transformers physics a level notes

8/2/2019 Transformers Physics A Level Notes

1/9

:^dm ~xjbuc`xkmxCli}xm 5":5: ud`yu j ulkpam ~xjbuc`xkmx! ydlede`bulu~u `c ~y` umpjxj~m e`lau `c lbu}aj~mn ylxm y`}bn`b j ajklbj~mn e`xm kjnm cx`k udmm~u `c u`c~ lx`bumpjxj~mn h| jb lbu}aj~lbi sjxblud" ^dm udmm~u jxmia}mn ~ìm~dmx u` ~dj~ ~dm| jxm mame~xlejaa| lbu}aj~mncx`k mjed `~dmx" ^dm ~y` e`lau jxm b`~ albgmnmame~xlejaa|! ~dm `ba| e`bbme~l`b hm~ymmb ~dmk hmlbijb| kjibm~le clman lb ~dm e`xm"

ajklbj~mnu`c~ lx`b e`xm

p"n" ; s_~}xbu; B_

e}xxmb~; ap

j"e"

a 6 P 7 } p + p + a | + > r r r r

p"n" ; su~}xbu; B=e}xxmb~; /=

Cli}xm 5":5: Ulkpam ~xjbuc`xkmx

!@bm `c ~dm e`lau lu xmcmxxmn ~` ju ~dm pxlkjx| e`la! j}n~dm `~dmx lu ejaamn ~dm ume`bnjx| e`la" ^dm b}khmx `c~}xbu `b mjed $B_ jbn B, lu }u}jaa| nlccmxmb~"Lb Ume~l`b 5"= `b Mame~x`kjibm~le lbn}e~l`b! l~ yjuud`yb ~dj~ j edjbilbi e}xxmb~ lb ~dm pxlkjx| e`lalbn}emu jb m"k"c" lb ~dm ume`bnjx| e`lA Jbja~mxbj~lbi "e}xxmb~ lb ~dm pxlkjx| ylaa ~dmxmc`xmexmj~m jb ja~mxbj~lbi kjibm~le clman lb ~dm e`xm!ydled albgu yl~d ~dm ~}xbu `c ~dm ume`bnjx| e`la" ^dluja~mxbj~lbi kjibm~le clman ~dmxmc`xm lbn}emu j} m"k"c "lb ~dm ume`bnjx|! ja~mxbj~lbi yl~d ~dm ujkm cxmz}mbe|ju ~dj~ lb ~dm pxlkjx|" ^dlu m"k"c" ylaa ej}um jbja~mxbj~lbi e}xxmb~ ~` ca`y lb jb| mt~mxbja elxe}l~e`bbme~mn ~` ~dm e`la"Juu}klbi :??- mcclelmbe|! l~ ej} hm ud`yb ~dj~ ~dmp"n"u jexùu ~dm pxlkjx| jbn ume`bnjx| e`lau $S_ j}nSu xmupme~lsma|, jxm xmaj~mn ~` ~dm b}khmx `c ~}xbu `cylxm $B_ jbn B = xmupme~lsma|, ju càa`yu6

Mz}j~l`b =

4?? gS~xjbuc`xkmxu j ~ j ajxim u}hu~j~l`b lb U`}~d Jkmxlej

Lc B= 2 B_ ~dmb Su 2 S_ + j u~mp+}p ~xjbuc`xkmxLc B= 1 B_ ~dmb Su 1 S_ + j u~mp+n`yb ~xjbuc`xkmx

I}lnmn mtjkpamu $8,:" ^dm pxlkjx| e`la `c j ~xjbuc`xkmx dju =??~}xbu jbn ~dm ume`bnjx| e`l:8??? ~}xbu"

J = S ja~mxbj~lbi u}ppa| lu e`bbme~mn ~`~dm pxlkjx|" Ejae}aj~m ~dm sà~jim jexùu~dm ume`bnjx|"

