transport word doc (2)

8/17/2019 Transport Word Doc (2)

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To be added

Cover page

1. acknowledgement

2. contents

3.bibliography


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MEANS OF TRANSPORTATIONS IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION:

Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Transport is important

because it enables trade between persons, which is essential for the development of civilizations. Each mode of transport has a

fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its

own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations, and often has unique regulations. Transport in the Republic of India is an

important part of the nation's economy. Today in the country we have a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and

air. Indias transport sector is large and diverse! it caters to the needs of "."#billion people. $ublic transport remains the

primary mode of transport for most of the population, and India's public transport systems are among the most heavily used in

the world

The %a&or Traditional means of transportation were

al(ing

$alanquin

)ulloc( carts and horse carriages

)icycles

*and+pulled ric(shaws

ycle ric(shaws

Trams

The ma&or %odern means of transportation are

Railways

Road ways

-ir ways

ater ways

ROADWAYS

Importance of Roadway:

India has one of the largest road networ(s in the world with a distance of about .# million (ilometers.

". Roads are the cheapest means of communication.

/. onstruction of Road can be underta(en in the remote areas and difficult terrain, high altitudes and steep slopes.

. Roads provide door+to door services, which reduces the cost of transport considerable.

0. The role of roads is most important in the economic development of the country

#. Roads provide lin( between railway stations and ports.

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1. Roads are safer means of Transport for perishable commodities li(e fruits, vegetables and mil( from villages to the

urban centers.

Road Networ! can "e c#a$f$ed a

". E2pressways

/. 3ational *ighways and 4olden 5uadrilateral

. 6tate *ighways

0. 7istrict Roads

#. 8illage Roads

1. International *ighways

E%preway:

E2pressways are the highest class of roads in the Indian Road 3etwor(. They are si2 or eight lane highways with

controlled access. India has appro2imately 199 (m e2pressways. There are about "# important e2pressways in India.

6.3o E2pressway 3ame 7istance 6tate

" -hmedabad 8adodara E2pressway :# ;m 4u&arat

/ %umbai+$une E2pressway : ;m %aharashtra

1 ;m ?ttar $radesh

# 7urgapur E2pressway 1# ;m est )engal

1 hennai )ypass / ;m Tamil 3adu

@ 7elhi = 4urgaon E2pressway /> ;m 7elhiA*aryana

> 3oida = 4reater 3oida E2pressway /0.# ;m 7elhiA?ttarpradesh

: 7elhi 3oida 7irect Blyway :./ ;m 7elhiA?ttar $radesh

"9 *yderabad Elevated E2pressway "".1 ;m -ndhra $radesh

"" *osur Road Elevated E2pressway :.:># ;m ;arnata(a

"/ ;ona E2pressway > ;m est )engal

" -mbala handigarh E2pressways # ;m *aryana

"0 Eastern E2pressway, %umbai /.## ;m %aharashtra

"# estern E2pressway, %umbai /#. ;m %aharashtra

%umbai $une E2pressway


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&o#den '(adr$#atera#

This $ro&ect is being implemented by 3ational *ighways -uthority of India in "::: in phases o reduce the time and

distance between mega cities of India.


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- section of the golden quadrilateral between )angalore and hennai.

Nat$ona# )$*)way:

• 3ational highways are maintained by the entral $ublic or(s 7epartment.

• 3ational highways -uthority of India responsible for management of highways was created through promulgation

of the 3ational highways -uthority of India -ct, ":>>.

• They are long metaled roads with a networ( of over 19,999 (m.

• They lin( faraway places as they pass through many states. Bor e.g. *ighway between 8aranasi and ;anya(umari

is one of the longest 3ational *ighways.

• The main 3ational *ighway connects places li(e 7elhi, %umbai, ;ol(ata, hennai, ;anya(umari and Ceh.


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estern highway, %umbai.

State )$*)way:

6tate highways in India are numbered highways that are laid and maintained by the state governments. These are not related

to national highways and are not involved with the 3ational *ighways -uthority of India or the central government in anyway. The state highways are usually roads that lin( important cities, towns and district headquarters within the state and

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connect them with national highways or highways of neighboring states. These highways provide connections to

industriesAplaces from (ey areas in the state ma(ing them more accessible.

- state highway in ;arnata(a.

