

SF0 SF1 SF2 SF4




UMTS: UMTS: CodingCoding and and InterleavingInterleaving

CodingConvolutional codes: code rate 1/2 or 1/3Turbo codes: code rate 1/3

InterleavingDepth: 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms (1,2, 4, or 8 frames)

xk

xk

zk

Turbo codeinternal interleaver

x’k

z’k

D

DDD

DD

Input

OutputInput

Output

x’k

1st constituent encoder

2nd constituent encoder

Structure of rate 1/3 3GPP Turbo coder


UMTS: UMTS: Common DL physical channelsCommon DL physical channels

Fixed symbol sequence CPICH

PCCPCH

SCCPCH

Tx OFF data

dataTFCI

256 chips

data PDSCH




MBMS channelsMBMS channels

MBMS services are provided through the following channels

Logical channels

MCCH p-t-m Control Channel

MTCH MBMS p-t-m Traffic Channel

Indicator channels

MICH MBMS notification Indicator Channel

Transport channels

FACH Forward Access Channel

Physical channel

SCCPCH Secondary

Common Control Physical Channel

Mapping


MBMS: operationMBMS: operation

UEs are informed about new MBMS sessions by a Notification Indicator (NI) set on the MICH (˜ PICH)When UE sees NI for MBMS service it has joined, it reads the MBMS Control Channel (MCCH/FACH/sCCPCH)MBMS provided either by PTP or PTM

based on RNC counting, with some thresholds

In PTM-case, MCCH will inform user about transmission on the MBMS Transport Channel (MTCH/FACH/sCCPCH)

Modification period

MICH Repetition period

MCCH

Modification period

PTM transmissions can be received by UEs in RRC-connected mode, as well as in RRC-Idle modeThe UE shall support Selection Combining for PTM transmissions




MBMS mapping: options (I)MBMS mapping: options (I)

3GPP TSG RAN1 #38bis: Seoul, Korea, 20-24 September, 2004Source: PanasonicTitle: Multiplexing options for MBMSAgenda Item: 5.2Document for: Discussion and decision

PCCH DTCH MTCH

FACH

S-CCPCH S-CCPCH

R99 FACH

MBMS FACH

PCCH DTCH MTCH

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

PCH PCH

Multiplexing options of MTCH traffic and R99 normal traffic


MBMS mapping: options (II)MBMS mapping: options (II)

MCCHMTCH

FACH

S-CCPCH 1S-CCPCH

FACH FACH

MCCH MTCH

Scenario 2Scenario 1

FACH

S-CCPCH

Multiplexing options between MTCHs and MCCH




MBMS mapping: options (III)MBMS mapping: options (III)

Multiplexing options for MTCHs

MTCH1 MTCH2

FACH

S-CCPCH S-CCPCH

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

FACH

MTCH3 MTCH1 MTCH2 MTCH3

FACH FACH

TFCI (scheduling + TF)

S-CCPCH

Scenario 3

FACH

MTCH1 MTCH2 MTCH3

FACH FACH

MSCH (scheduling) + TFCI (TF)

MSCH

FACH


MBMS: Soft or Selective combiningMBMS: Soft or Selective combining

The network simulcasts PtM MBMS contents on the S-CCPCH, and the UE receives and decodes the MBMS data from multiple radio links, simultaneously.

Combing of MBMS services received from different S-CCPCH can be performed:

at RLC based on CRC results Selective combining

Prior to FEC decoding Soft combining

Impact on buffers, processing, and mex allowed delay is non-trivial

Cell/ Sector 1

RAKE RAKE

Channel Decoding

Selective Combining(at RLC based onCRC result and

sequence number)

Channel Decoding

Cell/ Sector 2

UETo application layer




MBMS: transmission mode selectionMBMS: transmission mode selection

ObjectiveSelection of the most efficient transmission mode

Transmission modesp-t-p transmission (multicast mode only):

used to transfer MBMS specific control/user plane information as well as dedicated control/user plane information between the network and one UE in RRC Connected Mode

p-t-m transmission (broadcast and multicast mode):used to transfer MBMS specific control/user plane information between the network and several UEs in RRC Connected or Idle Mode

Counting/ re-counting procedure:the mechanism by which the UTRAN can prompt users interested in a given service to become RRC connected to count them

Mode Selection:operator dependent, typically based a "threshold" related to the UE number (counting procedure) that have activated particular MBMS services in a cell.


DETOUR: Multicast protocolsDETOUR: Multicast protocols

Several multicast protocols have been defined for the InternetMore work is under wayAttributes of a multicast protocol

EfficiencyThroughput to final users: average, percentilesTraffic load on the network

Scalability Ease of growth in the number of users without network congestion

ReliabilityPacket loss probability per userTarget: total (stubborn)/partial (best effort)With/without retransmission

LatencyAverage delay in delivering




Multicast protocols examplesMulticast protocols examples

General-Purpose Reliable Multicast ProtocolsXpress Transport Protocol (XTP)Single Connector Emulator (SCE) Resilient Multicast Support for Continuous-Media applications (STORM)

Specialized Reliable Multicast ProtocolsScalable Reliable Multicast (SRM) Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP)Multicast Transport Protocol (MTP)

Tree-based schemes (scalability)Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (RMTP)Tree-based Multicast Transport Protocol (TMTP)

Router-assisted protocols (efficiency)Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)Light-weight Multicast Services (LMS)


SRM BasicsSRM Basics

Scalable Reliable Multicast, 1996 by S. Floyd, V. Jacobson et al.

