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Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary Level in IAL Chemistry (XCH01)

Edexcel Advanced Level in IAL Chemistry (YCH01)

Data Booklet

Issue 3November 2008

IAL Chemistry

Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK’s largest awarding body, offering academic and vocational qualifications and testing to more than 25,000 schools, colleges, employers and other places of learning in the UK and in over 100 countries worldwide. Qualifications include GCSE, AS and A Level, NVQ and our BTEC suite of vocational qualifications from entry level to BTEC Higher National Diplomas, recognised by employers and higher education institutions worldwide. We deliver 9.4 million exam scripts each year, with more than 90% of exam papers marked onscreen annually. As part of Pearson, Edexcel continues to invest in cutting-edge technology that has revolutionised the examinations and assessment system. This includes the ability to provide detailed performance data to teachers and students which helps to raise attainment.

Acknowledgements This specification has been produced by Edexcel on the basis of consultation with teachers, examiners, consultants and other interested parties. Edexcel acknowledges its indebtedness to all those who contributed their time and expertise to the development of Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced IAL specifications.

Data from Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman 1984 Reproduced by permission of the Nuffield Foundation

References to third-party material made in this specification are made in good faith. Edexcel does not endorse, approve or accept responsibility for the content of materials, which may be subject to change, or any opinions expressed therein. (Material may include textbooks, journals, magazines and other publications and websites.)

Authorised by Roger Beard Prepared by Sarah Harrison

All the material in this publication is copyright © in this format Edexcel Limited 2008

Contents

Introduction 1

Selected Elements: Physical and Thermochemical Data 2

Infrared Spectroscopy 5 Correlation of infrared absorption wavenumbers with molecular structure 5 Infrared correlation table 6

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 7

Ionization Energies 8

Atomic Radii and Pauling Electronegativities 10

Electron Affinities 11

Lattice Energies 12

Bond Lengths and Bond Energies 13

Standard Electrode Potentials 14

Standard Reduction Potentials 17

Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution 18

Indicators 19

Organic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data 20

Selected Inorganic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data 24

The Periodic Table of the Elements 30

Introduction

This data booklet is for use with the Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level in Chemistry (XCH01/YCH01) assessments for units 4, 5 and 6.

Students will be provided with a clean copy of this data booklet for these assessments, which should be kept under the same conditions as the assessment papers.

Student may have a copy of this data booklet for their personal use in lessons and for homework, to allow them to become familiar with how to use it.

Data booklet — Edexcel AS/A Level in Chemistry (XCH01/YCH01) — Issue 3 — November 2008 — © in this format Edexcel Limited 2008 1

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

2 Sele

cted

Ele

men

ts:

Phys

ical

and

The

rmoc

hem

ical

Dat

a

Z At

omic

num

ber

N

Num

ber

of a

tom

s pe

r m

olec

ule

(ato

mic

ity)

at

T b

St

Stat

e un

der

stan

dard

con

diti

ons

ρ D

ensi

ty (

at 2

98 K

) or

den

sity

of

liqui

d at

Tb

for

gase

s A

Mol

ar m

ass

of e

lem

ent

(to

one

deci

mal

pla

ce)

Tb

Boili

ng t

empe

ratu

re (

at 1

atm

) T

m

Mel

ting

tem

pera

ture

(at

1 a

tm)

ΔHm

ʅ St

anda

rd m

olar

ent

halp

y ch

ange

of

fusi

on a

t T m

ΔHbʅ

St

anda

rd m

olar

ent

halp

y ch

ange

of

vapo

riza

tion

at

T bΔH

atʅ

Stan

dard

mol

ar e

ntha

lpy

chan

ge o

f at

omiz

atio

n at

298

K

Sʅ

Stan

dard

mol

ar e

ntro

py a

t 29

8 K

For

this

tab

le,

the

mol

e ap

plie

s to

sin

gle

atom

s.

A ρ

Tm

Tb

ΔHm

ʅ ΔH

bʅ

Sʅ

ΔHat

ʅ Z

Elem

ent

N

St

/g m

ol—

1 /g

cm

—3

/K

/K

/kJ

mol

—1

/kJ

mol

—1

/J m

ol—

1 K—

1 /k

J m

ol—

1

1 H

ydro

gen

H

2 g

1.0

0.07

20

K 14

20

0.

06

0.45

65

.321

8.0

2 H

eliu

m

He

1 g

4.0

0.15

3 K

1 26

atm

4

0.

02

0.08

12

6.0

—

3 Li

thiu

m

Li

1 s

6.9

0.53

45

4 16

15

3.02

13

4.68

29

.115

9.4

4 Be

rylli

um

Be

1 s

9.0

1.85

15

51

3243

12

.50

294.

60

9.5

324.

35

Boro

n B

1 s

10.8

2.

34

2573

28

23 s

ub22

.18

538.

90

5.9

562.

76

Carb

on

(gra

phit

e)

C 1

s 12

.0

2.25

39

25 -

7051

00

—

716.

70

5.7

716.

7

6 Ca

rbon

(d

iam

ond)

C

1 s

12.0

3.

51

>382

3 51

00—

—

2.

471

4.8

7 N

itro

gen

N

2 g

14.0

0.

81 7

7 K

63

77

0.36

2.

79

95.8

472.

78

Oxy

gen

O

2 g

16.0

1.

15 9

0 K

55

90

0.22

3.

41

102.

524

9.2

9 Fl

uori

ne

F 2

g 19

.0

1.51

85

K53

85

2.

55

3.27

15

8.6

79.0

10

Neo

n N

e 1

g 20

.2

1.20

27

K

25

27

0.34

1.

77

146.

2—

11

Sodi

um

Na

1 s

23.0

0.

97

371

1156

2.

60

89.0

4 51

.210

7.3

12

Mag

nesi

um

Mg

1 s

24.3

1.

74

922

1380

8.

95

128.

66

32.7

147.

713

Al

umin

ium

Al

1

s 27

.0

2.70

93

3 27

40

10.6

7 29

3.72

28

.332

6.4

14

Silic

on

Si

1 s

28.1

2.

33

1683

26

28

46.4

4 37

6.80

18

.845

5.6

15

Phos

phor

us

(red

) P

4 s

31.0

2.

34

863

43 a

tm

473

4.71

143

atm

30

.10

sub

22.8

332.

2

15

Phos

phor

us

(whi

te)

P 4

s 31

.0

1.82

31

7 55

3

0.63

12

.40

41.1

314.

6

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

3

A ρ

Tm

Tb

ΔHm

ʅ ΔH

bʅ

Sʅ

ΔHat

ʅ Z

Elem

ent

N

St

/g m

ol—

1 /g

cm

—3

/K

/K

/kJ

mol

—1

/kJ

mol

—1

/J m

ol—

1 K—

1 /k

J m

ol—

1

16

Sulf

ur

(rho

mbi

c)

S 8

s 32

.1

2.07

38

6 —

—

—

31.8

278.

8

16

Sulf

ur

(mon

oclin

ic)

S 8

s 32

.1

1.96

39

2 71

8

1.41

9.

62

32.6

278.

5

17

Chlo

rine

Cl

2

g 35

.5

1.56

23

8 K

172

238

3.

20

10.2

0 82

.512

1.7

18

Argo

n Ar

1

g 39

.9

1.40

87

K 84

87

1.

18

6.52

15

4.7

—

19

Pota

ssiu

m

K 1

s 39

.1

0.86

33

6 10

33

2.32

77

.53

64.2

89.2

20

Calc

ium

Ca

1

s 40

.1

1.54

11

12

1757

8.

66

149.

95

41.4

178.

221

Sc

andi

um

Sc

1 s

45.0

2.

99

1814

31

04

16.1

1 30

4.80

34

.637

7.8

22

Tita

nium

Ti

1

s 47

.9

4.50

19

33

3560

15

.48

428.

86

30.6

469.

923

Va

nadi

um

V 1

s 50

.9

5.96

21

63

3653

17

.57

458.

57

28.9

514.

224

Ch

rom

ium

Cr

1

s 52

.0

7.20

21

30

2943

13

.81

348.

78

23.8

396.

625

M

anga

nese

M

n 1

s 54

.9

7.20

15

17

2235

14

.64

219.

74

32.0

280.

726

Ir

on

Fe

1 s

55.8

7.

86

1808

30

23

15.3

6 35

1.04

27

.341

6.3

27

Coba

lt

Co

1 s

58.9

8.

90

1768

31

43

15.2

3 38

2.42

30

.042

4.7

28

Nic

kel

Ni

1 s

58.7

8.

90

1728

30

03

17.6

1 37

1.83

29

.942

9.7

29

Copp

er

Cu

1 s

63.5

8.

92

1356

28

40

13.0

5 30

4.60

33

.233

8.3

30

Zinc

Zn

1

s 65

.4

7.14

69

3 11

80

7.38

11

5.31

41

.613

0.7

31

Gal

lium

G

a 1

s 69

.7

5.90

30

3 26

76

5.59

25

6.06

40

.927

7.0

32

Ger

man

ium

G

e 1

s 72

.6

5.35

12

10

3103

31

.80

334.

30

31.1

376.

633

Ar

seni

c As

4

s 74

.9

5.73

10

90 2

8 at

m

886

sub

27.6

1 36

atm

12

9.70

35

.130

2.5

34

Sele

nium

Se

2

s 79

.0

4.81

49

0 95

8

5.44

26

.32

42.4

227.

135

Br

omin

e Br

2

l 79

.9

3.12

29

3 K

266

332

5.

27

15.0

0 17

4.9

111.

936

Kr

ypto

n Kr

1

g 83

.8

2.15

12

1 K

116

121

1.

64

9.03

16

4.0

—

37

Rubi

dium

Rb

1

s 85

.5

1.53

31

2 95

9

2.34

69

.20

76.8

80.9

38

Stro

ntiu

m

Sr

1 s

87.6

2.

60

1042

16

57

9.20

13

8.91

52

.316

4.4

42

Mol

ybde

num

M

o 1

s 95

.9

10.2

0 28

83

5833

27

.61

594.