8" Lb `xnmx ~` alid~ j :8 S ajkp! j ~xjbuc`xkmxyl~d 8>?? ~}xbu lb ~dm ume`bnjx| e`la lu}umn ~` u~mp+n`yb ~dm sà~jim `c ~dm j"e"kjlbu $8>? S," Ejae}aj~m ~dm b}khmx `c ~}xbulb ~dm pxlkjx| e`la"I}lnmalbmu]um Mz}j~l`b = lb mjed ejum"

_`ymx jbn e}xxmb~ lb ~xjbuc`xkmxuLb j pmxcme~a| mcclelmb~ ~xjbuc`xkmx! ~dmxm y`}an hmb` mbmxi| aùumu7 l"m" ~dm p`ymx nmalsmxmn ~` ~dmpxlkjx| y`}an hm mz}ja ~` ~dm p`ymx nmalsmxmn h|~dm ume`bnjx|"


2/9

8

a"m" p ;_p u

Mz}j~l`b 3E`khlblbi Mz}j~l`b = jbn Mz}j~l`b 36

\`} ud`}an b`~m ~dj~6 B_! S_ jbn L_ jxm ~dm b}khmx `c ~}xbu! p"n" jbn

e}xxmb~xmupme~lsma| lb ~dm pxlkjx| e`la jbn B4 !S= jbn Lu jxm ~dm b}khmx `c ~}xbu! p"n" jbn e}xxmb~xmupme~lsma| lb ~dm ume`bnjx| e`la" Lb pxje~lem! ~dm+ume`bnjx| e}xxmb~ lb ~dm~xjbuc`xkmx nmpmbnu `b ~dm xmulu~jbem `c ~dm a`jne`bbme~mn ~` l~! b`~ ~dm ~}xbu xj~l`" ^dm pxlkjx|e}xxmb~ nxjyb cx`k ~dm u}ppa| lu e`b~xàamn h|~dm ~}xbu xj~l`"

Mbmxi| aùumu^dm jh`sm mz}j~l`bu juu}km :??- mcclelmbe|! l"m" jaa~dm mame~xleja mbmxi| u}ppalmn ~` ~dm pxlkjx| lue`bsmx~mn ~` mame~xleja mbmxi| lb ~dm ume`bnjx|"Lb pxje~lem! j ukjaa jk`}b~ `c mbmxi| lu nluulpj~mn ~`~dm u}xx`}bnlbiu6 E`la xmulu~jbem ej}umu mbmxi| ~` hm nluulpj~mn n}m

~` ~dm dmj~lbi mccme~ `c e}xxmb~ lb ~dm e`lau" ^dlu luklblklumn h| }ulbi dlid e`bn}e~lsl~| e`ppmx ylxm"

Mnn| e}xxmb~u jxm elxe}aj~lbi mame~xle e}xxmb~uyl~dlb ~dm lx`b e`xm `c ~dm ~xjbuc`xkmx" ^dmum jxmlbn}emn lb ~dm lx`b e`xm h| ~dm ja~mxbj~lbikjibm~le clman" Ju lx`b dju e`bulnmxjham xmulu~jbem!mbmxi| aùumu n}m ~` dmj~lbi `c ~dm e`xm y`}an hmuliblclejb~ lc ~dmum e}xxmb~u Pymxm b`~ klblklumn"^dm ajklbj~mn e`bu~x}e~l`b `c ~dm e`xm e}~u n`ybpùulham pj~du c`x ~dm ca`y `c mnn| e}xxmb~u wummCli}xm 5":58,"

~dlb udmm~u `cu`c~ lx`b e`j~mnyl~d lbu}aj~lbisjxblud jbnia}mn ~ìm~dmx

Cli}xm 5":58 Ajklbj~mne`bu~x}e~l`b `c ~xjbuc`xkmxe`xm

Kjibm~le ca}t amjgjim" U`km `c ~dm edjbilbikjibm~le ca}t px`n}emn lb ~dm pxlkjx| kj| b`~je~}jaa| albg yl~d ~dm ume`bnjx| e`la" ^dm mbmxi|aùu n}m ~` ~dlu mccme~ lu klblklumn h| jppx`pxlj~mnmulib + ~dm pxlkjx| jbn ume`bnjx| e`lau jxm `c~mb`smxajpplbi! c`x `p~lk}k ca}t albgjim"