D$tr$ct Road

The branch roads of the 6tate and 3ational *ighways to serve as the main roads for intra district movements. They traverse

the length and breadth of a district to connect the areas of production and mar(eting in the district to one another and to the

3ational highways.

+$##a*e Road

These roads serve as the feeder roads of the other highways as well as the roads for inter village movements. They pass

through rural area connecting the villages to one another and to the nearest 7istrict Roads, 6tate *ighways, 3ational

*ighways, Railway Roads. Rural onnectivity is a (ey component of Rural 7evelopment in India. Rural roads contribute

significantly to generating increased agricultural incomes and productive employment opportunities, alongside promoting

access to economic and social services. Rural Roads are the virtual lifelines for the vast multitude residing in rural areas.

*owever, even today, only about 19D of villagesA *abitations in the country are connected by roads.

Internat$ona# ,$*)way

International *ighway is a cooperative pro&ect among countries to improve the highway systems .The pro&ect aims to ma(e

ma2imum use of the continent's e2isting highways to avoid the construction of newer ones, e2cept in cases where missing

routes necessitate their construction.

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F#yo-er . A Re-o#(t$on $n Roadway:

The commonest solution to addressing urban transport problems is to e2pand the road space + either build new roads or widen

them or construct fly+overs and elevated e2press+ways.

Pro"#em of Road Tranport:

• %ost of the roads in the villages are un metaled and badly maintained. ater logging is a common problem during

rainy season.

• Traffic &ams due to lac( of order are very common.

• Cac( of roadside amenities li(e repair shops, first aid, telephone booths, rest houses which are essential for long

distance routes.

• 7amages roads cause a lot of inconvenience to the public

• 4overnment policies that is not stale for regulation for construction and maintenance of the roads.

• Road Ta2 varies from state to state every few (ilometer there is a toll ta2 or a chec(+post causing unnecessary delay

and limitation to the public.

• 7espite ongoing improvements in the sector, several aspects of the transport sector are still riddled with problems due

to outdated infrastructure and lac( of investment in less economically active parts of the country.

Impro-ement $n Roadway


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• $oor rural roads and traffic congestion inside the cities remains a challenge in India. It needs to be improved to a

large e2tent.

• Bour lane road networ(s in India have to be increased to connect many cities easily.

• The average road speed in India has to be increased. In order to this quality of the road needs to be increased.

• -verage surface freight costs needs to be dropped so as to attract more traffic in this conte2t.

RAI/WAYS

The Railway system in India started in "># when the first railway line between %umbai and Thane. Indian Railways is

an Indian state+owned enterprise, owned and operated by the 4overnment of India through the %inistry of Railways. It is oneof the world's largest railway networ(s comprising ""#,999 (m of trac( over a route of 1#,01 (m and @,"@/ stations. In

/9"0+"#, Indian Railways carried >.:@ billion passengers annually or more than / million passengers a day and "9#9.">

million tons of freight in the year. In /9"0=/9"# Indian Railways had revenues of ₹"10.#9 billion which consists

of ₹"91:./@ billion from freight and ₹09/.>9 billion from passengers tic(ets. A self-propelled social welfare system that has

become the lifeline of a nation, Indian Railways has woven a sub-continent together and brought to life the concept of a

united India.

Types of Railway 4auge

•

)road 4auge Fidth ".#/9meterG

• %eter 4auge Fidth " meterG

• 3arrow 4auge Fidth 9.@1/ meterG

0road &a(*e:

Broad gauge railways use a trac( gauge Fdistance between the railsG greater than the standard

gauge of ",0# mm F0 ft > "H/ inG. )road 4auge lin(s the ma&or cities in the country, lin(ing ma&or ports with the other cities

to facilitate the e2port of raw materials.

Meter &a(*e

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%etre gauge is the system of narrow gauge railways and tramways with a trac( gauge of ",999 mm F ft H> inG. %eter

4auge is mainly used in northern ?$, )ihar, -ssam and parts of western Ra&asthan, 4u&arat, %aharashtra, ;arnata(a and

Tamil 3adu.

Narrow &a(*e:

A narrow gauge railway For narrow gauge railroadG is a railway with a trac( gauge narrower than the ",0# mm F0 ft > "H/ inG

of standard gauge railways. 6ince narrow gauge railways are usually built with smaller radius curves, smaller structure

gauges, lighter rails, etc., they can be substantially less costly to build, equip, and operate than standard gauge or broad gauge

railways, particularly in mountainous or difficult terrain.3arrow 4auge is used in mountainous regions of ;al(a = 6himla,

6iliguri = 7ar&eeling and otacamund.