13

28.7

658.

145

Rh

odiu

m

Rh

1 s

102.

9 12

.40

2239

40

00

21.7

6 49

5.39

31

.555

6.9

46

Palla

dium

Pd

1

s 10

6.4

12.0

2 18

27

3243

16

.74

393.

30

37.6

378.

247

Si

lver

Ag

1

s 10

7.9

10.5

0 12

35

2485

11

.30

255.

06

42.6

284.

648

Ca

dmiu

m

Cd

1 s

112.

4 8.

64

594

1038

6.

07

99.8

7 51

.811

2.0

49

Indi

um

In

1 s

114.

8 7.

30

429

2353

3.

26

226.

35

57.8

243.

3

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

4

A ρ

Tm

Tb

ΔHm

ʅ ΔH

bʅ

Sʅ

ΔHat

ʅ Z

Elem

ent

N

St

/g m

ol—

1 /g

cm

—3

/K

/K

/kJ

mol

—1

/kJ

mol

—1

/J m

ol—

1 K—

1 /k

J m

ol—

1

50

Tin

(whi

te)

Sn

1 s

118.

7 7.

28

505

2533

7.

20

290.

37

51.5

302.

150

Ti

n (g

rey)

Sn

1

s 11

8.7

5.75

50

5 25

43—

—

44

.130

4.2

51

Anti

mon

y Sb

4

s 12

1.8

6.68

90

4 20

23

19.8

3 67

.91

45.7

262.

352

Te

lluri

u m

Te

2 s

127.

6 6.

00

723

1263

17

.49

50.6

3 49

.719

6.7

53

Iodi

ne

I 2

s 12

6.9

4.93

38

7 45

7

7.89

20

.85

180.

710

6.8

54

Xeno

n Xe

1

g 13

1.3

3.52

16

4 K

161

166

2.

30

12.6

4 16

9.6

—

55

Caes

i um

Cs

1

s 13

2.9

1.88

30

2 94

2

2.13

65

.90

85.2

76.1

56

Bari

um

Ba

1 s

137.

3 3.

51

998

1913

7.

66

150.

92

62.8

180.

057

La

ntha

num

La

1

s 13

8.9

6.14

11

94

3730

11

.30

399.

57

56.9

431.

074

Tu

ngst

en

W

1 s

183.

8 19

.35

3683

59

33

35.2

2 79

9.14

32

.684

9.4

75

Rhen

ium

Re

1

s 18

6.2

20.5

3 34

53

5900

33

.05

707.

10

36.9

769.

976

O

smiu

m

Os

1 s

190.

2 22

.48

2973

>5

570

29

.29

627.

60

32.6

790.

877

Ir

idiu

m

Ir

1 s

192.

2 22

.42

2683

44

03

26.3

6 56

3.58

35

.565

5.2

78

Plat

inum

Pt

1

s 19

5.1

21.4

5 20

45

4100

19

.66

510.

45

41.6

565.

379

G

old

Au

1 s

197.

0 18

.88

1337

33

53

12.3

6 32

4.43

47

.436

6.1

80

Mer

cury

H

g 1

l 20

0.6

13.5

9 23

4 63

0

2.30

59

.15

76.0

61.3

81

Thal

lium

Tl

1

s 20

4.4

11.8

5 57

7 17

304.

27

162.

09

64.2

182.

282

Le

ad

Pb

1 s

207.

2 11

.34

601

2013

4.

77

179.

41

64.8

195.

083

Bi

smut

h Bi

1

s (2

09)

9.80

54

4 18

33

10.8

8 15

1.50

56

.720

7.1

84

Polo

nium

Po

2

s (2

10)

9.40

52

7 12

35

12.5

5 60

.20

62.8

144.

185

As

tati

ne

At

2 s

(210

) —

57

5 61

0

11.9

2 45

.20

60.7

90.4

86

Rado

n Rn

1

g (2

22)

4.40

21

1 K

202

211

2.

90

16.4

0 17

6.1

—

87

Fran

cium

Fr

1

s (2

23)

—

300

950

2.

09

63.6

0 95

.472

.888

Ra

dium

Ra

1

s (2

26)

5.00

97

3

Data booklet — Edexcel AS/A Level in Chemistry (XCH01/YCH01) — Issue 3 — November 2008 — © in this format Edexcel Limited 2008

5

Infrared Spectroscopy

Correlation of infrared absorption wavenumbers with molecular structure Intensity: w — weak absorption; m — medium absorption; s — strong absorption; v — variable intensity of absorption; sh — sharp absorption; b — broad absorption.

Group Intensity Wavenumber range/cm-1 C―H stretching vibrationsAlkane m-s 2962-2853Alkene m 3095-3010Alkyne s 3300Arene v 3030Aldehyde w and w 2900-2820 and 2775-2700

C―H bending variations Alkane v 1485-1365Arene 5 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, s and v, s 750 and 700

4 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, s 750 3 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, m 780 2 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, m 830 1 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, m 880

N―H stretching vibrations Amine m 3500-3300Amide m 3500-3140

O―H stretching vibrations Alcohols and phenols v, b 3750-3200 Carboxylic acids w 3300-2500

C―O stretching vibrations Esters methanoates s 1200-1180

ethanoates s 1250-1230propanoates s 1200-1150benzoates s and s 1310-1250 and 1150-1100

Carbon-halogen stretching vibrations C―F s 1400-1000C―Cl s 800-600C―Br s 600-500C―I s about 500

C=C stretching vibrations Isolated alkene v 1669-1645 Arene v, m, v, m 1600, 1580, 1500, 1450

C=O stretching vibrations Aldehydes, saturated alkyl s 1740-1720 Ketones, aryl, alkyl s 1700-1680


6

Group Intensity Wavenumber range/cm-1 Carboxylic acids alkyl s 1725-1700

aryl s 1700-1680Carboxylic acid anhydrides s and s 1850-1800 and 1790-1740 Acyl halides chlorides s 1795

bromides s 1810Esters, saturated s 1750-1735 Amides s 1700-1630

Triple bond stretching vibrations CÐN m 2260-2215CÐC v 2260-2100

Infrared correlation table Wavenumber range/cm-1 Group 3750-3200 Alcohols and phenols 3500-3300 Amine 3500-3140 Amide3300 Alkyne 3095-3010 Alkene3030 Arene 2962-2853 Alkane2900-2820 Aldehyde 2775-2700 Aldehyde3300-2500 Carboxylic acid 2260-2215 CÐN 2260-2100 CÐC 1850-1800 Carboxylic acid anhydride 1810 Acyl bromide 1790-1740 Carboxylic acid anhydride 1795 Acyl chloride 1750-1735 Ester1740-1720 Aldehyde 1730-1717 Aryl ester1725-1700 Carboxylic acid 1700-1680 Aryl and alkyl ketones, aryl carboxylic acid 1700-1630 Amides 1669-1645 Alkene1600, 1580, 1500 and 1450 Arene 1485-1365 Alkane1400-1000 Fluoroalkane 1310-1250 Benzoate1250-1230 Ethanoate 1200-1180 Methanoate1200-1150 Propanoate 1150-1100 Benzoate880-700 Arene 800-600 Chloroalkane600-500 Bromoalkane About 500 Iodoalkane

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

7

Nuc

lear

Mag

neti

c Re

sona

nce

CH3O

H

⏐ 3.

39

H―

C―C=

C al

kene

s ar

enes

prop

anon

e ⏐

2.10

H―

C―N

am

ine

amid

e

benz

ene

⏐ 7.

27

ethe

ne

⏐ 5.

28

CON―

H

amid

e Ar―

N―

H

phen

ylam

ines

C―

N―

H

amin

e

H―

C―C=

O

alde

hyde

ke

tone

es

ter

amid

e ac

id

Ar―

O―

H

phen

ol

COO―

H

carb

oxyl

ic a

cid

H―

C―O−

alco

hol

ethe

r es

ter

―O―

H

alco

hol

TMS

H―

C― h

alog

en

halo

geno

alka

ne

R 2CH

F>R 2

CHCl

> R 2

CHBr

>R2C

HI

H―

C―C

alka

ne

R 3CH

>R2C

H2>

RC

H3

H―

C=C

alke

ne

Ar―

H

aren

e ri

ng

HCO

alde

hyde

12.0

11

.0

10.0

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

δ/pp

m f

or T

MS

Chem

ical

shi

fts

for

hydr

ogen

rel

ativ

e to

TM

S (t

etra

met

hyls

ilane

)

