Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report

(12th Edition)

Internet Seminarhttp://cluin.org

October 11, 2007

Carlos Pachonpachon.carlos@epa.gov

2

OSRTI & The SuperfundTechnology Innovation Program

Interpret and supply information on technologies and markets

Partner with agencies, states and private companies to develop and evaluate technologies

Increase acceptance of innovative options by regulators, consulting engineers, and purchasers of technologies and services

Develop policy tools that help foster acceptance of innovative technologies

Disseminate information - conferences, direct mail, electronic mail, home pages and bulletin boards

3

Objectives of the Report

Goal is to document the selection and implementation of remedies in Superfund

Data serves as a “benchmark” of the state of the practice, it informs program management and supports remedy evaluations

Reports on “as built” remedies, including their implementation status, and remedy-specific technical data (e.g. contaminant, techniques, treatment components)

Highlights innovative remediation technology applications

4

ASR Background

Current edition (12th) has ROD data through 2005 and project status information through November 2006

First edition was produced in 1991, last edition was released in February 2004

Information extracted from RODs, CERCLIS, 5yr reviews, site specific documents/websites

Covers 1,536 NPL sites, 2,976 RODs, and 1,915 treatment projects

5

Background on Identifying Remedies

Report Focus: Sites, RODs, and

projects Source and groundwater

control (SC & GW) Treatment and

containment Innovative technologies Remedial actions only

(no removals)

OU 3

OU1

OU2

Example of a site

No ROD

ROD #1-SVE Soil (completed)-P&T GW (operational)-Inst. Control GW

ROD #2-Landfill cap-MNA (Design)

Site boundary

8

Summary of Overall Findings

NPL Sites (1,536):» 62% have some form of treatment.» 28% of sites have both source and groundwater treatment» 27% have containment as the most “aggressive” remedy» 11% have no remedy decision yet» 1,055 sites have a SC remedy, 1,072 have a GW remedy

RODs (2,976 RODs & ROD Amendments):» In ’02-’05 we signed about 100 RODs/year » In ’05, 55% had some form of treatment » Percentage of “multimedia” RODs is holding at about 32%

Remedies (ASR focus is on treatment remedies)» There are 1,915 treatment projects at NPL sites (status varies)» Of these, 977 are SC treatment and 938 GW treatment

9

Remedy Types at NPL Sites 1982-2005, 1,536 Sites

Treatment of a Source Only (178)12%

Treatment of Both a Source and Groundwater (427)

28%

Treatment of Groundwater Only (357)

23%

Containment or Off-Site Disposal of a Source (186)

12%

Other Source Control (46)3%

No Action or No Further Action (91)

6%

Non-Treatment Groundwater Remedy (47)

3%

No Remedy Decision (204)13%

No Decision 13%

Containment and Other 24%

Treatment 63%

10

1982-2005 RODs by Remedy(2,976 RODs)

3 3 6 14 12 8 926

4128 36

26 34 28 21 3013 20 23 24 28

0 4 9 4 11 310

4 7 9

3

8 139

2019

1918

12 7 8 5

36

17 27 12 20

1722 22 16

15

23

18

3343

41

21 3033

15 17 1127

14

00

01

2 02 1 2 3

7

48 7

13

18 610

6 2 6

13

12

13

12

33 56 48

110106

131160 122

114

94

100

72

61

6966

68

4358

42

53

55

10 12

16

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

*

Fiscal Year

Num

ber o

f RO

Ds

Treatment - 1,677MNA (with no treatment) - 139Containment (with no treatment or MNA) - 503Other remedies (with no treatment, MNA, or containment) - 224NA/NFA (with no other remedy) - 433

11

1982-2005 RODs by Remedy(2,976 RODs)

6 11 922 15

3724

3653

30 30 41 3619

3115 16 27 17 11 9

24 301

420

2823

4953

66

74

62 5249

34

3633 67

47

66

40 4729

43 37

37

23

36

3133

5356

60

61

55 67 48 84

7671 45

58

36

19 26

29

3819

3

36

1412

8

9

41

28

36

2634

2821

30

1320

23

24

28

26

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Fiscal Year (FY)

Num

ber o

f RO

Ds

RODs Selecting No Action or No Further ActionRODs Selecting a Source Control Remedy OnlyRODs Selecting Both a Groundwater and a Source Control RemedyRODs Selecting a Groundwater Remedy Only

Total 4 13 38 68 84 77 153 145 170 197 173 190 166 190 157 169 155 142 159 89 104 90 129 114

12

Summary of Source Control Findings

1,055 sites (69%) have SC remedies, 1,994 RODs include a source control remedy, 1,105 have treatment

Selection of treatment and containment in RODs tracks closely in 45% range

Continued increase in selection of in situ treatment, 75% of SC treatment RODs in 2005

Most common in situ remedies are SVE, multiphase extraction, and bioremediation

Major ex situ remedies are solidification/stabilization, thermal desorption, and bioremediation

There is continued evidence of the “maturing” status of treatment projects, both is situ and ex situ.