D|u~mxmulu lu ~dm bjkm ilsmb ~` ~dm xma}e~jbem `c jkj~mxlja ~` }bnmxi` edjbimu lb kjibm~luj~l`b"N}xlbi mjed e|eam `c j"e"! ~dm e`xm xmsmxumu ~dmpàjxl~| `c l~u kjibm~luj~l`b! ydled xmz}lxmumbmxi|" ^dlu lu klblklumn h| ejxmc}a ed`lem `ckj~mxlja $yl~d u`c~ kjibm~le px`pmx~lmu,"

J ymaa+nmulibmn ~xjbuc`xkmx ud`}an u}ccmx mbmxi|aùumu `c `ba| :- `x u`"

^xjbukluul`b `c mame~xlejambmxi|Ulbem p`ymx ;p"n" t e}xxmb~! l~ lu pùulham ~` ~xjbukl~mame~xleja mbmxi| j~! c`xmtjkpam! j xj~m `c : klaal`byj~~u }ulbi jb lbclbl~m b}khmx `c e`khlbj~l`bu `c p"n"jbn e}xxmb~! u`km `c ydled jxm ud`yb lb ~dmcàa`ylbi ~jham6

_"n" E}xxmb~ _`ymxB /J /Y: T + : ??? ??? ; : ??? ???:? T :????? ; : ??? ???

:?? T :? ??? ; : ??? ???:??? T : ??? ; : ??? ???

:? ??? T :?? ; : ??? ???:?? ??? T :? ; :??? ???

: ??? ??? T : ; : ??? ???]ulbi ~xjbuc`xkmxu! ~dm p"n" `c jb ja~mxbj~lbi u}ppa|ejb hm u~mppmn+}p `x u~mppmn+n`yb j~ ylaa yl~dbmialilham eù~ lb ~mxku `c mbmxi| yju~mn"^dm ed`lem `c ydled e`khlbj~l`b `c p"n" jbn e}xxmb~lu hmu~ lu j e`kpx`klum hjumn `b ~dm càa`ylbicje~`xu"Lc ~dm e`bn}e~lbi ylxmu djsm xmulu~jbem X! jbn ejxx| je}xxmb~ /! ~dm xj~m `c mbmxi| aùu n}m ~` dmj~lbi `c ~dmylxmu lu mz}ja ~` _X" Lb `~dmx y`xnu! ~dm xj~m `c aùu`c mbmxi| lu px`p`x~l`bja ~` ~dm uz}jxm `c ~dm e}xxmb~$ulbem X lu e`bu~jb~," U` xmn}elbi ~dm e}xxmb~ h| j djachxlbiu j c`}xcàn ujslbi lb mbmxi|"D`ymsmx! xmn}elbi ~dm e}xxmb~ kmjbu j e`xxmup`bnlb+ilbexmjum lb p"n" $~` ~xjbukl~ ~dm ujkm p`ymx," ^dlulbexmjumu ~dm eù~ jbn e`kpamtl~| `c ~dm uyl~ed imjx


