Title: Analysis of TRIZ’s Invention PrinciplesAuthor: Kotaro KageyamaE-mail: kageyama＠kageyamalaw.comAuthor’s Short Biography:

President of Kageyama International Law & Patent Firm in Tokyo,Lawyer & Patent Attorney (qualified as Lawyer in 1982; qualified as Patent Attorney in 1984),Visiting Professor of Kumamoto University in Japan (Intellectual Property Law) (2000 - present),Senior Research Fellow of New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University in Japan

(2015 - present),MS in Industrial Chemistry, Graduate School of Technology, University of Tokyo,BA in Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Tokyo.

Author Certification:I certify that I am the author or sole owner of the material I am submitting to The TRIZ Journal. I

also have the rights to submit any other material, such as images, to the journal that may be used in conjunction with my content for public posting.

1. Introduction TRIZ, which was created by G. Altshuller and enhanced by many scholars and practitioners, has been used practically as “the scientific way of making inventions” all over the world. In TRIZ, with the starting point of “Contradiction Matrix”, the important element is “invention principles” which lead to problem-solving. These invention principles are very useful because they can be used in various aspects in relation to the way of forming inventions. Incidentally, since Altshuller created TRIZ, the reasons for the selection of the 40 invention principles and especially the criteria of their array order have not been clarified until today. In my opinion, I have used the idea of the physical-object & material inventions for categorization of inventions until now, and the following essences can be obtained through categorization: (i) the combination of articles, (ii) shape, (iii) structure, (iv) the physical property of the material, (v) the chemical property and (vi) the transformation of property (hereinafter referred to as “6-Factors” for convenience). I believe that the selection of TRIZ’s 40 invention principles and their array order are common to above 6-Factors. They may show the factors of view (scope) to see technology/engineering. Concretely, the view (scope) may become narrower from (i) to (vi) in this order; however at the same time, may become deeper (that is, reaching the property). In this paper, this idea will be discussed and presented. Furthermore, in my opinion, an invention is understood in the concept of “a way of use of a principle”. Therefore, an invention is analyzed in aspects of “a principle”, “the use of principle” and “the way of its use” (herein after referred to as “Principle ·its Use ·Way of its Use”), which is thought to show the level of use of the principle. Those aspects become more specific from “a

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principle” to “the way of its use” in such order. That means that the TRIZ’s invention principles can be analyzed in the same way. It must be useful. In this paper, the contents of the invention principles will be arranged to aim at using them more rationally. As a result, it will be proposed that the above way of analyzing of inventions will be used, so to speak, two-dimensionally, together with the viewpoint from the 6-Factors. With regard to an invention, Author has presented the idea of the categorization into physical-object & material inventions (Opinion 1) as described above, and the significant consideration of principles obtained through the study of process formation of an invention in relation to the above analysis of Principle･ its Use･Way of its Use (Opinion 2: hereinafter, Opinion 1 and Opinion 2 together are referred to as “the Opinion”) (For further details, see footnote 13 and so on). In this paper, the discussion will focus on the above two points based on the Opinion. There are cases where “invention principles” are unknown when an invention is formed. Such a case may be easily understood if the forming process of an invention, especially in the case where the invention is formed by experiments, is analyzed. In this paper, it is also considered how TRIZ will be applied to such a case.

2. Author’s Logic that Forms the Basis of Consideration in This Paper(1) Definition of Invention

The Japanese Patent Act (Every cited law in this paper is Japanese unless otherwise noted), Article 2, Paragraph 1, defines an invention as.

“the highly advanced creation of technical ideas utilizing the laws of nature. ” 　　　 [a] 　[b] [c] (d1) (d 2)

[d]

Here, since “highly advanced” is for distinction from the device (so to speak, a small invention) in Japanese Utility Model Law which lacks it, this concept is not used in this paper.

In the above, the “laws of nature” are most typically principles of physics and chemistry. For the “principle”, a tentative one shall suffice here. Its scope shall be interpreted flexibly and the level of the principle only needs to be very basic; for example, the basics of high school (at about 15 or 16 years old) physics and chemistry would suffice.

Then, if an invention is checked out locating the principle on its the center, directly, the invention can be understood as “a Way of Use of a Principle”. This means that an invention can be analyzed into “a Principle”, “Use of a Principle”, and “a Way of its Use” (“Principle･its Use･Way of its Use”).

With regard to the relationship between Principle･its Use･Way of its Use and the definition of an invention, “Principle” and “its Use” correspond to “utilizing the laws of nature”[d] of the definition of an invention. As for “Way of its Use”, its abstract expression corresponds to

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“technical ideas”[c] and its concrete expression corresponds to “creation” [b].(2) Categorization of Physical-Object Invention and Material Invention (Opinion 1)

Opinion 1 is the viewpoint in which an invention can be categorized into either a physical-object invention or a material invention, based on the way how it looks, so to speak, the appearance or property of an invention1.