Simple design, NAK based

Minimum reliable multicast requirements

Data will eventually arrive at destination

No guarantee on the order of packet arrival

No congestion control

Reliability on an end-to-end basis

Retransmission of the lost data involves all the nodes which belong

to the group.

MC Protocols




R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

MC Protocols

Regular data flow

SRM ExampleSRM Example


R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

X packetloss

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)





R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

NAK

MC Protocols

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)



R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

MC Protocols

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)NAK forwarding, NAK emission is suppressed at E3 & E5





R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

MC Protocols

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)NAK forwarding, NAK emission is suppressed at E3 & E5NAK propagation to source, redundant traffic to E1 & E2



R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

MC Protocols

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)NAK forwarding, NAK emission is suppressed at E3 & E5NAK propagation to source, redundant traffic to E1 & E2Retransmission of packet, redundant traffic (E1 & E2)





Pragmatic General Multicast, Speakman et al., 2001

Minimum reliable multicast requirements (as SRM)Data will eventually arrive at destination

No guarantee on the order of packet arrival

No congestion control

Router assisted

Three kinds of messagesSession (SPM – source path messages)

Original Data (ODATA)

Repair Data (RDATA)

Retransmission only involves the nodes which have actually lost data!

MC Protocols PGM BasicsPGM Basics


R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

Regular data flow

PGM ExamplePGM Example




R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

X packetloss

MC Protocols

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)



R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

NAK

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)





R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

NCF

MC Protocols

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)R2 forwards NAK and confirms with NCF, E3 & E4 also send out NAKs



R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)R2 forwards NAK and confirms with NCF, E3 & E4 also send out NAKsIncoming NAK confirmed (R1, R2), NAK forwarded to source





R1

R2

E3

E2

E5E4

from source

E1

Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)R2 forwards NAK and confirms with NCF, E3 & E4 also send out NAKsIncoming NAK confirmed (R1, R2), NAK forwarded to sourceNCF and repair packet from source, no redundant traffic (E1 & E2)



SRM/PGM ComparisonSRM/PGM Comparison

SRMSimple, lightweigtGeneral Public Licensed source codeEnd-to-endIncreased latency to counter implosionTraffic redundancy

PGMHeavyweight management (multiple routers state under control)No public source code, proprietary implementation based on RFC End-to-endNeeds new router implementationNo traffic redundancy




Sim. Results DesignatedDesignated LocalLocal RepairerRepairer

SatelliteSatelliteEarthEarthGatewayGateway

ISPISP

SatelliteSatelliteNodesNodes

TerrestrialTerrestrialNodesNodes

DesignatedDesignatedLocalLocalRepairerRepairer


DesignatedDesignated LocalLocal RepairerRepairer

Any ODATA packet arriving from the sender should be stored by the DLR in a local buffer.

The DLR examines every NACK reaching the node

If the requested packet is in the DLR local buffer, it does not forward the NACK to the sender and provides the repair data itself

If the requested packet is not in the local buffer it forwards the NACK to the sender.

The repair packet is never sent directly after reception of the NACK to allow slower NACKs to reach the node and thus minimizing network traffic

SRM, PGM, and DLR are all based on the use of a return channel




IETF work on multicast protocolsIETF work on multicast protocols

IETF Reliable Multicast Transport (RMT) Working Group

NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast protocol (NORM)

Uses negative acknowledgments for reliability

TRee-based ACKnowledgement protocols (TRACK)

Uses a tree for controlling feedback and repairs.

Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC)

Uses forward error-correction (FEC) techniques and does not

require any feedback


MBMS: streaming evolutionMBMS: streaming evolution

Evolution of 3GPP Packet Switched Streaming

As in Release 5MBMS Download (M)DRM (O)SRTP(O)

As in Release 4Progressive Download (O)RTP/RTCPData Transport

As in Release 4H.263 P0 L45 (O)MPEG-4 VSP L 0b (0)H.264 Full Baseline (O)

As in Release 4H.263 P0L10 (M), P3L10 (O)MPEG-4 VSP L0 (O)

Video Codecs

Additional RTSP & SDP level signalling (O)

QoE Protocol (O)RTCP extentions (O)

As in Release 4NONE (only if network provied QoS)

QoS

As in Release 4Media Alternatives in SDPMetadata signalling in SDP (O)

MBMS - FLUTE

As in Release 4RTSP (M)SDP (M)HTTP (O)