3/9

5

}umn ~` e`b~xà ~dm nlu~xlh}~l`b `c ~dm u}ppa| jx`}bn~dm e`}b~x|" L~ jau` lbexmjumu ~dm njbimx ~` ~dm p}haleulbem l~ lu k}ed k`xm nlccle}a~ ~` lbu}aj~m : ??? ??? S~djb :?? S"Lb ~dm ]G! sà~jimu }p ~` >?? gS jxm }umn lb ~dm)u}pmxixln) ydlam kù~ mame~xlel~|lu ~xjbukl~~mn j~ :58gS bj~l`bjaa|" ^dlu lu u~mppmn+n`yb pxìxmuulsma| ~`55 gS jbn :: gS c`x nlu~xlh}~l`b ~` lbn}u~x| jbnn`kmu~le u}hu~j~l`bu! ydmxm l~ lu clbjaa| u~mppmn+n`yb~` 8>? S c`x d`kmu"^d}u mame~xleja p`ymx lu ~xjbukl~~mn j~ smx| dlidsà~jim $jbn dmbema`y e}xxmb~, ~` klblklum p`ymxaùumu n}m ~` dmj~lbi `c ~dm ~xjbukluul`b ejhamu"Mame~xlel~| imbmxj~lbi u~j~l`bu ~dmxmc`xm px`n}emja~mxbj~lbi e}xxmb~ n}m ~` ~dm mjum yl~d ydled l~usà~jim ejb hm u~mppmn+}p jbn u~mppmn+n`yb }ulbi~xjbuc`xkmxu"

I}lnmn mtjkpam $5,:" Ejae}aj~m ~dm p`ymx aùu lb ~xjbukl~~lbi

8 KY `c mame~xleja p`ymx ~dx`}id ejhamu `c~`~ja xmulu~jbem 8 Z! lc ~dm sà~jim lu$j, >??? S$h, >?? gS"I}lnmalbmuEjae}aj~m ~dm e}xxmb~6e}xxmb~ ; p`ymx/sà~jim^dmb ejae}aj~m ~dm p`ymx aùu6p`ymx aùu ; e}xxmb~8 t xmulu~jbemE`kpjxm ~dm ~y` jbuymxu"

Xme~lclej~l`b^dm kjf`x jnsjb~jim `c j"e! lu ~dm mjum yl~d ydled l~usà~jim ejb hm edjc*imn }ulbi ~xjbuc`xkmxu" D`ymsmx!kjb| e`kp`bmb~u xmz}lxm j e}xxmb~ lb `bm nlxme~l`b`ba| + j nlxme~ e}xxmb~" Xme~lclej~l`b lu ~dm pxèmuu h|ydled j nlxme~ e}xxmb~ lu px`n}emn cx`k jb ja~mxbj~lbie}xxmb~"Djacyjsmxme~lclej~l`bCli}xm 5":55 ud`yu j ulkpam jxxjbimkmb~ c`xxme~lc|lbi jb ja~mxbj~lbi e}xxmb~" J nl`nm ba| pjuumue}xxmb~ ydmb l~ lu 6 c ` x y j x n + h l j u m n Yl~d j ulbiamnl`nm lb umxlmu yl~d ~dm a`jn ju ud`yb! e}xxmb~ ejb`ba| pjuu lb ~dm nlxme~l`b J ~` H" ^dlu èe}xu n}xlbi~dm djac `c ~dm e|eam"ydmb J luk`xm pùl~lsm ~djb H"Ydmb ~dm u}ppa| p"n" xmsmxumu! ~dm ume`bnjx| p"n" jau`xmsmxumu" D`ymsmx ~dm nl`nm lu b` a`bimx c`xyjxnhljumn! jbn n`mu b`~ e`bn}e~" U`! c`x ~dlu djac `c ~dm

e|eam! ~dmxm lu b` e}xxmb~" ^dm e}xxmb~ u}ppalmn lunlxme~ e}xxmb~! ulbem l~u !nlxme~l`b nj"mu b`~ ja~mx! h}~~dm kjibl~}nm ud`yu e`b.lnmxjham sjxlj~l`b! jbn c`xdjac ~dm ~lkm! ~dmxm lu b` e}xxmb~"

u}ppa| p"n"