① Physical-object invention and material invention(i) A physical-object invention is an invention that focuses on the shape, physical structure, and

the combination of articles, such as circuits (its appearances). A material invention (invention for substance) is an invention that focuses on the properties of an article (including its transformation) that are used in the invention 2 .

The concept of physical-object & material types is not only applicable to an invention, but also broadly applicable to technology/engineering in general. Furthermore, it is also applicable to the parts of technology and invention.

(ii) A proposition is made that an article has two facets: shape and quality. The shape corresponds to a structure and the quality corresponds to a characteristic. With this proposition, an article can be identified only by its structure and characteristics. In the physical-object invention, its structure is the focus while in the material invention it is about its properties. Thus, the categorization of physical-object & material inventions can cover all kinds of technologies and inventions. In other words, all inventions are formed by physical-object type, material type and their combination. Furthermore, the method of solving problems, including that of solving “contradiction” in TRIZ as described later, is of physical-object type, material type and their combination.

With regard to a relationship between an article (physical-object) and a material, Author expresses: “An article comprises material”.

(iii) In the case of a physical-object invention, it is easy to perceive its principle or model using the five senses, from its appearance and so on, and the principle is often easy to understand. Therefore, it is typically easy to apply the formation process of an invention (Opinion 2 below). On the other hand, for a material invention, its principle is often unknown or difficult to identify, and in many cases, the invention is achieved through experiments.

Examples②(i) As an example, we consider a case of a very simple technology as shown in Figure 1. To

support the force applied in the direction of the arrow, (a) if the existing technology does not provide sufficient strength to support the force, one may come up with two new ways: (b) to

1 A Japanese lawyer, Jun Takahashi, stated: “As for the method of categorization of inventions, it is more appropriate to use the criteria of physical-object and material inventions as pointed out by Kageyama.” (Jun Takahashi, Shokumu-hatsumei-kitei Henkō-oyobi Sōtō-rieki-santei-no Hōritsu-jitsumu, p.51 (Keizai Sangyō Chōsa-kai, Tokyo, 2014)).22 For further details, see Kotaro Kageyama, The Physical-Object Invention and the Material Invention-Efficient Use of a Categorization Based on Looks (Appearance and Property), Beijing Law Review, Vol.8, No.3 (2017).

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Ordinarysteel

Leg Support

Mount

looks

increase the strength of the material used for the support, or (c) to distribute the force load by adding a leg portion to the opposite side where the force is applied.

(a) Existing technology (b) New material (c) New deviceForce

Figure 1. Invention of a new material (material invention) and a new device (physical-object invention).

The support in (b) is made of an alloy (new material) that has increased strength than ordinary steel. In (c), the load from the force is distributed using a support that is either a combination of the mount and a leg portion or a device with a shape as shown in (c). Here, (b) is a material invention and (c) is a physical-object invention.

(ii) Inventions in the mechanical and construction fields are often physical-object ones, whereas those in the chemistry fields are material inventions3. In the electric fields, for instance, (a) inventions related to circuits and so on are physical-object inventions, whereas (b) those that focus on the properties, such as semi-conductors and magnetic materials can be considered as material inventions. The invention of the airplane described in 2(3) below can be① considered basically as a physical-object invention in the mechanical field.

Table 1. Features of and the ease of understanding the principle and physical-object & material types

Principle Can be recognized (Intangible/abstract)

Physical-object types Appearance Perceivable with the five

senses (tangible/specific)Easily perceivable and visible

Material types Property Perceivable with the five senses (tangible/specific) Hard to perceive

③ Feature of and ease of understanding the physical-object & material types when compared with the principle

Features of the principle, the material types and the physical-object types can be observed

33 In the machinery field, for example, a motor cycle engine is the physical-object invention in view of the shape and structure of its body and accessory equipment (valves, ignition plugs or the like). However, the material of the body (special steel) is the material invention.

4

SupportOrdinary steel

New Material Support

Insufficient strength

by using the following parameters: (a) whether they are perceivable with the five senses and are tangible and specific, (b) whether perception with the five senses is easy, (c) whether perception with the five senses is visible, and (d) whether they can be recognized by the brain but not be perceived with the five senses, and they are intangible and abstract (Refer to the *3 below in Table 2 also).

The above is shown in Table 1. Definition of physical-object & material inventions and the principle that corresponds to it④(i) Table 2 shows the definition of the physical-object & material inventions, and shows its

specific examples, together with physical and chemical principles that support them, and so on. It attempts a technical systematization of the physical-object & material inventions. In the table, the contents of the definition are arranged from characteristic items of the physical-object type (upper) to those of the material type (lower).