Session Establishment

As in Release 53GPP Rate Adaptation (O)

Annex.G (video only)NONERate Control

As in Release 5Different 3GP file profiles (server,

MMS, progr. downloadable, generic)(O)

DRM (O)

As in Release 4ISO Base Format Conformance

(M)Timed-text (O)

3GPP File Format (.3gp).amr

Media File Format

As in Release 4AMR-WB+ or AACPlus (O)

As in Release 4AMR-NB & WB (M)MPEG-4 AAC LC, LTP (O)

Audio & Speech Codecs

UAProfUAProf NONECapability Exchange

Release 6Release 5Release 4




MBMS: Multicast protocolsMBMS: Multicast protocols

Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)

IETF RFC 1889

Designed for real-time data streaming such as audio, video or

simulation data

Resource reservation and quality-of-service not addressed

No mechanism to recover losses

Session-identifier field and timestamps help grouping and

synchronizing different streams such as audio and video tracks

Typically run over User Datagram Protocol (UDP)


MBMS: Multicast protocolsMBMS: Multicast protocols

FLUTE, File Delivery for Unicast Transport

IETF internet draft

Suited for unidirectional multicast file delivery but can be used also

for unicast delivery

Doesn’t require return link

Makes use of FEC packet layer coding

Works with all types of networks, including LANs, WANs, Intranets,

the Internet, asymmetric networks, wireless networks, and satellite

networks

Runs on Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) IETF RFC 3450 and

Layered Coding Transport (LCT) IETF RFC 3451




Packet Packet LayerLayer CodingCoding: : CodingCoding at at datadata link/IP link/IP LayerLayer

Take a fixed number of k packets and form a group *

1 2 k+1k... k+h...

1 2 k+1k... k+h...

channel coding

h redundancy packetsk data packets

Physical layer

Data Link/IP layer

transmission

n packets (group)

* Harald Ernst, DLR Surrey, 6. July 2004


MBMS: activation perspectiveMBMS: activation perspective

Freezing target for the first version of MBMS is Release 6 (end of

2004)

Practical implementation expected about 3 years later (end of 2007)

First functional MBMS-enabled terminals: third quarter 2008

From 2008 on the service should be fully operational

An estimated total of 30% of terminals and networks should support

MBMS by 2010

In-band transmission remains a problem



SS--DMBDMB


SS--UMTS vs. TUMTS vs. T--UMTS MBMSUMTS MBMS

Some simple algebra to quantify the advantage in using a satellite coverage:

Hp: rS-UMTS = 270 km, rT-UMTS = 10 km

Every RNC controls 37 nodes B (4 tiers)

19 RNCs in the area of coverage (703 cells)

Assume the ISP is co-located with the central RNC (best case for T-UMTS)

The ratio of backbone legs needed to connect RNCs and nodes B in T-UMTS wrt S-

UMTS is around 1600

Spectrum use, processing in RNCs and nodes B follow accordingly

The advantage of MBMS is applicable only for multiple active users within a cell

On the other hand, interactivity needs efficiency in the return link

The advantage of integration is completely visible!




The SThe S--DMB ConceptDMB Concept

3G handset2G/3G dual mode

2G/3G Mobile Network

2G/3G Base

station

Content providers

Hub basedon 3G equipment

ContentNetwork

High powerGeo-stationary satellite

Interactive link in IMT2000 mobile terrestrial band

MBMS Broadcast/Multicast Service Centre

Example of umbrella cells coverageover Europe

Satellite distribution link in IMT2000 mobile satellite band

3G Air interface


3 - SECURITY SERVICES•Population alert andawareness•Network dependability•Ubiquitous coverage

SS--DMB: extended range of services and applicationsDMB: extended range of services and applications

1 - MULTIMEDIA SERVICES• Mobile TV• Interactive broadcast• Content delivery

2 - VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS•Telematics•Entertainment




2G/3G HANDSETwith extended

frequency agility in Satellite IMT2000 band

512 Mbytes Memory card

with integrated DRM

Terrestrial repeaters integrated in 3G base stations for dense urban area coverage

STORE

REPLAY

PUSH

SELECT

SS--DMB: key design principlesDMB: key design principles

Satellite IMT2000 FDD European allocationTerrestrial IMT2000 FDD European allocationTerrestrial IMT2000 TDD European allocation

1900 1980 2010 2170 2200 MHz1920 21102025

Hybrid satellite/terrestrial architecture: Global coverage for Outdoor & Indoor usageLow cost impact on 3G handheld terminal

Satellite frequencies are adjacent to IMT2000 terrestrial onesSatellite waveform compliant to 3GPP UTRA FDD WCDMA standardHigh reception margin, hence no form factor impact

Concurrent evolution with 3GPP architecture


High power GEO satellite to accommodate 3G handheld High power GEO satellite to accommodate 3G handheld terminal RF characteristicsterminal RF characteristics

Satellite & Payload characteristics15 years LifetimeLaunch mass: up to 5900 KgP/L DC power consumption: 12 kWUp to 6 beams per satelliteEIRP (EOC): up to 76 dBW/beam over 1°