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

8 Ioni

zati

on E

nerg

ies

E mj/k

J m

ol- 1

Z j

= 1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

14

1 H

13

12

2 H

e 23

72

5251

3 Li

52

0 72

98

1181

5 4

Be

900

1757

14

849

2100

7 5

B 80

1 24

27

3660

25

026

3282

8 6

C 10

86

2353

46

21

6223

37

832

4727

8 7

N

1402

28

56

4578

74

75

9445

53

268

6436

2 8

O

1314

33

88

5301

74

69

1098

9 13

327

7133

7 84

080

9 F

1681

33

74

6051

84

08

1102

2 15

164

1786

8 92

040

1064

37

10

Ne

2081

39

52

6122

93

70

1217

7 15

239

1999

9 23

069

1153

82

1314

35

11

Na

496

4563

69

13

9544

13

352

1661

1 20

115

2549

1 28

934

1413

67

1590

79

12

Mg

738

1451

77

33

1054

1 13

629

1799

5 21

704

2565

7 31

644

3546

3 16

9996

18

9371

13

A

l 57

8 18

17

2745

11

578

1483

1 18

378

2329

6 27

460

3186

2 38

458

4265

5 20

1276

22

2313

14

Si

78

9 15

77

3232

43

56

1609

1 19

785

2378

7 29

253

3387

8 38

734

4593

5 50

512

2352

11

2579

28

15

P 10

12

1903

29

12

4957

62

74

2126

9 25

398

2985

5 35

868

4096

0 46

274

5407

4 59

037

2718

07

16

S 10

00

2251

33

61

4564

70

12

8496

27

107

3167

1 36

579

4314

0 48

706

5448

3 62

876

6823

2 17

Cl

12

51

2297

38

22

5158

65

42

9362

11

018

3360

6 38

601

4396

3 51

068

5711

9 63

364

7234

2 18

A

r 15

21

2666

39

31

5771

72

38

8781

11

996

1384

2 40

761

4618

8 52

003

5965

4 66

201

7292

0

19

K 41

9 30

51

4412

58

77

7975

96

49

1134

3 14

942

1696

4 48

577

5443

3 60

701

6889

6 75

950

20

Ca

590

1145

49

12

6474

81

44

1049

6 12

320

1420

7 18

192

2038

5 57

050

21

Sc

631

1235

23

89

7089

88

44

1072

0 13

320

1531

3 17

370

2174

1 24

106

22

Ti

658

1310

26

53

4175

95

73

1151

7 13

586

1625

9 18

640

2083

3 25

592

23

V 65

0 14

14

2828

45

07

6294

12

362

1449

0 16

760

1986

0 22

240

2460

9 24

Cr

65

3 15

92

2987

47

40

6686

87

38

1554

0 17

822

2020

0 23

580

2613

0 25

M

n 71

7 15

09

3249

49

40

6985

92

00

1150

8 18

956

2140

0 23

960

2760

0 26

Fe

75

9 15

61

2958

52

90

7236

96

00

1210

0 14

576

2267

9 25

290

2802

0 27

Co

75

8 16

46

3232

49

50

7671

98

40

1240

0 15

100

1796

0 26

600

2940

0 28

N

i 73

7 17

53

3394

53

00

7285

10

400

1280

0 15

600

1860

0 21

660

3099

0 29

Cu

74

6 19

58

3554

53

30

7709

99

40

1340

0 16

000

1920

0 22

400

2570

0

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

9

E mj/k

J m

ol- 1

Z j

= 1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

14

30

Zn

906

1733

38

33

5730

79

70

1040

0 12

900

1680

0 19

600

2300

0 26

400

31

Ga

579

1979

29

63

6200

32

G

e 76

2 15

37

3302

44

11

9021

33

A

s 94

7 17

98

2736

48

37

6043

12

312

34

Se

941

2045

29

74

4144

65

90

7883

14

990

35

Br

1140

21

00

3500

45

60

5760

85

49

9938

18

600

36

Kr

1315

23

68

3565

50

70

6243

75

74

1071

0 12

158

2223

0

37

Rb

403

2632

39

00

5080

68

50

8144

95

72

1310

0 14

500

2674

0 38

Sr

55

0 10

64

4210

55

00

6908

87

61

1020

0 11

800

1560

0 17

100

3127

0 39

Y

616

1181

19

80

5960

74

29

8973

11

200

1240

0 14

137

1840

0 19

900

40

Zr

660

1267

22

18

3313

78

63

9500

41

N

b 66

4 13

82

2416

37

00

4877

99

00

1210

0 42

M

o 68

5 15

58

2621

44

80

5905

66

00

1223

0 14

800

43

Tc

702

1472

28

50

44

Ru

711

1617

27

47

45

Rh

720

1745

29

97

46

Pd

805

1875

31

77

47

Ag

731

2074

33

61

48

Cd

868

1631

36

16

49

In

558

1821

27

05

5200

50

Sn

70

9 14

12

2943

39

30

6974

51

Sb

83

4 15

95

2440

42

60

5403

10

400

52

Te

869

1790

26

98

3610

56

68

6820

13

200

53

I 10

08

1846

32

00

54

Xe

1170

20

47

3100

55

Cs

376

2420

33

00

56

Ba

503

965

78

Pt

870

1791

79

A

u 89

0 19

80

80

Hg

1007

18

10

3300

86

Rn

10

37


10

Atomic Radii and Pauling Electronegativities

This table is arranged according to the periodic table.

rv Van der Waals radius rm Metallic radius for coordination number 12 rcov Covalent radiusri Ionic radius for coordination number 6, except where superscript number 4 3 etc

indicates different coordination number (figures in parentheses give charge state)

NP Pauling electronegativity index

Group rv /nm

rm/nm

rcov/nm

ri /nm

NP

1 Li 0.180 0.157 0.134 0.074(+1) 1.0 Na 0.230 0.191 0.154 0.102(+1) 0.9 K 0.280 0.235 0.196 0.138(+1) 0.8 Rb 0.250 0.149(+1) 0.8Cs 0.272 0.170(+1) 0.7

NH4+ 0.150(+1)

2 Be 0.112 0.125 0.027(+2)4 1.5Mg 0.170 0.160 0.145 0.072(+2) 1.2 Ca 0.197 0.100(+2) 1.0Sr 0.215 0.113(+2) 1.0Ba 0.224 0.136(+2) 0.9

3 B 0.098 0.090 0.012(+3)4 2.0Al 0.143 0.130 0.053(+3) 1.5Ga 0.190 0.153 0.120 0.062(+3) 1.6

d Sc 0.164 0.075(+3) 1.3block Ti 0.147 0.061(+4) 0.067(+3) 0.086(+2) 1.5

V 0.135 0.054(+5) 0.059(+4) 0.064(+3) 0.079(+2)

1.6

Cr 0.129 0.030(+6)4 0.062(+3) 0.073(+2) 1.6 Mn 0.137 0.139 0.026(+7)4 0.058(+3) 0.067(+2) 1.5 Fe 0.126 0.125 0.055(+3) 0.061(+2) 1.8Co 0.125 0.126 0.053(+3) 0.065(+2) 1.8Ni 0.160 0.125 0.121 0.056(+3) 0.070(+2) 1.8 Cu 0.140 0.128 0.135 0.073(+2) 0.046(+1)2 1.9 Zn 0.140 0.137 0.120 0.075(+2) 1.6 Mo 0.140 0.060(+6) 0.065(+4) 0.067(+3) 1.8 Ag 0.160 0.144 0.152 0.065(+3)4 0.115(+1) 0.089(+2) 1.9 Cd 0.170 0.152 0.148 0.095(+2) 1.7 Au 0.175 0.144 0.070(+3)4 0.137(+1) 2.4 Hg 0.170 0.155 0.148 0.102(+2) 0.097(+1)3 1.9

4 C 0.170 0.092 0.077 2.5 Si 0.210 0.132 0.118 0.040(+4) 1.8 Ge 0.139 0.122 0.054(+4) 1.8Sn 0.190 0.158 0.140 0.069(+4) 0.122(+2)8 1.8


11

Group rv /nm

rm/nm

rcov/nm

ri /nm

NP

Pb 0.200 0.175 0.078(+4) 0.118(+2) 1.8

5 N 0.155 0.088 0.075 0.171(-3) 3.0P 0.185 0.128 0.110 0.017(+5)4 0.190(-3) 2.1As 0.139 0.122 0.050(+5) 0.220(-3) 2.0Sb 0.161 0.143 0.061(+5) 0.080(+3)5 1.9 Bi 0.200 0.182 0.102(+3) 1.9

6 O 0.150 0.089 0.073 0.140(-2) 3.5S 0.180 0.127 0.102 0.102(+6)4 0.185(-2) 2.5Se 0.190 0.140 0.117 0.029(+6)4 0.195(-2) 2.4Te 0.210 0.143 0.135 0.052(+4)3 0.220(-2) 2.1

7 H 0.120 0.078 0.037 0.208(-1) 2.1F 0.155 0.071 0.133(-1) 4.0Cl 0.180 0.099 0.180(-1) 0.020(+7)4 0.012(+5)3 3.0Br 0.190 0.144 0.195(-1) 0.026(+7)4 2.8 I 0.195 0.133 0.215(-1) 0.095(+5) 2.5

0 (8) He 0.180 Ne 0.160 Ar 0.190 Kr 0.200 Xe 0.220

Electron Affinities

ΔU Electron affinity*, that is, molar internal energy change (at 0 K) for process: Xn−(g) + e− → X(n+1)−(g) (n = zero or positive).

Element ΔU/kJ mol−1 Element ΔU/kJ mol−1

H −72.8 C −122.3 N 0 (±19) O −141.1 O− +798 F −328.0 P −72 S −200.4 S− +640 Cl −348.8 Br −324.6 I −295.4

* Some chemists define electron affinity for the reverse process.Reference: Hotop.

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

12

Latt

ice

Ener

gies

The

latt

ice

ener

gy U

of

a cr

ysta

l XmY n

is t

he m

olar

inte

rnal

ene

rgy

chan

ge f

or t

he p

roce

ss:

mXn

+ (g)

+ n

Ym- (

g) →

XmY n

(s,

1 at

m)

The

mai

n en

try

in t

he t

able

is t

he e

xper

imen

tal v

alue

of ―

U (

base

d on

the

Bor

n-H

aber

cyc

le a

nd u

sing

dat

a in

thi

s bo

okle

t);

the

seco

nd e

ntry

in

pare

nthe

ses

is t

he t

heor

etic

al v

alue

bas

ed o

n ca

lcul

atio

ns.

