Transport IITransport II

Blood FatsBlood Fats• Blood FatsBlood Fats

– Cholesterol Cholesterol

• a soft, waxy a soft, waxy substance substance present in all present in all parts of the parts of the body made by body made by the body and the body and obtained from obtained from animal animal products in the products in the dietdiet..

• Cholesterol and other fats can't Cholesterol and other fats can't dissolve in the blood. They have to be dissolve in the blood. They have to be transported to and from the cells by transported to and from the cells by special carriers called special carriers called lipoproteinslipoproteins. .

• There are several kinds, but the ones There are several kinds, but the ones to focus on are to focus on are low-density low-density lipoprotein (LDL)lipoprotein (LDL) and and high-density high-density lipoprotein (HDL).lipoprotein (HDL).

Low Density Lipoproteins Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)(LDL)

• Low-density Low-density lipoprotein is the lipoprotein is the major cholesterol major cholesterol carrier in the blood. If carrier in the blood. If too much LDL too much LDL cholesterol circulates cholesterol circulates in the blood, it can in the blood, it can slowly build up in the slowly build up in the walls of the arteries walls of the arteries feeding the heart and feeding the heart and brain. brain.

• Bad cholesterolBad cholesterol

Protein, fat and cholesterol ballProtein, fat and cholesterol ball

High Density Lipoproteins High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)(HDL)

• About one-third to one-fourth of blood About one-third to one-fourth of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL. cholesterol is carried by HDL.

• Some medical experts believe that HDL’s Some medical experts believe that HDL’s can bind to LDL’s and carry cholesterol can bind to LDL’s and carry cholesterol away from the arteries back to the liver, away from the arteries back to the liver, where it's passed from the body. where it's passed from the body.

• Good cholesterolGood cholesterol

CholesterolCholesterol

Makes up structure of cell membranes Makes up structure of cell membranes

Production of hormonesProduction of hormones

lining of myelin sheath (nerve tissue)lining of myelin sheath (nerve tissue)

Cholesterol is essential for life:Cholesterol is essential for life:

Does the cholesterol in your blood Does the cholesterol in your blood come from the cholesterol you eat?come from the cholesterol you eat?

–Yes and noYes and no. . Unfortunately, we have a cholesterol “thermostat” that is genetic. We can make cholesterol from other fats, even if we don’t get it from the animal products that we eat.

Who is at risk for High CholesterolWho is at risk for High Cholesterol– 25% of Americans25% of AmericansRisk factorsRisk factors

•Obesity •Leading a sedentary lifestyle•Smoking•Consuming a high cholesterol, high

fat diet•Hereditary factorsWhat should blood cholesterol What should blood cholesterol

levels be?levels be?Good = Good = <180<180 Moderate risk = Moderate risk = When 180-200When 180-200High risk = High risk = anything over 200anything over 200

Can it be dangerous to lower your Can it be dangerous to lower your cholesterol too much?cholesterol too much? YESYES

– Serotonin levels (depression) Serotonin levels (depression) – Membrane make upMembrane make up– Hormone production (sex)Hormone production (sex)

– Nerve coveringsNerve coverings

What do LDL’s do? (Lousy)What do LDL’s do? (Lousy)• Carries fats to the cells, about 60-70% of Carries fats to the cells, about 60-70% of

fats around body, if extra – build up on fats around body, if extra – build up on arteriesarteries

What do HDL’s do? (Helpful)What do HDL’s do? (Helpful)transports cholesterol from cells transports cholesterol from cells back to the liver where they are back to the liver where they are either reused or converted to bile either reused or converted to bile acids and disposedacids and disposed

• Who should worry about blood fat Who should worry about blood fat levels?levels?

People at risk or who have high blood People at risk or who have high blood pressure or high cholesterol levelspressure or high cholesterol levels

Everyone should have a ratio of Everyone should have a ratio of cholesterol that ischolesterol that is cholesterol:HDL cholesterol:HDL 5: 15: 1Average male HDL = Average male HDL = 4545Average female HDL = Average female HDL = 665 prior 5 prior menopause; 45 aftermenopause; 45 after

ExamplesExamplesCholesterol Cholesterol HDL HDL Ratio Ratio

225225 45 45 5:1 5:1

225 225 2525 99:1:1

225225 7575 3:13:1

How to raise HDL and lower LDL’sHow to raise HDL and lower LDL’sLower LDLLower LDL – – eating right, herbs, eating right, herbs, lifestyle change, and medicationlifestyle change, and medicationRaise HDLRaise HDL – – foods, drugs, lifestyle foods, drugs, lifestyle changes (exercise, eating patterns) changes (exercise, eating patterns) reduce alcohol intakereduce alcohol intake

Good

Not good

Good

Fats in our Diet!Fats in our Diet!A. A. Saturated fatSaturated fat

• Fatty Acid chains saturated Fatty Acid chains saturated with hydrogenwith hydrogen

• Animal fat, processed and Animal fat, processed and fast foods fast foods

• Solid at room temper Solid at room temper (butter, lard)(butter, lard)

• Block entry of cholesterol Block entry of cholesterol into cells and triggers more into cells and triggers more LDL production (raises LDL LDL production (raises LDL and cholesterol level)and cholesterol level)

B. B. Polyunsaturated fatPolyunsaturated fat• Fatty acid chain not filled with Fatty acid chain not filled with hydrogenshydrogens• Fats in liquid form at room Fats in liquid form at room temperaturetemperature• Ex. Corn, sunflower, safflower, and Ex. Corn, sunflower, safflower, and

fatty fish like lake troutfatty fish like lake trout• lower both HDL and LDL’slower both HDL and LDL’s

Polyunsaturated fats that are rich in omega-3 essential fatty acids are healthy for your heart.