IMT2000 Satellite bandTX/RX AntennaØ 10-12 m

Ka bandTX AntennaØ < 1.5 m

Ka bandRX AntennaØ < 1.2 m

Mirror or subreflectorExample of 0.9-1° Beams

Satellite flexibilityCoverage (beam selection and beam size)Power sharing among active beamsTransparent architecture towards 3GPP air interface (e.g. W-CDMA & Beyond 3G waveform)




SS--DMB enabling features in 3G user equipmentDMB enabling features in 3G user equipment

3GPP & OMA featuresHW: Local memory storageSW

MBMS (including Power saving management)Streaming service and related codecsDigital Right ManagementService discovery, service protection, electronic service guide, etc...

SDMB specificHW: Radio frequency agility extension to IMT2000 satellite bandSW

Reliable transport protocol (File FEC, Interleaving, Carrousel)Dual operation mode: SDMB reception while attached to UMTS or GSM networkSDMB Service management

1900 1980 2010 2170 2200 MHz1920 21102025


Umbrella cell per spot beam1 carrier, 2 codes

The terminal rake receiver combines the Satellite & terrestrial repeaterssignals as echos of the same signal

Coveragehole

Coveragehole

Terrestrial repeaters: gap filler coveragesame carrier, same codes

Hybrid & cost effective satellite/terrestrial architectureHybrid & cost effective satellite/terrestrial architectureto achieve a Single Frequency Network outdoor & indoorto achieve a Single Frequency Network outdoor & indoor




SS--DMB impact on UMTS architecture & interfacesDMB impact on UMTS architecture & interfaces

SGSNUu

Iu

Gr

Ga

Gi

HLR BM-SC

Gi Gi

CGF

Gi

GGSNGn

Contentprovider

MulticastBroadcast

SourceMulticastBroadcast

Source

BGUTRAN

CSE

Gmb

OSASCS

Contentprovider

UE

Um

Iu/Gb

GERAN

PDN(e.g. Internet)

BM-SC+Uu*

Gmb*

SDMB space segment

HubTerrestrialrepeaters

Satellite

UE+

3GPPnetwork


SS--DMB impact on terminalDMB impact on terminal

RxWCDMA

TxWCDMA

RxGSM

TxGSM

UMTS stackGSM/GPRS/EDGE

stack

Middleware (mobile broadcast +Transport+ packet coding + dual mode mngmt)

Radio

3G terminal (UMTS/GSM)

Applications/MMI (ESG, user profile)

S-DMB impactSoftware

Hardware

Rx WCDMA sharedUMTS or S-DMB(exclusive mode)

OS




SS--DMB ChannelsDMB Channels

WCDMA channels relevant to SDMB

LogicalChannels

MAC

TransportChannels

PHY

PhysicalChannels

DCH DSCH FACH BCH

DTCH DCCH MTCH BCCH

S-CCPCH P-CCPCH CPICH

SCH

PDSCHDPCCHDPDCH

AICH AP-AICH

CSICH CD/CA-ICH

PCCH

PCH

MCCH

MICH

WCDMA channels relevant to SDMB

LogicalChannels

MAC

TransportChannels

PHY

PhysicalChannels

DCH DSCH FACH BCH

DTCH DCCH MTCH BCCH

S-CCPCH P-CCPCH CPICH

SCH

PDSCHDPCCHDPDCH

AICH AP-AICH

CSICH CD/CA-ICH

PCCH

PCH

MCCH

MICH


SDMB operations & power saving schemeSDMB operations & power saving scheme

PICH UMTS DRX cycle

Incoming call indicationUMTS or GSM mode: idle mode

Terminal switches between UMTS or GSM and SDMB signal (priority to cellular operation)

Reception of Service i+1/Ch1

Service i/Ch1 Service i+1/Ch1

TimeService information

MICH MBMS DRX cycle

MCCH

MTCH1

MTCH2 Service j+1/Ch2

New MBMS service indication

Service j/Ch2

SDMB mode: a background activity




SS--DMB: Frequency conversion IMRDMB: Frequency conversion IMR

RNS

FFSS

Frequencyconversionrepeater

Node B

Node B

RNC

UEGateway

Uu

Iub

Iu

Uu

Uu

S-DMBserver

FFSS

FMSS

FMSS

IFmod(Uu)


SS--DMB: OnDMB: On--channel IMRchannel IMR

RNS

S-DMBserver

On-channelrepeater

Node B

Node B

RNC

UEGateway

Uu

Iub

Iu

Uu

Uu

FMSS

FFSS

FMSS

FMSS

(Uu)




SS--DMB: IMR characteristicsDMB: IMR characteristics

Rx antenna dish 20-30 cm

Ka band

RF filter

Power Amplifier

* RF cable to Node B antenna(Signal is 3GPP TS 25.106 compliantin IMT2000 satellite band)

