transformation of the west
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Transformation of the West. 1450-1750 Do now: What does trade look like in Unit 4? (1450-1750). Culture and Commerce. The Italian Renaissance: Begins 14th, 15th centuries in northern Italy Italy becomes: Urbanized Merchant class Political rivalry. Culture and Commerce. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Transformation of the West
1450-1750
Do now: What does trade look like in Unit 4? (1450-1750)
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Culture and Commerce
The Italian Renaissance: Begins 14th, 15th centuries in northern Italy
Italy becomes:• Urbanized• Merchant class• Political rivalry
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Culture and Commerce
•Petrarch, Boccaccio• Uses Italian language (vernacular-the common language) • Secular (non-religious) topics
•Painting upgrade:• Use of perspective• Shadow, distance• Focus on humans, not gods or religious figures
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Perspective
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Culture and Commerce
• The Italian Renaissance•Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel, Statue of David• Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa• Niccolo Machiavelli – “The Prince” *it is better to be feared
than loved
•Humanism• Looking back to classical past• Study of texts, especially ancient Greek and Roman
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Medieval Art
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Renaissance Art
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Culture and changes
•The Renaissance Moves Northward
• Northern Renaissance• France, Low Countries,
England, Germany•Then to eastern Europe•More concerned with
religious matters
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Culture and Changes
•Changes in Technology and Family
•Technology•Printing Press!
• Family• later marriage age common•nuclear family common
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Changes and Commerce• The Protestant and Catholic
Reformations• 1517, Martin Luther's challenge• Attacks church institutions• Bible the only authority• Vernacular translations
• Protestant protest used for political gain• German opposition to the papacy• Rulers seize church lands
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Culture and Commerce• Henry VIII• Establishes Anglican church
• Jean Calvin• Calvinism• Predestination
• Catholic Reformation• Renewal• Jesuits• Missionaries and education
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Culture and Commerce
• The End of Christian Unity in the West•Religious Wars• France• Calvinists v. Catholics• 1598, Edict of Nantes• Promises Protestants’ toleration
•30 Years War (1618-1648)• Devastating to Germany• Netherlands independent
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Culture and Commerce
• The Commercial Revolution• Inflation, 16th century• Gold, silver from New World• Demand outstrips supply
• Social Protest•Witchcraft hysteria
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Science and Politics
•Copernicus• Polish monk• Used knowledge of earlier Arab scientists like al-Urdi and
al-Tusi•New instruments add to data collection•Galileo Galilei• Uses Copernicus' work
•Kepler’s observations confirm earlier work
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Science and Politics
•Methods• Francis Bacon• Empirical research
• René Descartes• Skepticism
• Isaac Newton• System of natural laws
• Deism• God does not intervene with nature
• John Locke• Use of reason
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Science and Politics
• Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies• 17th century, medieval balance disrupted
• France dominates• Centralized monarchy• Bureaucracy• “Absolute monarchy"• Louis XIV the best example• Nobles kept at court
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Science and Politics
•Other absolute monarchs• Spain, Prussia, Austria-Hungary• Territorial expansion
•England•Difference•Civil War• Parliament triumphant
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Science and Politics
•The Nation-StateDefinition•Common language, culture• National literature, songs, foods
• Territorial aspect•Common allegiance
Will lead to nationalism, which causes imperialism, global conflicts…
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The West by 1750
•Political Patterns• Great change in central Europe
(break up of feudal HRE)
• Frederick the Great of Prussia• Religious freedom• State regulates economy• Overseas commercial networks
Prussia was a German kingdom that became a nation state (absolutist as well) and was dissolved in 1932. Poland and the Soviet Union absorbed the territory
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The West by 1750
•Continual warfare• France v. Britain• Rivalry over overseas
territory (Remember the French and Indian War?)
•Prussia v. Austria• Territorial conflicts
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The West by 1750
•Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment• Scientific methods applied to other fields
•General principles•People are good•Reason the answer•Belief in progress
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The West by 1750
•Political science• Adam Smith• Laissez-faire
•Criminology• Society•Women's rights• Protection of children• Attack inequities
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The West by 1750•Mass consumerism – ongoing change in commerce and
manufacturing
• Agriculture• Advancements in tech – swamp drainage, breeding• Potatoes, etc. introduced
• Domestic system• Households produce finished goods
• Change becomes the norm