Latt

ice

F-

Cl-

Br-

―U

/kJ

mol

-1

I-O

2-

S2-

Li+

1031

(1

031)

84

8 (8

45)

803

(799

) 75

9 (7

38)

2814

(2

799)

24

99

(237

6)

Na+

918

(912

) 78

0 (7

70)

742

(735

) 70

5 (6

87)

2478

(2

481)

21

98

(213

4)

K+81

7 (8

07)

711

(702

) 67

9 (6

74)

651

(636

) 22

32

(223

8)

2052

(1

933)

Rb

+78

3 (7

72)

685

(677

) 65

6 (6

53)

628

(617

) 21

61

(216

3)

1944

(1

904)

Cs

+74

7 (7

39)

661

(643

) 63

5 (6

23)

613

(592

) 20

63

(―)

1850

(―

)

Ag+

958

(920

) 90

5 (8

33)

891

(816

) 88

9 (7

78)

2910

(3

002)

26

77

(―)

Be2+

3505

(3

150)

30

20

(300

4)

2914

(2

950)

28

00

(265

3)

4443

(4

293)

38

32

(384

1)

Mg2

+29

57

(291

3)

2526

(2

326)

24

40

(209

7)

2327

(1

944)

37

91

(379

5)

3299

(3

318)

Ca

2+26

30

(260

9)

2258

(2

223)

21

76

(213

2)

2074

(1

905)

34

01

(341

4)

3013

(3

038)

Sr

2+24

92

(247

6)

2156

(2

127)

20

75

(200

8)

1963

(1

937)

32

23

(321

7)

2848

(2

874)

Ba2+

2352

(2

341)

20

56

(203

3)

1985

(1

950)

18

77

(183

1)

3054

(3

029)

27

25

(271

1)

Zn2+

3032

(2

930)

27

34

(269

0)

2678

(2

632)

26

05

(254

9)

3971

(4

142)

33

22

(―)

Cd2+

2809

(2

740)

25

52

(252

6)

2507

(2

468)

24

41

(240

6)

―

(380

6)

3121

(―

) H

g2+

―

(275

7)

2651

(2

569)

26

28

(259

8)

2610

(2

569)

―

(3

907)

30

37

(―)

Pb2+

2522

(2

460)

22

69

(222

9)

2219

(2

169)

21

63

(208

6)

―

(350

2)

―

(―)

Mn2

+―

(2

644)

25

37

(236

8)

2471

(2

304)

―

(2

212)

37

45

(372

4)

3238

(3

376)

Cu

2+―

(―

) 99

3 (9

04)

976

(870

) 96

3 (8

33)

3189

(3

273)

28

65

(―)

NH

4+82

9 (8

34)

705

(688

) 67

3 (6

58)

641

(629

) ―

(―

) 20

26

(200

8)


13

Bond Lengths and Bond Energies

L Bond length E(X-Y) Bond energy

Bond in L /nm

E(X-Y) /kJ mol-1

Bond in L /nm

E(X-Y) /kJ mol-1

1 Br―Br Br2 0.228 192.9 33 O―Si SiO2(s) 0.161 4662 Br―H HBr 0.141 366.3 34 O=Si SiO2(g) 6383 Cl―Cl Cl2 0.199 243.4 35 OÐSi SiO 8054 Cl―H HCl 0.127 432.0 36 P―P P4 0.221 1985 F―F F2 0.142 158 37 PÐP P2 0.189 485

6 F―H HF 0.092 568.0 38 C―C average 0.154 347 7 I―I I2 0.267 151.2 39 C=C average 0.134 612 8 H―I HI 0.161 298.3 40 CÐC average 0.120 838 9 H―H H2 0.074 435.9 41 C―H average 0.108 413 10 H―Si SiH4 0.148 318 42 C―H CH4 0.109 435

11 H―Ge GeH4 0.153 285 43 C―F average 0.138 467 12 H―N NH3 0.101 391 44 C―F CH3F 0.139 45213 H―P PH3 0.144 321 45 C―F CF4 0.132 48514 H―As AsH3 0.152 297 46 C―Cl average 0.177 346 15 H―O H2O 0.096 464 47 C―Cl CCl4 0.177 327

16 H―S H2S 0.134 364 48 CÓCl C6H5Cl 0.170 ― 17 H―Se H2Se 0.146 313 49 C―Br average 0.194 290 18 Na―Na Na2 0.308 72 50 C―Br CBr4 0.194 28519 K―K K2 0.392 49 51 C―I average 0.214 228 20 N―N N2H4 0.145 158 52 C―I CH3I 0.214 234

21 N=N C6H14N2 0.120 410 53 C―N average 0.147 286 22 NÐN N2 0.110 945.4 54 C=N average 0.130 615 23 N―O HNO2 0.120 214 55 CÐN average 0.116 887 24 N=O NOF,

NOCl 0.114 587 56 CÓN phenylamine 0.135 ―

25 NÐP PN 0.149 582 57 C―O average 0.143 358

26 O―O H2O2 0.148 144 58 C―O CH3OH 0.143 33627 O―O O3 0.128 302 59 C=O CO2 0.116 80528 O=O O2 0.121 498.3 60 C=O HCHO 0.121 695 29 S―S S8 0.205 266 61 C=O aldehydes 0.122 736 30 S=S S2 0.189 429.2 62 C=O ketones 0.122 749

31 O―Si SO3 0.143 469 63 CÐO CO 0.113 107732 Si―Si Si(s),

SiH4 0.235 226 64 C―Si (CH3)4Si,

SiC(s) 0.187 307

References: Sutton, Johnson, Cottrell.


15

Right-hand electrode system Eʅ /V 31 2H+(aq)|[H2(g)]Pt 032 ½S4OÙÈ(aq), S2OÕ−(aq)|Pt +0.09 33 [2H+(aq) + S(s)], H2S(aq)|Pt +0.1434 [Sn4+(aq)1.0M HCl], [Sn2+(aq)(1.0M HCl)]|Pt +0.15 35 Cu2+(aq), Cu+(aq)|Pt +0.15

36 [4H+(aq) + SO⊁-(aq)], [H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.17 37 AgCl(s), [Ag(s) + Cl-(aq)]|Pt +0.22 38 [PbO2(s) + 2H2O(l)], [Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.25 39 Hg2Cl2(s), [2Hg(s) + 2Cl-(aq)]|Pt +0.27 40 [PbO2(s) + H2O(l)], [PbO(s) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.28

41 Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s) +0.3442 [VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [V3+(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.3443 Fe(CN)⊎-(aq), Fe(CN)⊙ -(aq)|Pt +0.36 44 [O2(g) + 2H2O(l)], 4OH-(aq)|Pt +0.40 45 [2H2SO3(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [S2O⊀-(aq) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt +0.40

46 [S2OÕ−(aq) + 6H+(aq)], [2S(s) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt +0.47 47 [IO-(aq) + H2O(l)], [I-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.49 48 [4H2SO3(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [S4OÙÈ(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt +0.51 49 Cu+(aq)|Cu(s) +0.5250 I2(aq), 2I-(aq)|Pt +0.54

51 [MnO⊁-(aq) + 2H2O(l)], [MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.59 52 [2H+(aq) + O2(g)], H2O2(aq)|Pt +0.6853 [C6H4O2(aq) + 2H+(aq)], C6H4(OH)2(aq)|Pt +0.7054 Fe3+(aq), Fe2+(aq)|Pt +0.7755 ½Hg≿+(aq)|Hg(s) +0.79

56 Ag+(aq)|Ag(s) +0.8057 [2NO„(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [N2O4(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +0.80 58 [ClO-(aq) + H2O(l)], [Cl-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.89 59 2Hg2+(aq), Hg≿+(aq)|Pt +0.92 60 [NO„(aq) + 3H+(aq)], [HNO2(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.94


16

Right-hand electrode system Eʅ /V 61 [HNO2(aq) + H+(aq)], [NO(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.9962 [HIO(aq) + H+(aq)], [I-(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.99 63 [VO›(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [VO2+(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +1.00 64 [N2O4(g) + 4H+(aq)], [2NO(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.0365 Br2(l), 2Br-(aq)|Pt +1.07

66 Br2(aq), 2Br-(aq)|Pt +1.09 67 [2IO„(aq) + 12H+(aq)], [I2(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt +1.19 68 [MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq)], [Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.2369 [Cr2O⊄-(aq) + 14H+(aq)], [2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)]|Pt +1.33 70 Cl2(aq), 2Cl-(aq)|Pt +1.36

71 [PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq)], [Pb2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.4672 Mn3+(aq), Mn2+(aq)|Pt +1.4973 [MnO‹(aq) + 8H+(aq)], [Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.51 74 2BrO„(aq), [Br2(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt +1.52 75 [2HBrO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Br2(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.57

76 [2HClO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.5977 [2HBrO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Br2(l) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.6078 [H5IO6(aq) + H+(aq)], [IO„(aq) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt +1.60 79 [2HClO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.6380 [2HCl(aq) + 6H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.64

81 Pb4+(aq), Pb2+(aq)|Pt +1.66 (in 1.1M HClO4) 82 [2ClO‚(aq) + 8H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.68 83 [Cl2O(g) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt +1.6884 [PbO2(s) + SO⊁-(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.69 85 [MnO‹(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.70

86 Ce4+(aq), Ce3+(aq)|Pt +1.70 (in M HClO4) 87 [H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq)], 2H2O(l)|Pt +1.7788 Co3+(aq), Co2+(aq)|Pt +1.81 (in M HNO3) 89 Ag2+(aq), Ag+(aq)|Pt +1.9890 S2O⊅-(aq), 2SO⊁-(aq)|Pt +2.01

91 [O3(g) + 2H+(aq)], [O2(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt +2.0892 [F2O(g) + 2H+(aq)], [2F−(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +2.1593 F2(g), 2F−(aq)|Pt +2.87

References: Latimer, de Bethune, Parsons, US National Bureau of Standards.


17

Standard Reduction Potentials

Values at 298K (in alphabetical order).