Table 2 shows the typical features of the physical-object invention in this order: [combination] > [shape] > [structure], wherein the symbol > shows that the items on the left side are clearer than those on the right-side, because a combination of articles and their shapes are clearer (more visible) from their appearances compared with the structure. It seems that the features of the material invention are shown in this order: (a) [chemical properties] > [physical properties] and (b) [transformation of chemical properties] > [that of properties in general].

With regard to the above (a), the physical property can be more easily predictable from the structure of the article compared with chemical property because such property is common to the principles in the physical-object invention. With regard to the above (b), such transformation of chemical properties as being chemical reactions is characteristic of transformation in properties. For both (a) and (b), transformation in properties can be regarded as more characteristic in general than the property per se in the material invention, because such transformation is unlikely in the physical-object invention. To sum up, the most characteristic example of a material invention takes place when a focus is placed on the chemical reaction as shown in the bottom line in Table 2.

Table 2. Definition and principle of the physical-object & material inventions and ways of inventing

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Analysis ofinvention

Physical-object/materialinvention

From Definition Example seeds*1

→to causefunction

→solution

needs

evaluation*4Physical-objecttype

Relationamongelements

physical-objecttechnology

to use aprincipleto increaseevaluation

withinventive step

invention

way ofinventing

F. propertyin general

Constantsof property,Relationamongconstants

material technology

Materialtype

Transforma-tioninmaterialand states

D. Physical(mechanical)*3

(electrical)E. Chemical

==

Physical/chemicalprinciple and itsexample

Principle and way of its utilization

A.Combination

B. Shape

C. Structure*3

Physics

Physics

Physics

Corporate purpose

Research theme

Assignments(Problems to besolved)

Thinkdefects in conventional technologies

Property strength, density (specific gravity), elasticity,grainsize, viscosity, coeffi-cient of friction, heat conductivity, coefficient of ther-mal expansion

Physics:Newtonian mechanics, Hooke’s law, Bernoulli's principle

Physics:Ohm's law, Joule's law

Chemistry:acid/base, ionization

electric conductivity (insulation), mag-netic property

composition, molec-ular weight, melting point, boiling point, pH

Transfor-mation of property

transformationof the state(vaporization,liquefaction,solidification),hydration,suspension,crystallization

Chemistry:transformationin phases,dissolution, diffusion

*1Engineers utilize “seeds” (a stock of engineering), generate functions to seek (a principle and the way of its use) and attempt to solve a problem.

*2Especially, research themes and assignments (problems to be solved) are proposed for the solution to defects of conventional technology.

*3The cases of focus on the structure of an article and the focus on the mechanical property are close to each other. The mechanical property can be easily understood from the structure in view of the principle. Also, perceptions using the five senses are easy in terms of the shape (visible). However, perceptions are difficult when it comes to the structure in some cases and more difficult in terms of the mechanical property.

*4 When a principle is used to enhance the evaluation of the technology/engineering, then

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there must be inventiveness: as a result, an invention is established. Combination, shape and structure of an article, and physical property, chemical property and⑤ transformation of the property of a material - Views based on Opinion 1

With regard to the technology and the invention from the standpoint of a user, Author considers the typical factors of (a) the combination, (b) shape and (c) structure of an article, and the (d) physical property, (e) chemical property and (f) transformation of the property of a material. (“6-Factors”).

From the outset, the above view represents contents of the definition of physical-object & material inventions, as depicted in Table 2 (“a-c” correspond to the physical-object type, “d-f” correspond to the material type). 6-Factors are the concepts which are common to the essence of Opinion 1.

As above-mentioned 2(2) (ii), all the technology and invention are covered by the① categorization of physical-object & material types, and there is no exception. Therefore, all the technology and invention can be seen from the viewpoint of the above-mentioned “a-f”.

In other words, it is considered that the technology and invention can be evaluated and organized by this viewpoint of “a-f”. Also, it is considered that a technology/engineering is assembled and an invention is created based on this viewpoint.

Like the above-mentioned 2(2) (ii), as “An article comprises materials”, the viewpoint of① the above-mentioned “a-f” will be from a wide field to a narrow field in order, to see the scope of the article. On the contrary, it can be said it will be from a shallow field to a deep field in order, that is, it will even extend into an attribution of an article. If comparing “b (shape)” with “c (structure)”, “b” can be used for various articles, but “c” is only applicable to a certain article. In addition, from Table 1, it can be said that factors “a-c” corresponding to the physical-object invention are visible, and “d-f” corresponding to the material invention are invisible. Also, “from ‘a’ to ‘f’” is considered to be quite a natural thinking order to get an idea where people improve a technology/engineering (“a” is the beginning and “f” is the end).

(3) Analysis of the Formation Process of an Invention, Significant Consideration of a Principle and Analysis of an Invention (Opinion 2)

Formation process of an invention and specific examples①(i) Using an example of inventing an airplane (if the term “airplane” did not exist, it would be

something like “an apparatus to carry people for flying in the sky”), we can consider the following, as Figure 2 shows4.