j"e" u}ppa|EFJe}xxmb~

b` e}xxmb~ lb )xmsmxum) nlxme~l`b

Cli}xm 5":55 Djac+yjsm xme~lclej~l`b

~lkm

~lkm

J hm~~mx jppx`tlkj~l`b ~` j u~mjn| nlxme~ e}xxmb~ lu`h~jlbmn }ulbi ~y` nl`nmu"C}aa+yjsm xme~lclej~l`b^y` nl`nmu jxm jxxjbimn ju ud`yb lb Cli}xm 5!:5> `bpjim 5?? yl~d j emb~xm+~jp ~xjbuc`xkmx" Mccme~lsma| ~dma`jn lu u}ppalmn h| ~y` umpjxj~m djac+yjsm xme~lclmxu"N~lxlwQi `bm djac `c ~dm e|eam! `ba| xme~lclmx : luc`xyjxn+hljumn u` l~ lu ~dm `ba| `bm ~` e`bn}e~!jaa`ylbi e}xxmb~ cx`k J ~` H ~dx`}id ~dm a`jn" N}xlbi~dm ume`bn djac `c ~dm e|eam! `ba| nl`nm 8 e`bn}e~u!h}~ ~dmxm lu u~laa j e}xxmb~ ~dx`}id ~dm a`jn cx`k J ~`H" ^d}u ~dm `}~p}~ lu j ca}e~}j~lbi nlxme~ e}xxmb~~dx`}id ~dm a`jn n}xlbi h`~d djxsmu `c r j e d e|eam `c~dm j"e" u}ppa|"^dm c}aayjsm hxlnim xme~lclmxC`}x nl`nm xme~lclmxu :! 8! 5 jbn > jxm jxxjbimn lb juz}jxm ju ud`yb lb Cli}xm 5":5= `b pjim 5??"N}xlbi ~dm clxu~ djac `c j e|eam! lc ] lu ~dm k`xmpùl~lsm ~mxklbja! ~dmxm lu j e}xxmb~ lb ~dm nlxme~l`b] + S + Y ulbem nl`nm : lu c`xyjxn+hljumn" ^dmb~dx`}id ~dm a`jn cx`k J ~` H! xm~}xblbi ~` ~dm u}ppa|


4/9

>

u}ppa|p"n"

nl`nm :

L

e}xxmb~

j"e" u}ppa|

J'L L

b` e}xxmb~ lb )xmsmxum) nlxme~l`b

Cli}xm 5":5> C}aa+YVS*0 xme~lclej~lk~

j"e" u}ppa|

}

~lkm

emb~xm+~jp~xjbuc`xkmx

nl`nm 8

~lkm

r + r r x r s " " r r ) r ) r ) r

Cli}xm 5":5= C}aa+yjsm hxlnim xme~lclmx

ja`bi ~dm pj~d T + \ + V ulbem nl`nm 8 lu jau`c`xyjxn+hljumn" N}xlbi ~dlu d j a c r e | e a m ! nl`nmu 5 jbn >jxm xmsmxum+hljumn! jbn n` b`~ e`bn}e~"N}xlbi ~dm ume`bn djac! V hme`kmu k`xm pùl~lsm! u`nl`nmu 5 jbn > jxm b`y c`xyjxn+hljumn" U` ~dm e}xxmb~pj~d hme`kmu V + \ + Y ~dmb ~dx`}id ~dm a`jn cx`kJ ~` H ju hmc xm! xm~}xblbi ja`bi ~dm pj~d T + S + ]"

Uk``~dlbiJ xme~lclmn ja~mxbj~lbi e}xxmb~ u~laa ca}e~}j~mu hm~ymmbvmx` jbn j pmjg sja}m ydmb ~dm jh`sm km~d`nu jxm}umn" Lb `xnmx ~` klblklum ~dm ca}e~}j~l`bu! juk``~dlbi ejpjel~`x $u`km~lkmu ejaamn j xmumxs`lxejpjel~`x, ejb hm e`bbme~mn lb pjxjaama yl~d ~dm a`jn!ju ud`yb lb Cli}xm 5":53"