Electrode reaction Eo/V

Ag+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80

Al3+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ Al(s) -1.66 Ba2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ba(s) -2.90 ½Br2(l) + e- ⇌ Br- (aq) +1.07

Ca2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ca(s) -2.87 ½Cl2(g) + e- ⇌ Cl- (aq) +1.36

HClO(g) + H+(aq) + e- ⇌ ½ Cl2(g) + H2O(l) +1.59

Cr3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cr2+(aq) -0.41 Cr2O⊄-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e- ⇌ 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33

Cu+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cu(s) +0.52

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34

Cu2+(aq)+ e- ⇌ Cu+(aq) +0.15

½ F2(g) + e- ⇌ F- (aq) +2.87

Fe2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Fe(s) -0.44 Fe3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77

H+(aq) + e- ⇌ ½ H2(g) +0.00

½ I2(s) + e- ⇌ I- (aq) +0.54

Li+(aq) + e- ⇌ Li(s) -3.03 MnO‹(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- ⇌ Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.51

MnO‹(aq) + e- ⇌ MnO⊁-(aq) +0.56

MnO⊁-(aq) +2H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ MnO2(s) + 4OH- (aq) +0.59

½H2O2(aq) + H+(aq) + e- ⇌ H2O(l) +1.77

½O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2O(l) +1.23

O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68

Pb4+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Pb2+(aq) +1.66

Sn4+(aq) + 2e-⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15

S + 2H+ + 2e- ⇌ H2S +0.14

Zn2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Zn(s) -0.76


18

Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution

Acid or ion Equilibrium (all in aqueous solution)

Ka (298 K) /mol dm-3

pKa (at 298 K)

Sulfuric H2SO4 ⇌ H+ + HSO‹ Very large Nitric HNO3 ⇌ H+ + NO„ 40 -1.4 Chromic(VI) H2CrO4 ⇌ H+ + HCrO‹ 10 -1.0 Trichlororethanoic CCl3CO2H ⇌ H+ + CCl3CO‚ 2.3 x 10-1 0.7Iodic(V) HIO3 ⇌ H+ + IO„ 1.7 x 10-1 0.8 Dichloroethanoic CHCl2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CHCl2CO‚ 5.0 x 10-2 1.3 Sulfurous H2SO3 ⇌ H+ + HSO„ 1.5 x 10-2 1.8Phosphonic H3PO3 ⇌ H+ + H2PO„ 1.6 x 10-2 1.8Chloric(III) HClO2 ⇌ H+ + ClO‚ 1.0 x 10-2 2.0 Hydrogensulfate ion HSO‹ ⇌ H+ + SO⊁- 1.0 x 10-2 2.0 Phosphoric(V) H3PO4 ⇌ H+ + H2PO‹ 7.9 x 10-3 2.1 Chloroethanoic CH2ClCO2H ⇌ H+ + CH2ClCO‚ 1.3 x 10-3 2.9Nitrous HNO2 ⇌ H+ + NO‚ 4.7 x 10-4 3.3 Methanoic HCO2H ⇌ H+ + HCO‚ 1.6 x 10-4 3.8 Benzoic C6H5CO2H ⇌ H+ + C6H5CO‚ 6.3 x 10-5 4.2 Phenylammonium ion C6H5NHœ ⇌ H+ + C6H5NH2 2.0 x 10-5 4.6 Ethanoic CH3CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3CO‚ 1.7 x 10-5 4.8 Butanoic CH3(CH2)2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3(CH2)2CO‚ 1.5 x 10-5 4.8 Propanoic CH3CH2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3CH2CO‚ 1.3 x 10-5 4.9 Dihydrogen phosphonate ion H2PO„ ⇌ H+ + HPOÕ- 6.3 x 10-7 6.2 Carbonic H2O + CO2 ⇌ H+ + HCO„ 4.5 x 10-7 6.4 Hydrogen sulfide H2S ⇌ H+ + HS- 8.9 x 10-8 7.1 Hydrogensulfite ion HSO„ ⇌ H+ + SO⊀- 6.2 x 10-8 7.2 Dihydrogenphosphate(V) ion H2PO‹ ⇌ H+ + HPO⊁- 6.2 x 10-8 7.2 Chloric(I) HClO ⇌ H+ + ClO- 3.7 x 10-8 7.4 Bromic(I) HBrO ⇌ H+ + BrO- 2.1 x 10-9 8.7 Boric H3BO3 ⇌ H+ + H2BO„ 5.8 x 10-10 9.2 Ammonium ion NHŸ ⇌ H+ + NH3 5.6 x 10-10 9.3 Hydrocyanic HCN ⇌ H+ + CN- 4.9 x 10-10 9.3 Ethane-1,2-diammonium ion CH2NH2CH2NHœ ⇌ H+ + CH2NH2CH2NH2 1.3 x 10-10 9.9 Phenol C6H5OH ⇌ H+ + C6H5O- 1.3 x 10-10 9.9 Hydrogencarbonate ion HCO„ ⇌ H+ + CO⊀- 4.8 x 10-11 10.3 Butylammonium ion C4H9NHœ ⇌ H+ + C4H9NH2 10.8Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 ⇌ H+ + HO‚ 2.4 x 10-12 11.6 Hydrogenphosphate(V) ion HPO⊁- ⇌ H+ + PO⊌- 4.4 x 10-13 12.4 Hydrogensulfide ion HS- ⇌ H+ + S2- 1.2 x 10-13 12.9 Water H2O ⇌ H+ + OH- 1.0 x 10-14 14.0


19

Indicators

pKin pH range (at 298 K) acid alkaline

1 Methyl violet 0.8 yellow 0.0—1.6 blue 2 Malachite green 1.0 yellow 0.2—1.8 blue/green 3 Thymol blue (acid) 1.7 red 1.2—2.8 yellow 4 Methyl yellow (in ethanol) 3.5 red 2.9—4.0 yellow 5 Methyl orange—xylene

cyanole solution 3.7 purple 3.2—4.2 green

6 Methyl orange 3.7 red 3.2—4.4 yellow 7 Bromophenol blue 4.0 yellow 2.8—4.6 blue 8 Congo red 4.0 violet 3.0—5.0 red 9 Bromocresol green 4.7 yellow 3.8—5.4 blue 10 Methyl red 5.1 red 4.2—6.3 yellow

11 Azolitmin (litmus) red 5.0—8.0 blue 12 Bromocresol purple 6.3 yellow 5.2—6.8 purple 13 Bromothymol blue 7.0 yellow 6.0—7.6 blue 14 Phenol red 7.9 yellow 6.8—8.4 red 15 Thymol blue (base) 8.9 yellow 8.0—9.6 blue

16 Phenolphthalein (in ethanol) 9.3 colourless 8.2—10.0 red 17 Thymolphthalein 9.7 colourless 8.3—10.6 blue 18 Alizarin yellow R 12.5 yellow 10.1—13.0 orange/red

Note: Most indicators are 0.1% solutions in H2O unless stated otherwise. Warning: Certain indicators are poisonous and should be handled carefully, particularly when concentrated.

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

20

Org

anic

Com

poun

ds:

Phys

ical

and

The

rmoc

hem

ical

Dat

a

St

Stat

e: s

sol

id,

l liq

uid,

g g

as

M

Mol

ar m

ass

ρ D

ensi

ty a

t 29

8 K

or d

ensi

ty o

f liq

uid

at j

ust

belo

w T

b fo

r ga

ses,

unl

ess

othe

rwis

e in

dica

ted

Tm

Mel

ting

tem

pera

ture

(at

1 a

tm u

nles

s st

ated

) T

b Bo

iling

tem

pera

ture

(at

1 a

tm u

nles

s st

ated

) ∆H

̳ St

anda

rd m

olar

ent

halp

y ch

ange

of

com

bust

ion

at 2

98 K

∆H

̲ St

anda

rd m

olar

ent

halp

y ch

ange

of

form

atio

n at

298

K

Sʅ

p D

ipol

e m

omen

t in

the

gas

pha

se (

deby

e D

)

Stan

dard

mol

ar e

ntro

py a

t 29

8 K

(the

val

ues

of

stan

dard

ent

ropy

of

diat

omic

gas

eous

ele

men

ts is

for

½

mol

of

the

elem

ent)

Com

poun

d Fo

rmul

a St

M

ρ

Tm

Tb

∆H̳

∆H̲

Sʅ

p /g

mol

−1/g

cm

−3/K

/K

/k

J m

ol−1

/kJ

mol

−1/J

mol

−1

K−1

/D

Carb

on m

onox

ide

CO

g 28

.0

1.25

x 1

0−3

gas

74.1

81

.6

−283

.0

−110

.5

197.

6 —

Ca

rbon

dio

xide

CO

2g

44.0

1.

98 x

10−

3 ga

s21

6.5

194.

0—

−3

93.5

21

3.6

—

Stra

ight

cha

in a

lkan

es

Met

hane

CH4

g 16

.0

0.46

6liq

91.1

10

9.1

−890

.3

−74.

8 18

6.2

0 Et

hane

CH3C

H3

g 30

.1

0.57

2liq

89.8

18

4.5

−155

9.7

−84.

7 22

9.5

0 Pr

opan

eCH

3CH

2CH

3g

44.1

0.

585l

iq83

.4

231.

0 −2

219.

2 −1

04.5

26

9.9

0 Bu

tane

CH3(

CH2)

2CH

3g

58.1

0.

601l

iq13

4.7

272.

6 −2

876.

5 −1

26.5

31

0.1

0 Pe

ntan

eCH

3(CH

2)3C

H3

l 72

.2

0.62

614

3.1

309.

2 −3

509.

1 −1

73.2

26

1.2

0 H

exan

eCH

3(CH

2)4C

H3

l 86

.2

0.66

017

8.1

342.

1 −4

163.

0 −1

98.6

29

5.9

0 H

epta

neCH

3(CH

2)5C

H3

l 10

0.2

0.68

418

2.5

371.

5 −4

816.

9 −2

24.0

32

8.5

0 O

ctan

eCH

3(CH

2)6C

H3

l 11

4.2

0.70

321

6.3

398.

8 −5

470.

2 −2

50.0

36

1.1

0 D

ecan

eCH

3(CH

2)8C

H3

l 14

2.3

0.73

024

3.4

447.

2 −6

777.

9 −3

00.9

42

5.9

0 Ei

cosa

neCH

3(CH

2)18

CH3

s 28

2.6

0.78

930

9.9

616.

9—

—

—

0

Bran

ched

alk

anes

2-

met

hylp

ropa

ne(C

H3)

2CH

CH3

g 58

.1

0.55

7liq

113.

7 26

1.4

−286

8.5

−134

.5

294.

6 0

2-m

ethy

lbut

ane

(CH

3)2C

HCH

2CH

3l

72.2

0.

620

113.

2 30

1.0

−350

3.4

−178

.9

260.

4 —

2-

met

hylp

enta

ne(C

H3)

2CH

(CH

2)2C

H3

l 86

.2

0.65

311

9.4

333.

