trauma
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Trauma. Spring 2011 FINAL. Some Trauma Stats. Most common cause of death for those 1-44 years of age Medical costs for trauma 200 billion annually Mostly results from MVA, unintentional accidents, gunshot wounds, stabbing, fights, domestic violence. Trimodal Distribution. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Trauma Spring 2011FINAL
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Some Trauma StatsMost common cause of death for those 1-44 years of age
Medical costs for trauma200 billion annually
Mostly results from MVA, unintentional accidents, gunshot wounds, stabbing, fights, domestic violence
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Trimodal DistributionImmediate Early Late
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Immediate Deaths
Lacerations of the _________________Lacerations of the _________________
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Early DeathsWithin first __ hours
_______hemorrhage
Lacerations of _____or _________
Significant ____ loss
Liver laceration with extravasation
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Late Deaths________after injury
____________ and ______ ____ failure
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Level I, II & III Trauma CentersLevel 1Usually in _____ metro areas and serve as both primary and tertiary care institutionsMust be avail _____Must treat ______admissions or ______major trauma patients per year
Level II__________to level I when necessaryServe ________cites and townsMust be avail ___ hrs
Level III__________&____________________ on nights and weekends
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Skeletal Trauma
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Fracture Classifications
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FRACTURE TYPES
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_____________ reduction
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__________ Reduction
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_________ FRACTURES
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Open FractureBone has _____________ skin
May lead to infection
Precautions must be taken to _______ ___________from setting into the bone
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Closed Fracture__________ is not penetrated
Fractures can be classified by the _______ of the stress that caused the break________________________
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*Closed Fracture- Clavicle
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Forearm Closed fracture
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____________Fracture- WristWhen the fractured bone is ________into the cancellous tissue of another fragment
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Impacted Fracture- Hip
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Fibular Impacted Fracture
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Comminuted FractureDo not represent the full thickness of the bone.
Usually extensively ________________
Particularly apt to be open fractures
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Comminuted Fracture
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Comminuted Fracture
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Non-Comminuted Fracture
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Non-Comminuted Fracture_________ fracture in which the bone is separated into to fragments
Can be classified according to the direction of its fracture line____________________________
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________________ FractureFragment of the bone is __________ from the shaft
Occur around the joints because of ligaments, tendons, muscles, associated with sprain or dislocation
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Avulsion Fracture
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Avulsion Fracture
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Incomplete FracturePart of bony structure gives way with ________or no ________________Common example is a _________ fractureTorus fracture
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Greenstick :Incomplete FractureCortex breaks on one side without separation or breaking of the opposite cortex
Found almost exclusively in children under the age of 10
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Incomplete Fracture
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Greenstick Fracture
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Greenstick Fracture
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Greenstick Fracture
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________: Incomplete FractureAKA _____ Fracture
It is a greenstick fracture
Cortex bulges _______producing a slight irregularity
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Torus Fracture
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Growth Plate FractureInvolve the end of the long bone
Not visible unless displacement occurs
Classified according to severity____________________I-IVBased on degree of epiphysis involvement
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Growth Plate Fracture
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Growth Plate Fracture
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_____________ FractureResults from an _________degree of repetitionGenerally found where __________ attachments areEX: runners at tib/fibNot always seen on plain x-ray
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Stress Fracture
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Stress Fracture
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Occult FractureGives ______________ without radiologic evidence
____ days later may show repairing itself or displacement
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Occult Fracture
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Occult Fracture
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Colles FractureFracture through distal inch of the __________Distal fragment angled ________on the shaftImpaction along dorsal aspectAvulsion fx of the______________process
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Colles Fracture
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Boxers Fracture
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Monteggias Fracture____________________________________________________
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Galeazzi Fracture_________________________________________________________________________________
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____________ FractureBoth ____________
____________of the ankle joint
______________fxMedial and post. malleoli of the tibia and lat. Malleolus of the fibula
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Potts Fracture
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____________ FractureSevere ankle ______
Disruption of the _________________between the distal tibia & fibula Fracture at prox third of the fibula, often missed
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Maisonneuve Fracture
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______________No definitive fx is seen but the fat pads indicate an underlying fracture
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Dislocations
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Dislocations
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Subluxation
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Subluxation
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Skeletal Trauma Suspicious for Child AbuseDistal femur, wrist, ankleMetaphyseal corner fractures
MultipleFxs in different stages of healing
Femur, humerus, tibiaSpiral fxs
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Battered Child Syndrome
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Battered Child Syndrome
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Battered Child Syndrome
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Battered Child Syndrome
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Trauma of Chest and Thorax
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PNEUMOTHORAXCommon causes include a penetrating would such as: gun shot stabbing fractured ribs,thoracentesis
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AtelectasisRefers to a condition with diminished air within lungs associated with reduced air volume
Incomplete expansion of the lung caused by a partial or total collapse
Often occurs from a penetrating wound in the chest
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Abdominal Trauma
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Abdominal TraumaCan include GI tract, liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, aorta and pelvic organs.
Initially may show minimal symptoms
LLD is best for demonstrating small amounts of air fluid levelsLay on side 10 minutes
CT very valuable to catch subtle abnormalities not detected with x-ray
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PneumoperitoneumPresence of air in the peritoneum
LG amounts indicate a colon perforation
SM amounts indicate a duodenal perforation
Can be from trauma rupture or nontraumatic bowel perforation
Has a football sign
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Pneumoperitoneum
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Imaging ConsiderationsRadiographyFirst imaging modality for traumaPortables often usedPrimary means of evaluating skeletal trauma
MRI For muscle, tendons, ligaments and soft tissue
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Imaging ConsiderationsCTIs excellent form imaging acute cerebral hemorrhage & fx's of the skull & facial bonesQuickly replacing x-ray as the standard for evaluating C-spine traumaBetter to visualize transverse processes of L-spine
Blunt trauma to abdomen can use CT or USCT preferred for urinary traumaSometimes angio is used
*Liver laceration with extravasation. An enhanced axial CT scan of the upper abdomen shows a large laceration through the right lobe of the liver (blue arrow), blood in the peritoneal cavity (black arrows) and active extravasation of the intravenous contrast (red arrow). The stomach is labeled "S." *Frontal radiograph of the chest demonstrates multiple rib fractures with callous formation, including a fracture of the left 2nd and 6th ribs posteriorly. Posterior rib fractures are highly suggestive of child abuse (from forceful squeezing) *Refers to a condition with diminished air within lungs associated with reduced air volume. Most commonly this results fro a bronchial obstruction. Air cannot enter that part of the lung supplied by the obstructed bronchus. X-ray commonly demonstrates local increase in density caused by airless lung. Thin plate like streaks to lobar collapse.