Importance of Ra$#way:

• Railways play an important role in the process of economic development and urbanization.

• India has the largest networ( of railways

• Railways are the principal mode of transport for both freight and passengers,

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• Railways provide the cheapest and most convenient mode of passenger transport both for long distance and

suburban traffic.

• Railways have played a significant role in development and growth of industries.

• Railways help in supplying raw materials and other facilities to the factory sites and finished goods to the mar(et.

• Railways are particularly suited to long distance &ourney and provide a strong medium of national integration.

• Railways play a vital role in mitigating the sufferings of the people in the event of natural calamities li(e droughts,

floods, famines, earthqua(es, etc.

• Railways help in safeguarding the soverginity and integrity and helps in easy movement of heavy defense

equipment, troops, police and military within the country.

• Railways are specially suited to long haulage of bul(y materials li(e coal, petroleum and ores

• omputerization in the field of tic(eting has brought tremendous relief to the passengers travelling by trains.

• 6uperfast trains li(e Ra&dhani E2press and 6hatabdi E2press have been introduced to facilitate the fast movement

of passengers. They move at the speed of nearly "99 (ms per hour.

Pro"#em of Ind$an Ra$#way:

-lthough Indian Railways have progressed a lot, both quantitatively and qualitatively, during the last few years, this system is

still plagued by a number of problems which require immediate attention

• Railways face a tough competition with road transport as roads can deliver the goods at doorstep.

• Indian Railway is facing tremendous pressure of traffic with increasing population, urbanization and

industrialization.

• ?nsafe due to poor maintenance+frequent accidents due to human errors, terrorist attac(s and faulty trac( repairs,

loots and robbery incidents have made the rail &ourney unsafe. n an average the Railways report /9 ma&or

collisions, #9 derailments and around >9 level crossing accidents in a year which creates a ma&or question on the

safety.

• $oor management, poor catering, poor maintenance of the train compartments, lac( of amenities at the railway

stations have resulted in an inefficient image of the railways.

• bsolete machinery, trac(s and equipment are the cause of ma&or accidents which affect the efficiency over a

period of time,

• Electrification of railways has resulted in heavy increase in consumption of electricity and increased tariff rates.

• Cac( of passenger facilities = cleanliness at the railway station and rail compartments and lac( of security

arrangements are the common problems faced by common man.


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• Indian Railways face a serious problem of low level of employee productivity. Transport output in terms of

passengers and freight tonne (ilometers per employee on Indian Railways is only 099 as compared to #99 for

hinese and #@9 for Brench Railways

• Indian Railways have to play a dual role of revenue earning as well as meeting the social obligations. The E2pert

4roup, constituted in 7ecember "::> to study the railway sector, termed it as the Jsplit personality. n one hand,

the Railways are seen as a commercial organization and on the other hand, it is treated as a social organization

which must perform its social obligations.

Impro-ement $n t)e Ind$an Ra$#way:

• Railway lines should not be constructed in forest areas and wild+life reserve areas. Rail lines should provide for free

movement of animals that live in the areas nearby railway line. -lso rail lines should be laid in a way that the animals

do not come on the rail lines accidentally.

• -ll railway lines should have same gauge. )road+gauge lines can carry bigger, heavier and faster trains. 6o broad+

gauge railway lines should be treated as standard gauge. -ll other gauge railway lines Fe.g. %eter gauge, narrow gauge

etc.G should be converted into broad+gauge lines.

• -ll level crossings should be removed. herever needed, level crossings should be converted to railway over+bridges

or underpasses. This will help in smoother and faster flow of traffic on railway lines and thereby increase the carrying

capacity of railway lines. hances of accidents at level crossings will be removed as well.

• 7iesel engines replaced the steam engines to avoid environmental pollution,

• 7iesel engines also caused considerable air pollution. *ence to meet the growing pressure of traffic and goods,

electrification of all the railway trac(s should be done.

• Emphasis to provide better quality food Emphasis on improving the quality of food during the &ourney should be

made. ith the changing situation, passengers can even pay little e2tra in order to get better quality food.