4 −4

157.

0 −2

04.6

—

—

2-

met

hylh

exan

e(C

H3)

2CH

(CH

2)3C

H3

l 10

0.2

0.67

915

4.8

363.

1 −4

811.

4 −2

29.5

—

—

2-

met

hylh

epta

ne(C

H3)

3CH

(CH

2)4C

H3

l 11

4.2

0.69

816

4.1

390.

7 −5

465.

2 −2

55.0

—

—

2,

2-di

met

hylp

ropa

neC(

CH3)

4g

72.2

0.

591l

iq25

6.6

282.

6 −3

492.

5 −1

89.8

30

6.4

—

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

21

Com

poun

d Fo

rmul

a St

M

ρ

Tm

Tb

∆H̳

∆H̲

Sʅ

p /g

mol

−1/g

cm

−3/K

/K

/k

J m

ol−1

/kJ

mol

−1/J

mol

−1

K−1

/D

Cycl

o-al

kane

s Cy

clop

ropa

ne(C

H2)

3g

42.1

—

145.

5 24

0.4

−209

1.4

+53.

3 —

0

Cycl

obut

ane

(CH

2)4

g 56

.1

0.69

4liq

182.

4 28

5.1

−272

0.9

+3.7

—

—

Cy

clop

enta

neCH

2(CH

2)3C

H3

l 70

.1

0.74

517

9.2

322.

3 −3

289.

4 −1

07.1

20

4.3

0 Cy

cloh

exan

eCH

2(CH

2)4C

H3

l 84

.2

0.77

927

9.6

353.

8 −3

919.

5 −1

56.3

20

4.4

—

Alk

enes

Et

hene

CH2=

CH2

g 28

.1

0.61

0liq

104.

1 16

9.4

−141

0.8

+52.

2 21

9.5

0 Pr

open

eCH

2=CH

CH3

g 42

.1

0.51

4liq

87.9

22

5.7

−205

8.1

+20.

2 26

6.9

0.35

Bu

t-1-

ene

CH2=

CHCH

2CH

3 g

56.1

0.

595l

iq87

.8

266.

8 −2

716.

8 −0

.4

305.

6 0.

38

E-Bu

t-2-

ene

(tra

ns-B

ut-2

-ene

) CH

3CH

=CH

CH3

g 56

.1

0.60

4liq

167.

6 27

4.0

−270

5.0

−12.

2 29

6.4

0 Z-

But-

2-en

e (c

is-B

ut-2

-ene

) CH

3CH

=CH

CH3

g 56

.1

0.62

1liq

134.

2 27

6.8

−270

9.4

−7.8

30

0.8

—

Cycl

ohex

ene

CH2(

CH2)

3CH

=CH

l

81.2

0.

811

169.

6 35

6.5

−375

1.9

−38.

1 —

0.

55

Phen

ylet

hene

(st

yren

e)

C6H

5CH

=CH

2l

104.

2 0.

906

242.

5 41

8.3

−439

5.0

+103

.8

345.

1 0

Alk

ynes

Et

hyne

(ac

e tyl

ene)

CH

ÐCH

g

26.0

0.

618l

iq19

2.3

189.

1 −1

300.

8 +2

28.0

20

0.8

0 A

rene

s Be

nzen

eC 6

H6

l 78

.1

0.87

927

8.6

353.

2 −3

267.

4 +4

9.0

172.

8 0

Nap

htha

lene

C 10H

8s

128.

2 1.

101

353.

6 49

1.1

−515

5.9

+77.

7 —

—

M

ethy

lben

zene

(to

luen

e)

C6H

5CH

3l

92.1

0.

867

178.

1 38

3.7

−390

9.8

+12.

1 31

9.7

0.36

A

min

es

Met

hyla

min

eCH

3NH

2g

31.1

0.

660l

iq17

9.6

266.

8 −1

085.

0 −2

3.0

243.

3 1.

30

Dim

ethy

lam

ine

(CH

3)2N

Hg

45.1

0.

656l

iq18

0.1

280.

5 −1

768.

8 −1

8.5

280.

5 0.

93

Trim

ethy

lam

ine

(CH

3)3N

g 59

.1

0.63

3liq

155.

9 27

6.0

−244

2.9

−23.

7 28

7.0

0.71

Et

hyla

min

eCH

3CH

2NH

2g

45.1

0.

683l

iq19

2.1

289.

7 −1

739.

8 −4

7.5

—

0.99

1-

Amin

obut

ane

CH3(

CH2)

3NH

2l

73.1

0.

739

224.

0 35

0.9

−301

8.3

−127

.6

—

1.32

2-

Amin

obut

ane

CH3C

H2C

HN

H2C

H3

l 73

.1

0.73

420

1.1

336.

6 −3

008.

4 −1

37.5

—

—

Ph

enyl

amin

e (a

nilin

e)

C 6H

5NH

2l

93.1

1.

022

266.

8 45

7.1

−339

2.6

+31.

3 —

1.

53

Hal

ogen

ocom

poun

ds

Fluo

rom

etha

neCH

3Fg

34.0

0.

557l

iq13

1.3

194.

7—

−2

47.0

—

—

Ch

loro

met

hane

CH3C

lg

50.5

0.

916l

iq17

6.0

248.

9 −7

64.0

−8

2.0

234.

5 1.

86

Brom

omet

hane

CH3B

rg

94.9

1.

676l

iq17

9.5

276.

7 −7

69.9

−3

7.2

246.

3 1.

79

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

22

Com

poun

d Fo

rmul

a St

M

ρ

Tm

Tb

∆H̳

∆H̲

Sʅ

p /g

mol

−1/g

cm

−3/K

/K

/k

J m

ol−1

/kJ

mol

−1/J

mol

−1

K−1

/D

Iodo

met

hane

CH3I

l 14

1.9

2.27

920

6.7

315.

5 −8

14.6

−1

5.5

163.

2 1.

64

Dic

hlor

omet

hane

CH2C

l 2l

84.9

1.

316

178.

0 31

3.1

−605

.8

−124

.1

177.

8 1.

54

Tric

hlor

omet

hane

CHCl

3l

119.

4 1.

479

209.

6 33

4.8

−474

.0

−135

.1

201.

8 1.

02

Tetr

achl

orom

etha

neCC

l 4l

153.

8 1.

594

250.

1 34

9.6

−359

.9

−129

.6

216.

4 0

Tetr

aiod

omet

hane

CI4

s 51

9.6

4.32

0—

40

3-13

sub

—

—

—

0 1-

Chlo

robu

tane

CH3(

CH2)

3Cl

l 92

.6

0.88

615

0.0

351.

5 −2

704.

1 −1

87.9

—

2.

16

1-Br

omob

utan

eCH

3(CH

2)3B

rl

137.

0 1.

276

160.

7 37

4.7

−271

6.5

−143

.8

—

1.93

1-

Iodo

buta

neCH

3(CH

2)3I

l 18

4.0

1.61

517

0.1

403.

6—

—

—

1.

88

2-Ch

loro

-2-m

ethy

lpro

pane

(C

H3)

2CCl

CH3

l 92

.6

0.84

224

7.7

323.

8 −2

692.

8 −1

91.1

—

2.

13

2-Br

omo-

2-m

ethy

lpro

pane

(C

H3)

2CBr

CH3

l 13

7.0

1.22

125

6.9

346.

4—

−1

63.4

—

—

2-

Iodo

-2-m

ethy

lpro

pane

(CH

3)2C

ICH

3l

184.

0 1.

571

234.

9 37

3.1

—

−107

.4

—

—

Chlo

robe

nzen

eC 6

H5C

ll

112.

6 1.

106

227.

5 40

5.1

−311

1.6

+11.

0 —

1.

67

Alc

ohol

s M

etha

nol

CH3O

Hl

32.0

0.

793

179.

2 33

8.1

−726

.0

−239

.1

239.

7 1.

70

Etha

nol

C 2H

5OH

l 46

.1

0.78

915

5.8

351.

6 −1

367.

3 −2

77.1

16

0.7

1.69

Pr

opan

-1-o

lCH

3CH

2CH

2OH

l 60

.1

0.80

414

6.6

370.

5 −2

021.

0 −3

02.7

19

6.6

1.66

Pr

opan

-2-o

lCH

3CH

OH

CH3

l 60

.1

0.78

718

3.6

355.

5 −2

005.

8 −3

17.9

18

0.5

1.68

Bu

tan-

1-ol

CH3(

CH2)

2CH

2OH

l

74.1

0.

810

183.

6 39

0.3

−267

5.6

−327

.4

228.

0 1.

66

Pent

an-1

-ol

CH3(

CH2)

3CH

2OH

l

88.2

0.

815

194.

1 41

1.1

−332

8.7

−353

.6

259.

0 —

H

exan

-1-o

lCH

3(CH

2)4C

H2O

H

l 10

2.2

0.82

022

6.4

431.

1 −3

983.

8 −3

77.8

28

9.5

1.60

Et

hane

-1,2

-dio

lCH

2OH

CH2O

Hl

62.1

1.

114

261.

6 47

1.1

−117

9.5

−454

.8

166.

9 2.

00

Prop

an-1

,2,3

-tri

olCH

2OH

CHO

HCH

2OH

l

92.1

1.

260

293.

1 56

3.1

−165

5.2

−668

.5

—

—

2-M

ethy

lpro

pan-

2-ol

(CH

3)3C

OH

l 74

.1

0.78

929

8.6

355.

4 −2

643.

8 −3

59.2

—

—

Cy

cloh

exan

olCH

2(CH

2)4C

HO

H

s 10

0.2

0.96

229

8.2

434.

2 −3

727.

0 −3

48.8

—

—

A

ldeh

ydes

M

etha

nal (

f orm

alde

hyde

) H

CHO

g

30.0

0.

815

181.

1 25

2.1

−570

.6

−108

.7

218.

7 2.

27

Etha

nal (

acet

alde

hyde

) CH

3CH

Og

44.1

0.

778

152.