13

Trends in Source Control RODsTotal of 1,994 RODs

25%

14%19%

30%

49%

55%

71% 73%

67%

73% 73%70%

61%

51% 52%

39%

46% 47%

40% 39%

58% 57%

75%

86%

74%

68%

51%

45%

28% 27%32%

25% 23%

29%33%

40%44% 46%

35%32%

42%39%

33%

24%

0% 0%

7%2%

0% 0% 1% 0%2% 1%

4% 2%6%

9%

4%

14%

20% 21%18%

22%

10%

19%14%

5%

42%46%

44%

48%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

*

Fiscal Year (FY)

Per

cent

age

of S

ourc

e C

ontro

l RO

Ds

Some TreatmentContainment or Disposal (with no treatment)Other Only (Institutional Controls, Monitoring, Relocation)

14

Source Control Treatment Projects

1982-2005 - Total of 977 projects

Solidification/Stabilization (173)18%

Incineration (off-site) (105)11%

Thermal Desorption (71)7%

Bioremediation (60)6%

Incineration (on-site) (42)4%

Physical Separation (21)2%

Soil Vapor Extraction (248)26%

Bioremediation (53)5%

Chemical Treatment (20)2%

Other Ex Situ (43)4%

Other In Situ (20)2%

Flushing (17)2%In Situ Thermal Treatment

(14)1%

Solidification/Stabilization (44)5%

Multi-Phase Extraction (46)5%Other Ex Situ (43)

Chemical Treatment - 9Neutralization - 7Soil Vapor Extraction - 7Soil Washing - 6Mechanical Soil Aeration - 4Open Burn/Open Detonation - 4Solvent Extraction - 4Phytoremediation - 1Vitrification - 1

Other In Situ (20)Neutralization - 8Phytoremediation - 6Mechanical Soil Aeration - 3 Vitrification - 2Electrical Separation - 1

Ex Situ Technologies (515) 53% In Situ Technologies (462) 47%

15

Source Control Treatment Projects

2002-2005 - Total of 126

Solidification/Stabilization (20)16%

Thermal Desorption (9)7%

Bioremediation (8)6%

Physical Separation (5)4%

Other Ex Situ (8)6%

Soil Vapor Extraction (27)22%

Multi-Phase Extraction (13)10%

Chemical Treatment (12)10%

Other In Situ (6)5%

In Situ Thermal Treament (5)

4%Bioremediation (5)

4%

Solidification/Stabilization (8)

6%

Other Ex Situ (8)Incineration (off-site) - 3Open Burn/Open Detonation - 3Chemical Treatment - 1Neutralization - 1

Other In Situ (6)Mechanical Soil Aeration - 2Phytoremediation - 2Flushing - 1Neutralization - 1

Ex Situ Technologies (50) 40% In Situ Technologies (76) 60%

16

In Situ Technologies for Source Control

38%

31%

21%

28%

47%

36%

48%

41% 43% 44%

37%

61%57%

51%

59%

49%

63%

54%

79%

44%

78%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Fiscal Year

Per

cent

age

of S

ourc

e Tr

eatm

ent P

roje

cts

Percentage of Source Treatment Technologies that are In Situ

Linear Trendline (In Situ Source Treatment Projects)

1717

18

Implementation Status of Source Control Treatment Projects

22%16% 16% 17% 17%

11%

6%6% 4% 4% 3%

3%

49%

45%41%

14% 12%

9%

23%34%

39%

65% 68%77%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Per

cent

age

of P

roje

cts

Completed

Operational

DesignComplete/BeingInstalled

Predesign/Design

August 2000: 314 Projects

Nov 2006: 515 Projects

March 2003: 499 Projects

August 2000: 425 Projects

Nov 2006: 462 Projects

March 2003: 364 Projects

In Situ Remedies Ex Situ Remedies

19

Use of Innovative Technologies: 82-91

20

Use of Innovative Technologies: 82-05

Bioremediation (112)12%

Multi-Phase Extraction (44)5%

Soil Vapor Extraction (252)26%

Solidification/Stabilization (214)22%

Incineration (146)15%

Chemical Treatment (29)3%

Flushing (17)2%

Other Established Technologies (25)3%Thermal Desorption (71)

7%

Physical Separation (21)2%

In Situ Thermal Treatment (14)1%

Other Innovative Technologies (21)2%

Other Established Technologies (25)Neutralization - 14Mechanical Soil Aeration - 7 Open Burn/Open Detonation - 4

Other Innovative Technologies (21)Phytoremediation - 7Soil Washing - 6Solvent Extraction - 4Vitrification - 3Electrical Separation - 1

Established Technologies (729) 75%

Innovative Technologies (237) 25%

21

Summary of Groundwater Control Findings

1,072 sites (70%) have a GW remedy 1,509 RODs have a GW remedy, 958 include P&T, and

195 in situ treatment However, a new pattern in GW remedy selection that

emerged after 1997 is holding, mainly;» In situ treatment continues to climb» GW Remedy mix in RODs has stabilized with P&T, in situ and

MNA all in the 30-40% range, and…» ICs and “other” remedies are selected in over 90% of GW

RODs Bioremediation and chemical treatment have eclipsed air

sparging as top in situ remedies 45% of sites with P&T as the sole GW treatment remedy

also have a source control remedy.