Low Noise Block

CellularModem

Frequency conversion terrestrial repeaterBlock architecture

O&M controller

Rx Antenna

Tx antenna

Tx antenna

Repeater

On the rooftop

Typical installation in tri-sectorised site

Site sharing with2G/3G base station site* cost effective* environment friendly


SS--DMB IMR DMB IMR propagationpropagation channelchannel

IMRs give extended coverage at a pricePros:

Higher received signal level, diversity

Cons:

“Artificial” multipath, large delay spread

On-going research activity Evaluation of power delay profiles characteristics

Channel modeling

Impact on Rake receiver design

ReferenceIMR

IMR 1

IMR 2IMR 6

IMR 5

IMR 4

IMR 3

UE

North

IMR cellular layout




Power Delay Profile in BrusselsPower Delay Profile in Brussels

Challenging Rake receiver design:

Very large number of pathsLarge delay spreadAbsence of power controlDelay spread depends upon:

LatitudeRelative position

Power Delay ProfileNorm. Dist.=0.5 Lat=51° north

-170

-160

-150

-140

-130

-120

-110

-100

-90

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Delay (Tc)

P (

dB)

Sat

Ref IMR

IMR1

IMR2

IMR3

IMR4

IMR5

IMR6


Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: SmallSmall block vs. block vs. LargeLarge block block codescodes

Small block codesAdvantages

Perfect codes (=0)

Efficient for small files

Disadvantages

High complexity in encoding/deconding (matrix inversion, vector products)

Weak against bursty error (depends on interleaving)

Not efficient for large files

High/medium level of overhead due to FEC headers

Large block codesAdvantages

Low complexity in encoding/deconding (Xoring)

Robust against bursty errors(depends on interleaving)

Efficient for large files

Low level of overhead due toFEC headers

Disadvantages

Not perfect codes (>0)

Not efficient for small files




Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Small block codesSmall block codes

The original file must bepartitioned into small blocksParity packets can recover erasures only in their FEC blockLosses for different blocks are supposed to be independentSuccess when all blocks are decoded (entire file success decoding)k=MaxBlockSizem=L/MaxBlockSizen=k/rateEncoded packets could be interleaved to avoid bursty error

m

jnjnjS

n

knjppP

111block Small

FEC header

Original File (L packets)

Block #1k original packets

FEC Block #1Rate=k/n

FEC Block #2 FEC Block #m

Received File (L packets)

Encod

ingD

ecodin

g

Block #2k original packets

Block #mk original packets

Redundancy

Pa

rtitionin

g


Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Large block codesLarge block codes

The original file could beallocated in only one blockAll the parity packets can recover erasuresThe code is not perfect thus a small inefficiency () has to betaken into account Success when one block isdecoded(entire file success decoding)k=Ln=k/rate0 (n-k)/kEncoded packets could beinterleaved to avoid bursty error

n

knj

jnjnjS ppP

1)1(

11block Large




Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Results (1)Results (1)

Probability of success vs. PERPS

Small Block (k=100, analytical)PS

Large Block (k=10000, analytical)PS

LDGM (k=10000, simulation)

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

PER

Psu

cces

s Bin_K100, rate=9/10

Bin_K100, rate=3/4

Bin_K100, rate=2/3

Bin_K100, rate=1/2

Bin_K10000, rate=9/10

Bin_K10000, rate=3/4



LDGM_K10000, rate=9/10






LDGM Encoding/Deconding speed

LDGM Inefficiency1

10

100

1000

0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9

Rate

En

codi

ng/D

eco

din

g sp

ee

d (

Mb

ps)

EncSpeed(Mbps)

DecSpeed(Mbps)

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

0.5 0.667 0.75 0.9

Rate

Inef

ficie

ncy e





Perfect codes (e.g. RS) are compared with LDGM codes varying the size of the transferred file in the range of [128, 20000] packets

Perfect codes are (128,192) block codes with ideal decoding and adopting a binomial statistical model for errors on packets

LDGM encodes the entire fileinto one block with rate 2/3

Losses are uniformly distributed

The figure reports the maximum allowable PER which assures the 90% of successes of the file transfer

For rate 2/3, the crossing point corresponds to a file size of approximately 1200 kbytes. 0.2

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.3

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

File size (KB)

Max

allo

wa

ble

PE

R

RS

LDGM

+17.52%


Packet coding: indicationsPacket coding: indications

Small block codes (e.g. Reed Solomon) suffer the partitioning problem

Large block codes (e.g. LDGM) has an inefficiency factor greater than

zero

Considering big files, large block codes overcome small block codes

For large block codes the inefficiency and the encoding/decoding speed

depend on the characteristics of the adopted code




3GPP: OFDM extension3GPP: OFDM extension

3GPP: TR25.892 “Feasibility Study of OFDM for UTRAN enhancement”3GPP Study item started in 2002Preliminary conclusion of the study presented at RAN#24, June 2-4, 2004

Main conclusions:Feasibility:

No indications that OFDM is not feasible for UMTS downlink. Further study required on channel estimation, RRM, inter-cell interference, etc

Performance:Basic OFDM scheme performs better than HSDPA with a Rake rec., for time dispersive channels. Advantage decreases for advanced receiver structure and for channel with moderate time dispersion.