1 29

3.9

−116

7.1

−191

.5

160.

2 2.

49

Prop

anal

CH3C

H2C

HO

l 58

.1

0.79

719

2.1

321.

9 −1

820.

8 −2

17.1

—

2.

54

Buta

nal

CH3C

H2C

H2C

HO

l

72.1

0.

801

174.

1 34

8.8

−247

6.0

−241

.2

—

2.57

Be

nzal

dehy

deC 6

H5C

HO

l 10

6.1

1.05

024

7.1

451.

1 −3

525.

1 −8

6.8

—

2.96

Ke

tone

s Pr

opan

one

(ace

tone

) CH

3CO

CH3

l 58

.1

0.78

917

7.8

329.

3 −1

816.

5 −2

48.0

—

2.

95

Data

boo

klet

— E

dexc

el A

S/A

Leve

l in

Chem

istr

y (X

CH01

/YCH

01)

— Is

sue

3 —

Nov

embe

r 20

08

— ©

in t

his

form

at E

dexc

el L

imit

ed 2

008

23

Com

poun

d Fo

rmul

a St

M

ρ

Tm

Tb

∆H̳

∆H̲

Sʅ

p /g

mol

−1/g

cm

−3/K

/K

/k

J m

ol−1

/kJ

mol

−1/J

mol

−1

K−1

/D

Buta

none

CH3C

H2C

OCH

3l

72.1

0.

805

186.

8 35

2.7

−244

1.5

−275

.7

—

—

Cycl

ohex

anon

eCH

2(CH

2)4C

Ol

98.1

0.

948

256.

7 42

8.7

−351

9.3

−270

.7

—

—

Carb

oxyl

ic a

cids

M

etha

noic

(fo

rmic

) H

CO2H

l 46

.0

1.22

028

1.5

373.

7 −2

54.3

−4

25.0

12

9.0

1.52

Et

hano

ic (

acet

ic)

CH3C

O2H

l 60

.1

1.04

928

9.7

391.

0 −8

74.1

−4

84.5

15

9.8

1.74

Pr

opan

oic

CH3C

H2C

O2H

l 74

.1

0.99

325

2.3

414.

1 −1

527.

2 −5

10.7

—

1.

74

Buta

noic

CH3C

H2C

H2C

O2H

l

88.1

0.

958

268.

6 43

8.6

−218

3.3

−533

.9

—

—

Chlo

roet

hano

icCl

CH2C

O2H

s 94

.5

1.40

433

6.1

460.

9 −7

15.5

—

—

—

D

ichl

oroe

than

oic

Cl2C

HCO

2Hl

128.

9 1.

563

286.

6 46

7.1

—

—

—

—

Tric

hlor

oeth

anoi

cCl

3CCO

2Hs

163.

4 1.

617

331.

1 47

0.6

−388

.3

−513

.8

—

—

1-Am

inoe

than

oic

(Gly

cine

) N

H2C

H2C

O2H

s 75

.1

1.60

753

5dec

—

−981

.1

−528

.6

—

—

2-H

ydro

xypr

opan

oic

(lac

tic)

CH

3CH

OH

CO2H

l 90

.1

1.20

632

6.1

376.

1 −1

343.

9 −6

94.0

—

—

Et

hane

dioi

c (o

xalic

) CO

2HC

O2H

s 90

.0

1.65

3—

43

0sub

−243

.3

−829

.5

—

—

Hex

aned

ioic

(ad

ipic

) CO

2H(C

H2)

4CO

2H

s 14

6.1

1.36

042

6.0

dec

−279

5.7

−994

.3

—

—

Benz

enes

ulfo

nic

C 6H

5SO

3Hs

158.

2 —

338.

1 —

—

—

—

—

Benz

ene-

1,4-

dica

rbox

ylic

C 6

H4(

CO2H

) 2s

166.

1 —

Sub

7573

sub

−318

9.3

−816

.1

—

—

Benz

oic

(ben

zene

carb

oxyl

ic)

C 6H

5CO

2Hs

122.

1 1.

266

395.

3 52

2.0

−322

7.0

−384

.9

—

1.71

Ca

rbox

ylic

aci

d de

riva

tive

s Et

hano

yl c

hlor

ide

CH3C

OCl

l 78

.5

1.10

416

1.1

324.

0—

−2

72.9

20

0.8

2.45

Et

hana

mid

e (a

ceta

mid

e)

CH3C

ON

H2

s 59

.1

1.15

935

5.4

494.

3 −1

184.

6 −3

17.0

—

3.

44

Etha

noic

anh

ydri

de

(CH

3CO

) 2O

l 10

2.1

1.08

220

0.0

412.

7 −1

794.

2 −6

37.2

—

2.

80

Este

rs

Ethy

l eth

anoa

te

CH3C

O2C

H2C

H3

l 88

.1

0.90

018

9.6

350.

2 −2

237.

9 −4

79.3

—

1.

78

Mis

cella

neou

s Ca

rbam

ide

(ure

a)

NH

2CO

NH

2s

60.1

1.

320

408.

1 de

c −6

32.2

−3

32.9

10

4.6

4.56

N

itro

benz

ene

C 6H

5NO

2l

123.

1 1.

203

278.

8 48

3.9

−308

7.9

+12.

4 —

4.

22

Phen

olC 6

H5O

Hs

94.1

1.

076

316.

1 45

4.8

−305

3.4

−165

.0

—

1.45

G

luco

se

C 6H

12O

6s

180.

2 1.

562

423.

1 —

−2

802.

5 −1

273.

3 —

—

Su

cros

eC 1

2H22

O11

s 34

2.3

1.58

045

8.0

—

−563

9.7

−222

6.1

—

—

sub

Subl

imes

liq

Liq

uid

dec

Dec

ompo

ses


24

Selected Inorganic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data

St State: s solid, l liquid, g gas M Molar mass ρ Density at 298 K or density of liquid at just below Tb for gases, unless otherwise indicated Tm Melting temperature Tb Boiling temperature (both at 1 atm unless otherwise stated) ∆H̲ Standard molar enthalpy change of formation at 298 KSʅ Standard molar entropy at 298 K (the values of standard entropy of diatomic gaseous

elements is for ½ mol of the element) sub Sublime dec Decomposes dhd Dehydrated

Compound St M ρ Tm Tb ∆H̲ Sʅ /g mol−1 /g cm−3 /K /K /kJ mol−1 /J mol−1 K−1

Aluminium AlCl3 s 133.3 2.44 463 2.5 atm 451 sub −704.2 110.7 AlBr3 s 266.7 — 371 536 −527.2 163.2 Al2O3 s 102.0 3.97 2345 3253 −1675.7 50.9 Al(OH)3 s 78.0 2.42 573 dhd — −1287.4 85.4 Al(NO3)3.6H2O s 321.1 — — — −2850.5 467.8 Al2(SO4)3 s 342.1 2.71 1043 dec — −3440.8 239.3 Barium BaCl2 s 208.2 3.91 1236 1833 −858.6 123.7 BaO s 153.3 5.72 2191 2273 −553.5 70.4 BaO2 s 169.3 4.96 723 1073 dec −634.3 65.7 Ba(OH)2 s 171.3 4.50 681 dec −944.7 99.7 BaCO3 s 197.3 4.43 1123 dec — −1216.3 112.1 Ba(NO3)2 s 261.3 3.24 865 dec −992.1 213.8 BaSO4 s 233.4 4.50 1853 — −1473.2 132.2 Bismuth BiCl3 s 315.3 4.75 505 720 −379.1 177.0 BiOCl s 260.4 7.72 — — −366.9 120.5 Boron B2H6 g 27.7 0.45 108 181 35.6 232.0 BF3 g 67.8 2.99 129 173 −1137.0 254.0 BCl3 g 117.2 166 286 −403.7 290.0 B2O3 s 69.6 2.46 723 2133 −1272.8 54.0 BN s 24.8 2.25 3300 sub — −254.4 14.8 Caesium CsF s 151.9 4.11 955 1524 −553.5 92.8 CsCl s 168.4 3.99 918 1563 −443.0 101.2 CsBr s 212.8 4.44 909 1573 −405.8 113.1 CsI s 259.8 4.51 899 1553 −346.6 123.1 Calcium CaH2 s 42.1 1.90 1089 in H2 873 dec −186.2 42.0 CaF2 s 78.1 3.18 1696 2773 −1219.6 68.9 CaCl2 s 111.0 2.15 1055 1873 −795.8 104.6 CaCl2.6H2O s 219.1 1.71 303 — −2607.9 284.9 CaBr2 s 199.9 3.35 1003 1083 −682.8 130.0 CaO s 56.1 3.35 2887 3123 −635.1 39.7 Ca(OH)2 s 74.1 2.24 853 dhd dec −986.1 83.4 CaC2 s 64.1 2.22 720 2573 −59.8 69.9