22

Groundwater Remedies through FY 05 (ASR 12th Edition, FY 1982 - 2005)

Total Number of Sites = 877

P&T Only (485)55%

P&T and MNA (70)8%

P&T and In Situ (115)13%

In Situ Only (38)4%

P&T, In Situ, and MNA (58)7%

In Situ and MNA (18)2%

MNA Only (93)11%

23

Groundwater ROD Remedies*

72%

89%85%

91% 89% 90%85%

79%

68%

74%

62%

52%

30% 30%35%

37%

47%

37%

25%

39%

0%5%

2%6%

3% 5%9% 9% 11% 9%

16% 17% 16%

22%18%

28%24% 26% 28%

31%

2%5%

2% 3%7% 6% 4% 5% 3%

0%4% 2%

5% 6%3%

0%

10%

0% 1%4%

24%

8%12%

6% 5%7% 7%

11%

20%

14% 15%

25%

80%

54%

91%88%

95% 95% 97%93%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005*

Per

cent

age

of A

ll G

roun

dwat

er R

OD

s

Groundwater P&TGroundwater In SituGroundwater MNAGroundwater ContainmentGroundwater Other

“Groundwater Containment” includes the use of vertical engineered barriers to contain groundwater.“Groundwater other” includes water supply actions, institutional controls, monitoring, population relocation, and engineering controls.*RODs and Amendments are included in this figure. RODs are counted in each category as appropriate; no hierarchy is used for this figure.

24

In Situ Groundwater Remedies

0%

5%

2%

6%

3%

5%

9% 9%

11%

9%

16%17%

16%

22%

18%

28%

24%

26%

28%

31%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005*

Per

cent

age

of A

ll G

roun

dwat

er R

OD

s

RODs Selecting In Situ Treatment for GroundwaterLinear (RODs Selecting In Situ Treatment for Groundwater)

*RODs and Amendments are included in this figure. As of October 2006, 74% of FY 2005 RODs and Amendments were available.

25

Status of P&T ProjectsTotal Projects = 725

Predesign/Design (107)15%

Design Complete/Being

Installed (24)3%

Operational (521)72%

Shut Down (73)10%

*As of October 2006, 74% of FY 2005 RODs and Amendments were available.

26

Contaminants Treated by In Situ Groundwater Remedies

5 7

35

14

5 5

53

1

20

12

26

138 7

40

33 36

3 1

9

25

106

0

63 2

7

16

01 05

1 2 0

116

1 26

2 3 3

11

3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Polyc

yclic

aro

mat

ic hy

droc

arbo

ns

Oth

er n

onha

loge

nate

d se

mivo

latile

s (a

)

Benz

ene-

tolue

ne-e

thylb

enze

ne-x

ylene

Oth

er n

onha

loge

nate

d vo

latile

s (b)

Org

anic

pest

icide

s/her

bicid

esO

ther

hal

ogen

ated

sem

ivolat

iles

(c)

Halo

gena

ted

volat

iles

Met

als a

nd m

etal

loids

Num

ber o

f Pro

ject

s

Air Sparging - 72 ProjectsBioremediation - 70 ProjectsChemical Treatment - 39 ProjectsMulti-Phase Extraction - 26 ProjectsPermeable Reactive Barrier - 24 ProjectsPhytoremediation - 14 Projects

27

Status of In-site GW Treatment Projects

ASR CategoryPredesign/

Design

Design Complete/

Being Installed Operational Completed Total

Air Sparging 7 5 38 19 69

Bioremediation 29 4 27 9 69

Chemical Treatment 19 2 9 8 38

Permeable Reactive Barrier 7 1 14 2 24

Multi-Phase Extraction 6 1 12 5 24

Phytoremediation 3 1 10 0 14

In-Well Air Stripping 1 1 6 0 8

In Situ Thermal Treatment 1 1 2 1 5

Flushing 0 1 0 0 1

Total 73 17 118 44 252

Percentage of In Situ Groundwater Technologies 29% 7% 47% 18% --

28

RODs Selecting On-site Containment Remedies

2 3 2

6

10

6

4952 51

57

42

47

53

39

55

35

27

18

27

14

27

20

1 0 0 1 02

7

3 2 3 4 4 3 2

7

3 3 35

0 1

5

0 0 0 0 0 02

0 0 02 2

41

4

03 2 1 1 0 00

10

20

30

40

50

60

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005*

Num

ber o

f RO

Ds

Cap

VEB

Liner

RODs = Record of Decision*RODs and Amendments are included in this figure. As of October 2006, 74% of FY 2005 RODs and Amendments were available.

29

Concluding Points

Solid use of treatment remedies at Superfund sites Across the program we are making full use of the remedy

tool box. The program continues to mature;

» Fewer sites with no remedies» The implementation status of selected remedies, more are

completed and operational, fewer in design.» Innovative technologies are gaining ground and becoming

mainstream The prevalence of in situ treatment remedies suggests

we focus on innovations in in situ performance monitoring 75% of P&T projects are operational – hold the course on

RSE, capture zone analysis, etc.

30

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