• Good food sources include fl ax and pumpkin seeds, walnuts or fatty fish.• The American Heart Association recommends eating fish (particularly fatty fish) at least two times

C. C. Monounsaturated fatMonounsaturated fat• Best fatsBest fats• Fats in liquid formFats in liquid form• Ex. Canola oil, and peanut oil Ex. Canola oil, and peanut oil (lowers LDL’s without lowering (lowers LDL’s without lowering

HDL’s) HDL’s)

A diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol where most of these fats have been replaced with monounsaturated fats is good for your heart.

DD. . Trans fatTrans fat• Vegetable oils converted Vegetable oils converted

to be a solid at room temperatureto be a solid at room temperature• Changes chemical structure Changes chemical structure

of saturated fats by adding of saturated fats by adding hydrogens (hydrogenated), hydrogens (hydrogenated), increasing shelf lifeincreasing shelf life

Trans fats are found in many processed foods, and other foods made with or fried in partially hydrogenated oils.

•

A small amount of trans fat is found naturally, primarily in dairy products, some meat, and

other animal-based foods.

• Trans fats are in vegetable shortenings, some margarines, crackers, cookies, snack foods,

andother foods made with or fried in partially

hydrogenated oils• Raises LDL’s and lowers HDL’sRaises LDL’s and lowers HDL’s

• Saturated fats stimulate the liver Saturated fats stimulate the liver to make more cholesterolto make more cholesterol

• Unsaturated fats stimulates the Unsaturated fats stimulates the liver to make less cholesterolliver to make less cholesterol

Dietary RecommendationsDietary Recommendations

• Less than 30 % of your calories Less than 30 % of your calories from fatfrom fat

• No trans fatsNo trans fats• More monounsaturated More monounsaturated

(like olive oil) (like olive oil) and less saturated and less saturated (like animal fat and butter)(like animal fat and butter)

Problems with HeartProblems with HeartI. I. Heart attackHeart attack• A heart attack (also A heart attack (also

known as a known as a myocardial infarction) myocardial infarction) is the death of heart is the death of heart muscle from the muscle from the sudden blockage of a sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a coronary artery by a blood clotblood clot

II. II. Heart attack risk factorsHeart attack risk factors• Increase in age, Smoking, Increase in age, Smoking,

gender, heredity, high blood gender, heredity, high blood pressure or cholesterol, physical pressure or cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, inactivity, obesity, diabetes, stress and too much alcoholstress and too much alcohol

• Animation: Animation: http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesthttp://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesterol-13-115.htmlerol-13-115.html

• http://http://www.mydr.com.au/default.asp?articlewww.mydr.com.au/default.asp?article=4166=4166

III. Rheumatic fever (bacterial III. Rheumatic fever (bacterial infection usually from strep leads infection usually from strep leads to this)to this)

• Inflammatory disease that can Inflammatory disease that can affect heart (damaged heart affect heart (damaged heart valves) valves)

Deaths due to circulatory systemDeaths due to circulatory system• In 1996, the age-standardized In 1996, the age-standardized

mortality rate due to all other mortality rate due to all other diseases of the circulatory diseases of the circulatory system was 61 deaths per system was 61 deaths per 100,000 population. 100,000 population.

Blood TerminologyBlood Terminology– Blood AntigensBlood Antigens are – are – A, or B, A, or B,

proteins on cells.proteins on cells.– Blood AntibodiesBlood Antibodies – – anti- A or anti-B anti- A or anti-B

proteins in blood.proteins in blood.– AgglutinationAgglutination is - is - when blood when blood

clumps due to antibody cross-clumps due to antibody cross-linking.linking.

Problem:Problem:

I. I.

Blood TypeBlood Type

Blood Blood typetype

% % found found in in worldworld

GenotyGenotypepe

RBC RBC AntigeAntigenn

Plasma Plasma AntiboAntibodydy

Donate Donate toto

ReceivReceive frome from

AA 41%41% AA, AoAA, Ao AA Anti BAnti B A, ABA, AB A, oA, o

BB 11%11% BB, BoBB, Bo BB Anti AAnti A B, ABB, AB B, oB, o

ABAB 4%4% ABAB A, BA, B __________ ABAB AllAll

OO 45%45% oooo ____________ Anti B Anti B & Anti & Anti AA

AllAll OO

Rh factorRh factor

a. Rh+a. Rh+ has proteinhas protein

b. Rh- b. Rh- Lacks proteinLacks protein

c. Putting Rh+ into Rh- c. Putting Rh+ into Rh- mother mother produces antibodies that produces antibodies that attack the fetus' red blood cells attack the fetus' red blood cells because of Rh incompatibilitybecause of Rh incompatibility

d. Putting Rh- into Rh+ d. Putting Rh- into Rh+ NothingNothing

– Universal donor = Type O blood– Universal recipient = Type AB blood

I. Erythroblastosis fetalis• Rh incompatability