Complexity:Incremental complexity impact on (multi-mode) UE complexity. Modifications to existing Node B design (amount of modification likely to be manufacturer dependent)Advanced HSDPA receiver for HSDPA (rel. 5) more complex than the OFDM detector. Terminal complexity depends on introduction of advanced receivers in the UE


SS--DMB: OFDM extensionDMB: OFDM extension

TR25.892 represents a reference for S-DMB-OFDM activity

A work item has been opened in ETSI-SES S-UMTS, “Evaluation of OFDM as a satellite radio interface”

OFDM air interface definition

OFDM performance analysis

OFDM feasibility in S-UMTS

System design constraints

Impact on satellite transponder

Impact on ground segment, including terminals




3GPP TR 25.892 3GPP TR 25.892 setssets

Parameters Set 1 Set 2

TTI duration (msec) 2 2

FFT size (points) 512 1024

OFDM sampling rate (Msamples/sec) 7.68 6.528

Ratio of OFDM sampling rate to UMTS chip rate 2 17/10

Guard time interval (cyclic prefix) (samples/ìsec) 56 / 7.29 57 / 7.42

64/9.803

Subcarrier separation (kHz) 15 6.375

# of OFDM symbols per TTI 27 12

OFDM symbol duration (ìsec) 73.96/74.09 166.67

# of useful subcarriers per OFDM symbol 299 705

OFDM bandwidth (MHz) 4.485 4.495


InstantaneousInstantaneous power in OFDM signalpower in OFDM signal

0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Inst

anta

neou

s P

ower

16QAM - set 1




3GPP TR 25.892: PAR3GPP TR 25.892: PAR

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

PAR (dB)

Sam

ple

Clip

ping

Fre

quen

cy

OFDM Set 1OFDM Set 2WCDMA Test Model 5 with 8 HS-PDSCHs

PAR Threshold (dB)


Possible countermeasuresPossible countermeasures

At the TX side:Pre-coding techniques

Sub-carrier allocation strategies

Pre-distortion techniques

On-boardAmplification characteristics

IBO/OBO

At the RX side:Equalization

Iterative detection

Joint pre-distortion and equalization




Predistortion TechniquesPredistortion TechniquesProposed ArchitectureProposed Architecture

LUT PredistortionGain Based PredistortionLinear in power indexing

Denser entries for higher input values

HPA ModelingExtended Saleh Model

4 parameters

LUTLinear in Amplitude Linear in Power

Denserfor higher input values

PhaseAmplitude

#0#0

#1#1

......

#NT-1#NT-1

#NT-1#NT-1

Uniform

12

a

aA [rad] 12

2

p

p


3GPP TR 25.892 reference simulation scenarios3GPP TR 25.892 reference simulation scenarios

Modulation Code Rate Information Bit Payload

24-bit CRC Addition

Code Block Segmentation

R=1/3 Turbo Encoding

Rate Matching

QPSK 1/3 4800 4824 1×4824 14484 14400 QPSK ½ 7200 7224 2×3612 21696 14400 QPSK 2/3 9600 9624 2×4812 28896 14400 QPSK ¾ 10800 10824 3×3608 32508 14400 QPSK 4/5 11520 11544 3×3848 34668 14400 16QAM 1/3 9600 9624 2×4812 28896 28800 16QAM ½ 14400 14424 3×4808 43308 28800 16QAM 2/3 19200 19224 4×4806 57720 28800 16QAM ¾ 21601 21625 5×4325 64935 28800 16QAM 4/5 23041 23065 5×4613 69255 28800




OFDM performance in non linear channelsOFDM performance in non linear channels

1.E-03

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4

Eb/N0 [dB]

PER

AWGN (WCDMA)

AWGN (Set1)

AWGN (Set2)

IBO=3dB (Set1)

IBO=3dB (Set2)

IBO=2dB (Set1)

IBO=2dB (Set2)


Replace

Upgrade

Add

SGSN

GGSN

Terrestrial repeaters

HLR

Experimental 3G BM-SC

MSC

Satellite emulator based on 3G Node B

Hub emulator based on RNC emulator

2.5 GNetwork

Integrated SDMB/GPRS handsets

Content source

Multimedia contents

SDMBPropagation

channelemulator

Validation of architecture & performanceTrials in 2005 in Paris

SS--DMB test bed based on DMB test bed based on MoDiSMoDiS platformplatform




MoDiSMoDiS Trial: Monaco July/Sept 2004Trial: Monaco July/Sept 2004

SatelliteEmulator

Terrestrialrepeater

Terrestrialrepeater

3

2

1

Proof of S-DMB concept: W-CDMA efficiency in broadcast mode with hybrid satellite/terrestrial transmissionMeasurement campaign for system cost & performances assessmentService demonstration:

Real time streaming, download, peer to peer


SS--DMB: field test (MODIS)DMB: field test (MODIS)




Planned growth of the SPlanned growth of the S--DMB systemDMB system

Spot beam capacity can be progressively improved up to 10Mb/s along with mobile content usage

Increased number of Terrestrial repeatersAdditional satellitesFull 30 MHz allocationUse of Beyond 3G waveform

Also direct satellite return link for Voice and messaging services for telematicsand public safety

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AC

HIE

VAB

LE B

ITR

ATE

PER

SPO

T B

EAM

64-128 Kb/S384-768 Kb/S

768 - 2200 Kb/S 5 - 10 Mb/S(dependingon availablespectrum)

MBMSin

cellularnetwork

SDMB:Single satelliteconfiguration

SDMB:Multi-satelliteconfiguration

SDMB: B3G waveform

ConclusionsConclusions




Positioning of systemsPositioning of systems

It is very difficult to predict the success of one solution over another. Several aspects must be considered:Architecture/technical

Service continuity over nation wide coverage in line with today's coverage for mobile voice communicationsEfficiency and throughput. Broadcast capacity in line with the traffic associated to the content/service adapted to mobile environmentLow impact on terminal autonomySecurity and DRM issues, preventing virus attacks to personal data and allowing protection against unauthorised content sharing

Business/MarketFair share agreement between mobile operators and broadcasters regarding services revenues and respective rolesLow traffic fees ideally comparable to Internet levelsLow cost impact on cellular handset (need to subsidize)Cost of IMR development and deployment

RegulatoryHarmonised spectrum over several countries allowing critical market size




4 LINKS TO OTHER PROJECTS AND INITIATIVES MAESTRO WP11 has maintained links with other IST projects such as SatNEx and MoSSA. In particular, with the Network of Excellence SatNEX a discussion on the training strategy has been conducted, within SatNEX WP3000 line devoted to “Spreading of Excellence”. Within that discussion, it was decided to organize the MAESTRO tutorial along with a SatNEx tutorial in the ASMS 2004 Conference. The SatNEx tutorial was identified as “Broadband Satellite Communications”, and took the morning session, while the MAESTRO tutorial took the afternoon session. In turn, the ASMS 2004 Conference was organized by the Advanced Satellite Mo-bile Systems Task Force with the support of the IST MoSSA Specific Support Ac-tion, in particular of WP200 of that project. In the following, a brief description of the two IST projects related to MAESTRO is given.

4.1 SatNEx

The SatNEx project officially began its activities at the start of 2004 with a two-year contract from the EC under the IST-FP6 Thematic Area.

One of the major aims of SatNEx is to fix the fragmentation in satellite communica-tions research by bringing together leading European academic research organi-sations in a durable way. The creation of the Network aims to establish critical mass and allow access to a range of expertise currently distributed across Europe. In this respect, mobility is an important aspect of SatNEx’s work, with academic staff and research students being encouraged to move between institutions to al-low access to specialised research equipment and to facilitate research integra-tion. Of course, SatNEx is not just about mobility. A key goal of SatNEx is the es-tablishment of a common communications platform that will exploit satellite com-munications technology to link all partners’ sites. This platform will provide SatNEx partners with a range of different opportunities for day-to-day communications, research and training. The ability to deliver interactive satellite communications lectures over a satellite link is a feature of SatNEx that is likely to be developed over the coming years.

The SatNEx consortium is made up of twenty-two partners from nine European countries, as listed in Table 1. The consortium comprises a well-balanced mix of academic institutions and research organisations, where two of the latter also have the small and medium enterprise status. Partners from industry are integrated into SatNEx via the Advisory Board. SatNEx is co-ordinated and managed by the Insti-tute of Communications and Navigation of the German Aerospace Center (DLR).



Table 1: Members of the SatNEx Consortium

Partner Country

German Aerospace Center (DLR) Germany

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece

University of Bradford UK

Budapest University of Technology and Economics Hungary

Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales France

Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni Italy

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung Germany

Groupe des Ecoles des Télécommunications France

Institute of Communication and Computer Systems of NTUA Greece

National Observatory of Athens Greece

Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologia dell’Informazione “Alessandro Faedo” Italy

Jožef Stefan Institute Slovenia

Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen Germany

Office National d’Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales / TeSA

France

Institut für Kommunikationsnetze und Satellitenkommunikation, TU Graz Austria

Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Spain

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Spain

The University of Surrey UK

The University Court of the University of Aberdeen UK

University of Bologna Italy

Università Degli Studi Di Roma “Tor Vergata” Italy

Universidad De Vigo Spain

There are several avenues that are currently being explored, including:

the hosting of a satellite communications Summer School from 2005 on-wards;

the provision of dedicated short-courses that address specific topics that are pertinent to the satellite community, to facilitate CPD and promote life-long learning activities;

the presentation of tutorial sessions at major satellite communications con-ferences;



the development of innovative ways of learning, in particular the application of distance-learning techniques and e-learning technologies;

the publication in an international journal of a series of tutorial papers and technical notes.