}buk``~dmnxme~lclmn n"e"/ '"++++" xk + r P P ! H J

e

X

Cli}xm 5":53 ]um `c ejpjel~`xc`x uk``~dlbi

^dm je~l`b `c ~dm ejpjel~`x ejb hm xmjnla| mtpajlbmnh| e`bulnmxlbi Cli}xm 5":59 `b pjim 5?:"L c ~dm ejpjel~`x lu u}cclelmb~a| ajxim! ~dmb ~dm ~lkme`bu~jb~ `c ~dm ejpjel~`x jbn ~dm a`jn xmulu~`x $EX,ylaa hm ajxim" E`bulnmx ~dm umz}mbem `c msmb~u ud`yblb Cli}xm 5":59" ^dm njudmn albm lu ~dm }buk``~dmnxme~lclmn p"n" ^dm albm JH ud`yu ~dm xlulbi p"n" j~uyl~ed `b" ^dmdmjs| albm lu ~dm p"n" jexùu ~dmejpjel~`x $jbn dmbem ~dm p"n" jexùu ~dm a`jn,"Lbl~ljaa| ~dm xlulbi u}ppa| p"n" umbnu j e}xxmb~ ~dx`}idX lb Cli}xm 5":53! jbn ej}umu ~dm p"n" jexùu ~dmejpjel~`x ~` lbexmjum ~` ~dm pmjg sja}m $jakù~," ^dlu luud`yb h| ~dm albm JH lb Cli}xm 5":59" Ju ~dm u}ppa|p"n" nmexmjumu cx`k l~u pmjg! ~dm ejpjel~`x ejbb`~nluedjxim ~dx`}id ~dm u}ppa| $yx`bi pàjxle|,! `ba|~dx`}id ~dm a`jn X" ^dm p"n" ejb `ba| cjaa ua`ya| $n}m~` ~dm ajxim ~lkm e`bu~jb~! EX, ud`yb h| ~dm albm HE"Kmjbydlam ~dm u}ppa| p"n" dju cjaamb ~` vmx` jbnu~jx~mn ~` lbexmjum jijlb" J~ p`lb~ E! ~dm u}ppa| p"n"hme`kmu ixmj~mx ~djb ~dm p"n" jexùu ~dm ejpjel~`x! jbn~dm ejpjel~`x u~jx~u ~` xmedjxim }p ~` ~dm pmjg p"n" $albm


5/9

=

J

lbl~ljaedjximedjxim

nluedjxim Q)uk``~dmn `}~p}~ p"n"

}buk``~dmn xme~lclmn p"n"

Cli}xm 5":5 9 Uk``~dlbi `c dm `}~p} ~ p"n" cx`k j c}aa+yjsm xme~lclmx

EN," ^dm pxèmuu xmpmj~u! ilslbi xlum ~` jb jakù~u~mjn| p"n"! yl~d `ba| j xlppam `c ukjaa jkpal~}nm" ^dmejpjel~`x k}u~ hm kj~edmn ~` ~dm `}~p}~ a`jn X ~` ilsmj u}l~jham ~lkm e`bu~jb~" L c E lu ~`` ukjaa! ~dm ~lkme`bu~jb~ ylaa hm ~`` ud`x~! jaa`ylbi ~dm ejpjel~`x ~`nluedjxim ~`` k}ed hm~ymmb pmjgu`c p"n" L c Elu ~`àjxim! l~ e`}an nxjy ~`` k}ed e}xxmb~ `b l~u clxu~edjxilbi e|eam! pùulha| njkjilbi ~dm xme~lclmx"

))


6/9

3

J~ jb| ~lkm $~, ~dm p"n" $S, jexùu ~dm xmulu~`x lu ilsmbh|6 S ;S? ulb @F~Jbn ~dm e}xxmb~ L lb ~dm elxe}l~ lu ilsmbh|6 L; T; S? ulb @F~X Xl"m" L; L ? ulb @F~ ydmxm L? ; `X^d}u h`~d L jbn S jxm ulbm c}be~l`bu ydled sjx| yl~d~lkm ju ud`yb lb Cli}xm 5":54" Lb j p}xma| xmulu~lsm j"e" elxe}l~ ~dm p"n" $S, jbn ~dm

e}xxmb~ $L, jxm lb pdjum" ^dm `ppùl~l`b~` j"e " ydled ~dlu

elxe}l~ pxmumb~u lu ~dm xmulu~jbem! X+s+ L ^dm xmulu~jbem `c u}ed j elxe}l~ lu b`~ jccme~mn h|