AIRWAYS

The -ir Transport was nationalized in ":#. The -irports -uthority of India was formed on "st -pril. It was done with the

view to accelerate the integrated development, e2pansion and modernization of the operational, terminal and cargo facilities at

the airports in the country, conforming to international standards.

C/ASSIFICATION OF AIRPORT:

• International ports Boreign airlines carrying international passenger traffic to and from India e2isted long before

JIndependence. Their operations are governed by bilateral agreements signed from time to time.

Important International -irports in India are

S1No State C$ty A$rport

" -ndhra *yderabad Ra&iv 4andhi International -irport


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$radesh

/

-ssam 4uwahati

Co(priya 4opinath )ordoloi International

-irport

)ihar 4aya 4aya -irport

0 7elhi 3ew 7elhi Indira 4andhi International -irport

# 4u&arat -hmedabad 6ardar 8allabhbhai $atel International -irport

1 ;arnata(a )engaluru )engaluru International -irport

@ ;arnata(a %angalore %angalore -irport

> ;erala ;ochi ochin International -irport

: ;erala ;ozhi(ode alicut International -irport

"9 ;erala ThiruvananthapuramTrivandrum International -irport

"" %adhya

$radesh )hopal Ra&a )ho& -irport

"/ %adhya

$radesh Indore 7evi -hilyabai *ol(ar -irport

" %aharashtra %umbai hhatrapati 6hiva&i International -irport

"0 %aharashtra 3agpur 7r. )abasaheb -mbed(ar International -irport

"# %aharashtra $une $une -irport

"1 %eghalaya 6hillong Karu(i International -irport

"@ Ra&asthan


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" -ndhra $radesh ;adapa uddapah -irport

/ -runachal $radesh Tezu Tezu -irport

-ssam 7ibrugarh 7ibrugarh -irport

0 )ihar $atna Co( 3aya( 4u&arat 6urat 6urat -irport

: *imachal $radesh 6himla 6himla -irport

"9


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ategories of -irport

Cate*ory Decr$pt$on

C(tom-irports with ustoms hec(ing and learance Bacilities handling international flights but not elevated to

International -irport status.

Defence Indian -rmed Borces *andled -irport

Domet$c *andles domestic flights

F(t(re $roposed or ?nder onstruction

Internat$ona# *andles International Blights

Pr$-ate $rivate airport for specific purposes

IMPORTANCE OF AIR TRANSPORT

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• -irways are the fastest mode of transport. -lthough e2pensive, the surface transport cannot match the air transport

over long distances. -ir Travel is almost indispensable for the business people for defense where it saves lives at the

time of calamities li(e epidemics, earthqua(es and floods etc. when every minute saved counts a lot.

• -ir Transport has been gaining popularity in spite of its e2orbitant rates.

• -ir Transport is most significant in hilly regions in border areas, which are not easily accessible by surface transport.

• -ir Transport is most important in 3.E. region where air is the only mode of transport because of its difficult terrain.

PRO0/EMS OF AIR TRANSPORT

• ompetition The airlines are facing a stiff competition from foreign airlines.

• Cac( of funds the old aircraft, obsolete machinery and poor maintenance reflect on the mismanagement and

inefficiency of the authorities as well as the government. -viation technology is changing very fast. )ut our planes

are outdated and not very safe. onsequently Indian airlines find it difficult to compete with the world airlines

• ?naffordable by common man. The airlines tend to serve only a particular sector who can afford the e2orbitant

fares which are beyond the reach of common man.

• 6tri(es the regular stri(es in the airlines are also responsible for damaging their reputation.

• In air transport, risks are increasing day by day due to crime and terrorism, violence, hijacking, etc. all over the world.

AREAS OF IMPRO+EMENT:

There is large untapped potential for growth in the Indian aviation industry due to the fact that access to aviation is

still a dream for nearly ::.# per cent of its large population, nearly 09 per cent of which is the upwardly mobile

middle class. It is critical for the industry sta(eholders to engage and collaborate with the policy ma(ers to come

up with efficient and rational decisions that will shape the future of the Indian civil aviation industry. It is very

important for our airlines to bring up the standard of quality by efficient service and provide for better amenities in

order to compete with the international standards. Infrastructure needs to be improved and costs and e2cessive

ta2ation on aviation needs to be cut.-ir traffic controllers have access to 3e2t4en tools that help them ma(e the

critical decisions necessary to (eep the worlds busiest airspace system wor(ing as safely and as efficiently as

possible. e need to enhance our real+time data sharing and digital communications capabilities, improving

situational awareness in the coc(pit, streamlining traffic flows in the air and on the ground at our nations busiest

airports, and providing more efficiency and fle2ibility in oceanic airspace.