25


CaCO3 (calcite) s 100.1 2.71 1612 1025atm 1172 dec −1206.9 92.9 Ca(NO3)2 s 164.1 2.50 834 — −938.4 193.3 CaSO4 s 136.1 2.96 1723 — −1434.1 106.7 CaSO4.½H2O s 145.1 — 436 dhd — −1576.7 130.5 CaSO4.2H2O s 172.2 2.32 401 dhd 1.5 436 dhd −2022.6 194.1 Ca3(PO4)2 s 310.2 3.14 1943 — −4120.8 236.0 Carbon HCN l 27.0 0.70 259 299 108.9 112.8 C2N2 g 52.0 — 245 252 307.9 242.1 CS2 l 76.1 1.26 162 319 89.7 151.3 Chlorine Cl2O g 86.9 3.89273K 253 277 exp 80.3 266.1 ClO2 g 67.4 3.01214K 214 283 exp 102.5 256.7 Chromium CrCl3 s 158.3 2.76 1423 1573 sub −556.5 115.3 CrO2Cl2 l 154.9 1.91 177 390 −579.5 221.8 Cr2O3 s 152.0 5.21 2538 4273 −1139.7 81.2 Cr2(SO4)3.18H2O s 716.4 1.70 373 dhd 12 — −8339.5 — Cobalt CoCl2 s 129.8 3.36 997 in HCl 1322 −312.5 109.2 CoCl2.6H2O s 237.9 1.92 359 383 dhd −2115.4 343.0 CoO s 74.9 6.45 2078 — −237.9 53.0 Co(OH)2 s 92.9 3.60 dec — −539.7 79.0 CoSO4 s 155.0 3.71 1008 dec — −888.3 118.0 CoSO4.7H2O s 281.1 1.95 370 693 dhd −2979.9 406.1 Copper CuCl s 99.0 4.14 703 1763 −137.2 86.2 CuCl2 s 134.4 3.39 893 1266 dec −220.1 108.1 CuI s 190.4 5.62 878 1563 −67.7 96.7 Cu2O s 143.1 6.0 1508 2073 dec −168.6 93.1 CuO s 79.5 6.40 1599 — −157.3 42.6 Cu(OH)2 s 97.6 3.37 dec — −449.8 75.0 Cu(NO3)2.6H2O s 295.6 2.07 299.4 dhd 3 — −2110.8 — Cu2S s 159.1 5.6 1373 — −79.0 120.9 CuS s 95.6 4.6 376 493 dec −53.1 66.5 CuSO4 s 159.6 3.60 473 923 dec −771.4 109.0 CuSO4.5H2O s 249.7 2.28 383 dhd 4 423 dhd −2279.6 300.4 Fluorine F2O g 54.0 1.9040 k 49 128 −21.7 247.3 Hydrogen HF g 20.0 0.99 190 293 −271.1 173.7 HCl g 36.5 1.64159K 158 188 −92.3 186.8 HBr g 80.9 2.77206K 185 206 −36.4 198.6 HI g 127.9 2.85268K 222 238 26.5 206.5 HIO3 s 175.9 4.63 383 dec — −230.1 118.0 H2O l 18.0 1.00 273 373 −285.8 69.9 H2O g 18.0 — 273 373 −241.8 188.7 H2O2 l 34.0 1.44 273 323 −187.8 109.6 HNO3 l 63.0 1.50 231 356 −174.1 266.3 H2S g 34.1 1.54188K 188 212 −20.6 205.7 H2SO4 l 98.1 1.84 283 611 −814.0 156.9


26


H3PO4 s 98.0 1.83 316 486 dhd½ −1279.0 110.5 H3BO3 s 61.8 1.44 442 573dhd1½ −1094.3 88.8 Iodine ICl s 162.3 3.18 300 371 −35.1 — ICl3 s 233.3 3.12 374 16 atm 350 dec −89.5 167.4 I2O5 s 333.8 4.80 573 dec — −158.1 — Iron FeCl2 s 126.7 3.16 945 sub −341.8 117.9 FeCl3 s 162.2 2.90 579 588 dec −399.5 142.3 FeCl3.6H2O s 270.3 — 310 553-558 −2223.8 — FeO s 71.8 5.7 1642 — −271.9 58.5 Fe2O3 s 159.7 5.24 1838 — −824.2 87.4 Fe3O4 s 231.5 5.18 1867 — −1118.4 146.4 Fe(OH)2 s 89.9 3.4 dec — −569.0 88.0 Fe(OH)3 s 106.8 — — — −823.0 106.7 FeCO3 s 115.8 3.8 dec — −740.6 92.9 FeS s 87.9 4.74 1468 dec −100.0 60.3 FeSO4.7H2O s 278.0 1.90 337 363 dhd 6 −3014.6 409.2 Fe2(SO4)3 s 399.9 3.10 753 dec — −2581.5 261.7 Lead PbCl2 s 278.1 5.85 774 1223 −359.4 136.0 PbCl4 l 349.0 3.18 258 378 −329.2 — PbI2 s 461.0 6.16 675 1127 −175.5 174.8 PbO s 223.2 9.53 1159 1745 −217.3 68.7 Pb3O4 s 685.6 9.1 773 dec — −718.4 211.3 PbO2 s 239.2 9.37 563 dec — −277.4 68.6 PbCO3 s 267.2 6.6 588 dec — −700.0 131.0 Pb(NO3)2 s 331.2 4.53 743 dec — −451.9 213.0 PbS s 239.2 7.5 1387 1553 −100.4 91.2 PbSO4 s 303.2 6.2 1443 — −919.9 148.6 PbCrO4 s 323.2 6.12 1117 dec −899.6 152.7 Pb(CH3CO2)2.3H2O s 379.3 2.55 348 dhd 1 473 dec −1851.5 — Pb(C2H5)4 l 323.4 1.66 137 473 dec 52.7 472.5 Lithium LiH s 7.9 0.82 953 — −90.5 20.0 LiF s 25.9 2.64 1118 1949 −616.0 35.6 LiCl s 42.4 2.07 878 1613 −408.6 59.3 LiBr s 86.8 3.46 823 1538 −351.2 74.3 LiI s 133.8 4.08 722 1444 −270.4 86.8 Li2O s 29.9 2.01 >1973 — −597.9 37.6 LiOH s 23.9 1.46 723 1197 dec −484.9 42.8 Li2CO3 s 73.9 2.11 996 1583 dec −1215.9 90.4 LiNO3 s 68.9 2.38 537 873 dec −483.1 90.0 Li2SO4 s 109.9 2.22 — 1118 −1436.5 115.1 LiAlH4 s 37.9 0.92 398 dec — −116.3 78.7 Magnesium MgCl2 s 95.2 2.32 987 1685 −641.3 89.6 MgCl2.6H2O s 203.3 1.57 390 dec — −2499.0 366.1 MgO s 40.3 3.58 3125 3873 −601.7 26.9 MgCO3 s 84.3 2.96 623 dec 1173 −CO2 −1095.8 65.7 Mg3N2 s 100.9 2.71 1073 dec 973 dec −460.7 90.0


27


Mg(NO3)2.6H2O s 256.4 1.64 362 603 dec −2613.3 452.0 MgSO4 s 120.4 2.66 1397 dec — −1284.9 91.6 MgSO4.7H2O s 246.5 1.68 423 dhd 6 473 dhd −3388.7 372.0 Mg2Si s 76.7 1.94 1375 — −77.8 75.0 Manganese MnO2 s 86.9 5.03 808 dec — −520.0 53.1 MnSO4 s 151.0 3.25 973 1123 dec −1065.2 112.1 Mercury Hg2Cl2 s 472.1 7.15 673 sub — −265.2 192.5 HgCl2 s 271.5 5.44 549 575 −224.3 146.0 HgS red s 232.6 8.10 857 sub — −58.2 82.4 Nickel NiCl2 s 129.6 3.55 1274 1246 sub −305.3 97.7 NiSO4 s 154.8 3.68 1121 dec — −872.9 92.0 NiSO4.7H2O s 280.9 1.95 372 376 dhd 6 −2976.3 378.9 Ni(CO)4 l 170.7 1.32 248 316 −633.0 313.4 Nitrogen N2H4 l 32.0 1.01 275 387 50.6 121.2 N2O g 44.0 1.98182 K 182 185 82.0 219.7 NO g 30.0 1.27123 K 110 121 90.2 210.7 N2O3 g 76.0 1.45171 K 171 277 dec 83.7 312.2 NO2 g 46.0 1.49262 K 262 294 33.2 240.0 N2O4 g 92.0 1.45262 K 262 294 9.2 304.2 N2O5 s 108.0 1.64 303 320 dec −41.3 178.2 Ammonia NH3 g 17.0 0.77195K 195 240 −46.1 192.3 NH4Cl s 53.5 1.53 613 sub 793 >1 atm −314.4 94.6 NH4Br s 97.9 2.43 725 sub 508 vac −270.8 113.0 NH4I s 144.9 2.51 824 sub 493 vac −201.4 117.0 NH4NO3 s 80.0 1.72 443 483 −365.6 151.1 (NH4)2SO4 s 132.1 1.77 508 dec 786 >1 atm −1180.9 220.1 Oxygen O3 g 48.0 2.1481K 81 161 142.7 238.8 Phosphorus PH3 g 34.0 — 140 185 5.4 210.1 PCl3 l 137.3 1.57 161 349 −319.7 217.1 PCl5 s 208.2 2.12 435 sub 440 dec −443.5 166.5 POCl3 l 153.3 1.67 275 378 −597.1 222.5 P4O6 s 219.9 2.13 297 448 −1640.1 — P4O10 s 283.9 2.39 853 >1 atm 573 sub −2984.0 228.9 Potassium KF s 58.1 2.48 1131 1778 −567.3 66.6 KCl s 74.6 1.98 1043 1773 sub −436.7 82.6 KClO3 s 122.5 2.32 629 673 dec −397.7 143.1 KClO4 s 138.5 2.52 883 673 dec −432.8 151.0 KBr s 119.0 2.75 1007 1708 −393.8 95.9 KI s 166.0 3.13 954 1603 −327.9 106.3 KIO3 s 214.0 3.93 833 373 dec −501.4 151.5 KIO4 s 230.0 3.62 855 573 dec −467.2 176.0 K2O s 94.2 2.32 623 sub — −361.4 — KO2 s 71.1 2.14 653 dec −284.9 116.7


28


KOH s 56.1 2.04 633 1593 −424.8 78.9 K2CO3 s 138.2 2.43 1164 dec −1151.0 155.5 KHCO3 s 100.1 2.17 373 dec — −963.2 115.5 KNO2 s 85.1 1.92 713 dec −369.8 152.1 KNO3 s 101.1 2.11 607 673 dec −494.6 133.1 KCN s 65.1 1.52 908 — −113.0 128.5 KCNS s 97.2 1.89 446 773 dec −200.2 124.3 K2SO4 s 174.3 2.66 1342 1962 −1437.8 175.6 KMnO4 s 158.0 2.70

Data booklet — Edexcel AS/A Level in Chemistry

transition from gcse science to gce chemistry · 2021. 2. 4. · /kj mol —1 1 hydrogen 20 k h 2 g...

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