~dm cxmz}mbe| `c ~dm u}ppa|"_}xm ejpjel~`x `c ejpjel~jbem E^dlu ul~}j~l`b lu amuu ulkpam" Ju |`} jaxmjn| gb`y! jejpjel~`x n`mu b`~ e`bn}e~ mame~xlel~|" ^dm ~y` paj~mujxm umpjxj~mn h| jb lbu}aj~`x" D`ymsmx! jb ja~mxbj~lbie}xxmb~ n`mu mtlu~ lb ~dm elxe}l~ ~` ydled l~ lue`bbme~mn! ju ~dm edjxim ja~mxbj~ma| ca`yu `b jbn `ccmjed paj~m lb ~}k" ^dm p"n" jexùu ~dm ejpjel~`xnmpmbnu `b ~dm jk`}b~ `cedjxim pxmumb~ `b l ~ + k`xmedjxim! k`xm p"n" H}~ ~dm e}xxmb~ lu ixmj~mu~ ydmb~dmxm lu b` edjxim + l"m" vmx` p"n"* ^` mtjklbm ~dlu lbk`xm nm~jla! e`bulnmx jb ja~mxbj~lbi p"n" jppalmn jexùuj ejpjel~`x! ju ud`yb lb Cli}xm 5":5


7/9

9

Lb j p}xma| ejpjel~lsm elxe}l~! ~dm e}xxmb~ $/, amjnu~dm p"n" h|


8/9

4

M TA; 8bcA ; 8bc nl //n ~

u+L|}bl~u6 s ; b

_dju`x nljixjkuLb ~dlu ~|pm `c nljixjk ~dm ja~mxbj~lbi e}xxmb~ lb jbj"e" elxe}l~ jbn ~dm p"n" jex`uu ~dm elxe}l~ e`kp`bmb~ujxm xmpxmumb~mn h| sme~`xu $`x pdju`xu, ydled ud`y"~dm pdjum xmaj~l`budlp hm~ymmb ~dm ~y` z}jb~l~lmu" @bm`c~dm z}jb~l~lmu $}u}jaa| ~dm e}xxmb~, lu nxjyb ju ~dmxmcmxmbem sme~ x" ^dm `~dmx z}jb~l~lmu $~dm p"n"u, jxmnxjyb ju sme~`xu j~ jbiamu xmpxmumb~lbi ~dmlx pdjumnlccmxmbem cx`k ~dm xmcmxmbem sme~`x"Cli}xm 5":>: ud`yu ~dm pdju`x nljixjk c`x j"e"elxe}l~u ydled jxm6 $j, p}xma| xmulu~lsm! $h, p}xma|ejpjel~lsm jbn $e, p}xma| lbn}e~lsm" Lb $h, jxln $e,!b`~lem ~dj~ ~dm e}xxmb~ jbn p"n" sme~`xu jxm nxjyb j~


9/9

> `b pjim 5?3"Cx`k ~dm pdju`x nljixjk ym djsm6

|8 ; ' $SA+ Se,v ; 8X8 ' :8 $TA+ Te,8; _WXv ' $TA+ Te,v[S ;L r '$TA+ Te,8

cx`k ydled ym ejb nmclbm ~dm lkpmnjbem $V, `c ~dm X+A+E elxe}l~ ju6

Mz}j~l`b 9^dm lkpmnjbem $V, lb ~dlu ejum lu ~dm ~`~ja `pp`ul~l`b~` j"e" n}m ~` xmulu~jbem! lbn}e~lsm xmje~jbem jbnejpjel~lsm xmje~jbem"

$h, _dju`x nljixjk

transformers physics a level notes

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