Figure 1 shows the workpackage (WP) breakdown structure of the Joint Pro-gramme of Activities (JPA).

Advisory BoardAdvisory Board

WP 3000 Spreading

of Excellence

WP 3000 Spreading

of Excellence

WP 1000 Integrating Activities


WP 2000Jointly

Executed Research

WP 2000Jointly

Executed Research

ManagementCommittee

ManagementCommittee

AssemblyAssembly

WP 2100Research Strategy

& Visions


& Visions

WP 4000 Network

Management

WP 4000 Network

Management

WP 4100Overall Coordinationof the Joint Activities


WP 4200Project Admin &

Controlling


Controlling

Steering BoardSteering Board

WP 2200System Studies


WP 2300NetworkingWP 2300

Networking

WP 2400Access

WP 2400Access

WP 2500Research Trials


CoordinatorCoordinator

WP 3100Training

WP 3100Training

WP 3200Dissemination &

Knowledge Transfer


Knowledge Transfer

WP 3300Standardisation

& Regulation


& Regulation

WP 1100Research Coordination


WP 1200Integrated Research

Tools & Testbeds


Tools & Testbeds

WP 1300Communication

& Collaboration Platform



WP 1400Personnel Exchange


WP 1500Integrated Management

of Knowledge& IPR


of Knowledge& IPR

Advisory BoardAdvisory Board

WP 3000 Spreading

of Excellence

WP 3000 Spreading

of Excellence



WP 2000Jointly

Executed Research

WP 2000Jointly

Executed Research

ManagementCommittee

ManagementCommittee

AssemblyAssembly


& Visions


& Visions

WP 4000 Network

Management

WP 4000 Network

Management




Controlling


Controlling

Steering BoardSteering Board



WP 2300NetworkingWP 2300

Networking

WP 2400Access

WP 2400Access



CoordinatorCoordinator

WP 3100Training

WP 3100Training


Knowledge Transfer


Knowledge Transfer


& Regulation


& Regulation




Tools & Testbeds


Tools & Testbeds








of Knowledge& IPR


of Knowledge& IPR

Figure 1: SatNEx Workpackage Breakdown Structure

Details of the training opportunities offered by SatNEx, together with other on-going activities can be found at the SatNEx website: http://www.satnex.org.

4.2 MoSSA

The MoSSA project aims to contribute to the implementation of activities of the FP6, the analysis and dissemination of results and to the preparation of future ac-tivities with a view to enable the ERA to define and achieve the RTD strategic ob-jectives as far as satellites are concerned. In particular, MoSSA aims at supporting directly and indirectly the ASMS-TF.

The ASMS-TF is an independent, industry-led body, committed to the successful introduction and development of advanced (including 3G and beyond) satellite mobile communications systems and services. The TF was formed in March 2001, at the initiative of EC and ESA. Some of the goals of the TF are to coordinate on-

http://www.satnex.org



going and future R&D efforts and to provide inputs to entities like the EC and ESA in support of future MSS development.

With the upcoming market need to have more content distribution in multimedia networks, as well as to have ubiquitous content access, it is very likely that the satellite role will largely increase, thanks to its unique technical features. There-fore, it is necessary that satellite specifics be considered in the earliest stage of the design of the next generation European TLC networks. However, the Euro-pean industrial satellite community is relatively small, compared with the terrestrial one. Therefore, it needs to be active as an integrated body, in order to be most capable of providing inputs to future network design and markets (hence the crea-tion of ASMS-TF), and also to foster a relationship with the “rest of the world”, in-cluding the FP6.

MoSSA promotes the following support actions:

the dissemination, transfer, exploitation, assessment and broad take up of past and present FP results, by using the experience of the TF members, traditionally fully engaged in RTD activities related to ASMS systems;

a close coordination with other appropriate fora

the contribution to strategic objectives, notably regarding the ERA

the support of future community RTD activities.

The objective of this project is therefore to build on the existing satellite community assembled within the ASMS-TF to co-ordinate the relationship with the “rest of the world”, in particular within FP6.



5 CONCLUSIONS In this deliverable, we have outlined the main outcomes of the activity carried out within WP11 in the MAESTRO project, devoted to training students and profes-sionals to the new paradigm of digital multimedia broadcasting by satellite.

The major element in the WP11 training strategy, which has also been turned into the major achievement obtained in the course of year 1 of the project, has been identified to be the preparation of material for Tutorials on DMB. The Tutorial in-cludes notions about both the S-DMB system foreseen by MAESTRO and alterna-tive distribution networks, with the aim of determining and presenting the correct positioning for the satellite solution.

The Tutorial was delivered to a broad audience at the ASMS2004 conference on September 20, 2004.

In the second year of MAESTRO WP11, updated versions of the tutorial are going to be produced and delivered. The IST Mobile Summit 2005 in Dresden will offer the first opportunity to present them.

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