WATERWAYS

INTRODUCTION:

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/taxationhttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/taxation


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• aterways are the cheapest mode of transport especially in India. India has a long coastline of 1999 (ms

appro2. and inland navigable waterways of "0#99 (ms in length which comprises rivers, canals la(es and

bac(waters.

• It is a fuel+efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.

• They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bul(y goods,

• 7espite all these favorable conditions, water transport in India currently provides for only about "D of the total

transport of the country.

MA2OR PORTS AND S,IPPIN&

$orts play a crucial role in the economic development and international trade of India. India has a @1"@ (m long coastline with

"/ ma&or seaports and ">@ minor ports. The ma&or ports carry about @#D of the total traffic with 8isa(hapatnam handling the

ma2imum traffic.

The %a&or ports of India are

• ;ol(ata = *aldia

• $aradwip

• 8isha(hapatnam

• hennai

• Ennore

• Tuticorin,ochin on the estern oast

• %umbai

• 4oa

• 3ew %angalore

•


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C/ASSIFICATION OF WATERWAYS

• Inland water transport

• oastal shipping

IN/AND WATERWAYS:

• The entral ater Transport orporation was constituted in ":1@. It has its headquarters at ;ol(ata. It is

mainly engaged in the transportation of goods by inland waterways in the 4anga, )rahmaputra, *oogli, and sundarbanregions.

• Inland aterways -uthority of India came into e2istence on ctober /@, ":>1 for the development and

regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. Its head office is in 3oida.

• The 4anga is navigable for about >99 (ms from its mouth up to $atna.

IMPORTANCE OF IN/AND WATER TRANSPORT:

• Inland water transport includes natural modes such as navigable rivers and artificial modes as canals.

• In 3orth+East states in India, inland waterways are most important especially during the monsoon, when parts


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f the region are isolated from the rest of the country, waterways are the only means of transport

COSTA/ S,IPPIN&

India has the largest merchant shipping fleet among the developing countries and ran(s ": th amongst the countries with the

largest cargo carrying fleet with @.9@ million 4T. It is most economical in fuel saving and environment friendly. It involves

the movement of goods and passengers from one port to another port within the country.

oastal shipping holds a great promise as it is the most energy+efficient and cheapest modes of transport for carriage of bul(y

goods li(e iron and steel, iron ore, coal timber etc. over long distances.

AD+ANTA&ES OF COASTA/ S,IPPIN&

• It is environment friendly


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• It saves fuel as compared to railways and airways hence it is the cheapest mode of transport

• %any coastal industries such as fisheries are dependent on coastal shipping.

• oastal shipping reduces the burden on rail and road transport systems

• It helps in providing employment to thousands of people.

• It promotes tourism

• Its capital investment is much less as compared to other modes of transport.

PRO0/EMS OF INDIAN PORTS

• Indian ports are not well connected with their hinterland

• Indian ports are not well planned, lac( facilities and are very congested.

• There is heavy pressure on cargo containers.

• The coastal fleet is aging fast, nearly #/D of the tonnage is already due for replacement.

• There is imbalance in coastal traffic movement as traffic is not equally available in both directions,

• 6low handling of the cargo at port and undue port delays inflict heavy losses on shipping companies.

AREAS OF IMPRO+EMENT:

• The authority plans to procure vessels suited to the e2isting fairway developed and %aintained.

• Its competitiveness vis+N+vis rail and road and to create awareness among shippers, vessel operators and

investors on the potential of IT system.

• The 3ew vessels need to be procured from Indian or global shipyards which will be capable of doing 0+1 (nots

speed against the current speed of +0 (nots.

• The new vessels having a carrying capacity in the range of ",#99 to 0,999 tons for different stretches and either

self+propelled or tug+and+push barge combination need to be procured.

•

There is a potential to move coal, food grain, fertilizer, cement, container, building materials, iron and steel andver 7imensional argo .Transportation of imported thermal coal and co(e from ports in )ay of )engal to

various e2isting and future thermal power plants on river ban(s is the most promising pro&ect


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