Translation - TransliterationTranslation - Transliteration

• Most of the words in English versions are translatedtranslated

• A few are transliteratedtransliterated. E.g.: – BaptismBaptism – AllelujahAllelujah– Places:

• BethelBethel; ; GalileeGalilee; ; RomeRome • SheolSheol, , HadesHades, , GehennaGehenna

KJV• KJV translators varied translations of

Sheol, Hades, Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna Gehenna – KJV OT translates SheolSheol: “gravegrave” 31x;

“hellhell” 31x, and “the pitthe pit” 3x • ASV consistently uses “SheolSheol” • Another word means gravegrave

– KJV NT: HadesHades is “HellHell” (some 10x)• NKJV: HadesHades is “HadesHades”

II SheolSheol (64x in OT)(64x in OT)

• Gn.37:35 – ““Whither men descend at death”Whither men descend at death”

(BDB, 982)

– SheolSheol: where disembodied spirits go after death

– NKJV: the gravethe grave

– ASV, NASB, ESV: SheolSheol

• Ps.16:10, SheolSheol

IIII HadesHades (11x in NT)(11x in NT)

• Ac.2:27…31-35 – Jesus alone fulfilled this prophecy: His

soul in Sheol; His body in the tomb; they reunite before corruption can occur

– OT OT SheolSheol = NT = NT HadesHades– Ac.2:27…31

• neither-nor statement; distinguishes between the HEHE and His FLESHFLESH

– The Prophecy: HEHE = SOULSOUL • If soul dies, how could it be in Hades? If soul dies, how could it be in Hades?

Lk.23:42-43, unexpected benefits• Crucifixion victims often lingered for days• This day, he will enter ParadiseParadise

– Persian loan word: a king’s gardenPersian loan word: a king’s garden– Rv.2:7

• a “garden” whose trees are more blessed than those in EdenEden (Gn.2:8), GethsemaneGethsemane (Jn.18:1, 26), or near CalvaryCalvary (Jn.19:41)

– If the robber died and ceased to exist, If the robber died and ceased to exist,

how could he be in paradise?how could he be in paradise?

Ph.1:21-24, a synonymous expression to Hades

• Depart (2 Tim.4:8) . . . be w. Christbe w. Christ– Was Paul hard pressed whether it was

better to be nothingbe nothing or to stay on earth preaching the gospelpreaching the gospel?

– If the dead are unconscious, the wicked and righteous are the same

– Could an unconscious person enjoy the Could an unconscious person enjoy the presence of Christ? presence of Christ?

– If the dead merely enter the grave, then Paul found Christ in the grave (Ac.2:31)

IIIIII GehennaGehenna (12x in NT)(12x in NT)

• Mt.10:28 • We must avoid word-history fallacy:

– Mk.3:17, sons of thundersons of thunder – 2 Co.12:4, paradiseparadise – Jer.7:30-33, valley of Hinnomvalley of Hinnom

• Bodies of criminals burned here • Is GehennaGehenna a literal valley outside

Jerusalem? – Jd.7, Sodom & GomorrahSodom & Gomorrah

• Do the wicked go to Sodom…?

The soul is not The soul is not the bodythe body, Mt.10:28

• In this passage – – SoulSoul cannotcannot mean mean bodybody

• Jesus distinguishes soul and body • Ja.5:19-20

– SoulSoul cannotcannot mean mean animal life animal life • Animal life ceases at death

– SoulSoul lives, though the body ceases to lives, though the body ceases to functionfunction • Ac.7:59

The spirit is not The spirit is not the bodythe body, Ec.12:7

• In this passage it is – – NOT air that is breathedNOT air that is breathed – NOT the act of breathing that returns to NOT the act of breathing that returns to

GodGod. (Jn.13:21; 1 Pt.3:4)– NOT mere physical life, because it does NOT mere physical life, because it does

not return to God, but ceasesnot return to God, but ceases• The spirit returnsreturns to God. Ac.9:39 • The body returnsreturns to the earth. Ac.9:40

DestroyDestroy does not mean does not mean annihilationannihilation, Mt.10:28

• ““To devote or give over to eternal misery…To devote or give over to eternal misery…by one’s conduct to cause another to lose by one’s conduct to cause another to lose eternal salvation … to incur the loss of true eternal salvation … to incur the loss of true or eternal life; to be delivered up to eternal or eternal life; to be delivered up to eternal misery”misery” (Th., 64).

• ““Metaph., of loss of eternal life”Metaph., of loss of eternal life” (A-S, 52) • If destroydestroy means annihilationannihilation, and the soulsoul

is the bodybody, then to kill the bodybody is to kill (annihilate) the soulsoul (Mt.10:28)

– If so, If so, why did Jesus say the oppositewhy did Jesus say the opposite? ?

“DestroyDestroy” (part 2)(part 2)

• Mt.2:13– Would his body cease to exist?Would his body cease to exist?

• Mt.10:6 – Annihilated sheep?Annihilated sheep?

• Lk.15:17– DEADDEAD = separation fr. the father (24)– ALIVEALIVE = union w. the father (24) – PERISHPERISH and LOSTLOST = same as death (17,

24)

“DestroyDestroy” (part 3)(part 3)

• 1 Co.1:18 – the perishing are onon thethe wayway toto perishperish

(eternal misery). Lk.8:24; 15:17 • Hb.10:28-29, punishment worse than death!

– If death is annihilation, how possible?If death is annihilation, how possible? – Mt.26:24 – Ps.116:15

• If wicked are annihilated, the righteous If wicked are annihilated, the righteous suffer more in this life than the wicked suffer more in this life than the wicked in eternity!in eternity!

PunishmentPunishment• Punishment cannot be effective Punishment cannot be effective

unless it is experienced unless it is experienced – Mt.8:6

• ““Torture…torment, harass”Torture…torment, harass” (BDAG, 168)

– Verse 29 – Rv.20:10 – Rv.14:11

• ““infliction of severe suffering or pain infliction of severe suffering or pain associated w. torture or torment”associated w. torture or torment” (BDAG, 168)

PunishmentPunishment (part 2)(part 2)

• Mt.25:46 (41), eternal punishmenteternal punishment – What wordWhat word shows that the future

happiness of the righteous is unending?– Mt.25:41, 46 – same word describes the same word describes the

punishment of the wickedpunishment of the wicked

• 2 Pt.2:4, 9 – Something that does not exist cannot be

kept under punishment! • Penalize, punish (BDAG, 554f.) [1 Pt.2:20]

IVIV LessonsLessons

1.1. There is life after death.There is life after death. Lk.20:38

2.2. Take sin seriously – God does!Take sin seriously – God does! Ja.3:6

3.3. Make whatever sacrifice is necessary Make whatever sacrifice is necessary to save your soul.to save your soul. Mt.16:26