44 For further details, see Kotaro Kageyama, Recognition of Inventor/Joint Inventors and Product-by-Process Claims, p.28- (LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany, 2015).

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[1] Purpose of an invention (the problem)

- want to make an apparatus to carry people for flying in the sky

[2] Formation process of an invention(A) Conception (proposal of*1)

(i) Mere intuition

(ii)Conception based on a principle

(B) Embodiment of the conception(i) Establishment of a model

(ii) Experiments, calculations*2

- make an apparatus that has the structure like a bird

- make an object float in the air using air resistance by propelling it forward (generate a lifting force for an object using air resistance caused by propulsion force)

- install a power device in an object to rotate a propeller, etc., and establish a structure having wings with a specially devised shape

- conduct progressive experiments starting from (a) parts such as propellers and wings, to (b) a miniature of the airplane body, and proceeding to (c) a full-sized airplane body

-obtain necessary experiment results/formulas and calculation results/formulas

(iii) Adjustment of the model(iv) Completion by repetition (i) to (iii) - something that is practically applicable/usable

*1 In the case of a joint invention, conception needs to be proposed; otherwise, it is very difficult for the other relevant parties to understand.

*2 Generally speaking, experiments and calculations are conducted considering the parts to start with and then the whole, and also starting from the miniature then expanding to the full-sized object. Here, calculations include computer simulations.

Figure 2. The purpose of an invention and the formation process of an invention (the case of inventing an airplane)

In the above figure, [1] is a preliminary stage of [2].Each stage in [2] carries some recognizable originality (creativity).

(ii) What is most important in the above process is the “establishment of a model” ([2] (B) (i)) in embodying the conception and the “conception based on a principle” ([2] (A) (ii)) in proposing the conception. Note that the inventors are those who have contributed to either of the above5.

Cases of an invention formed by experiments with regard to Opinion 2②(i) A very large number of cases require experiments as a means of forming an invention (especially, in the case of most material inventions).

There are cases where the principle is unclear (unknown) or difficult to understand, but an invention may be formed through experiments by discovering a “reproducible phenomenon”, that is, “a relation that a certain fixed effect is obtained by a certain experimental condition.” The laws of nature include the natural causal correlation. Thus, in this case, a reproducible phenomenon can be used instead of a principle and the formation process can be described as follows.

The person taking action thinks of a tentative principle and sets experimental conditions. If a

55 See supra note 4, Kageyama, p.45.

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predictableor not

tentative principle

B2 experimental results*B1 reproducible

successful result is obtained as a consequence, that would mean that an invention is completed. In the above, the “tentative principle” is something that is presumed to be the most accurate for the sake of achieving the purpose at the point of starting an experiment, and that serves as the basis for advancing the experiments, one way or another. However, it is not normal that an experiment successfully yields a good result after only one attempt (process). So, based on the result obtained, the (tentative) principle used in the previous experiment shall be corrected. Based on this corrected version, a new tentative principle is derived, which will be used as the basis for setting experimental conditions for obtaining the next result. By repeating this process, using experimental conditions established under a tentative principle (B1), a good result as a reproducible phenomenon (B2) is produced. At this point, one can say that an invention is completed.

The above process can be shown as a time series in Figure 3.

Problem (purpose)

A (Process) B (Process)

Tentative Experimental Result Corrected　 　　　　Experimental Result

principle conditions (unsuccessful) conditions (successful)

Japanese court decision: direction

of research, solving problems or

experiments, hypothesis

* reproducible phenomena, Analysis of

experimental conditions and principles (physics, chemistry)

products having an effect This is important in academic

research.

Figure 3. Processes where an invention is formed by experiments.

(ii) The cases based on whether the tentative principle is sufficient to allow prediction of experimental results

(a) If the principle is difficult to understand, and when the invention is formed, the “tentative principle” (B1) is distinguished from “experimental conditions or a product having an effect” (experimental results: B2) and is sufficient to allow prediction of these, the

9

Invention

consideration of a tentative principle is regarded as “conception based on a principle”. In this case, what corresponds to “establishment of the model” is the setting of experimental conditions (for an invention of a method for producing a product) and obtaining a product having an effect (for an invention of a product). Being “sufficient to allow prediction” here can be interpreted as a degree such that B1 and B2 are suitably close, and technically, that B1 and B2 have in a relationship where “B2 can be explained based on B1 using the theory of physics and chemistry, taking into consideration the level of technology at the time”.

(b) However, presumably, it is likely that there are few cases of the tentative principle being sufficient to allow prediction of the experimental conditions and results. In such a case, the tentative principle is considered to remain only as “a mere intuition” ([2] (A) (i) in Figure 2). Discovery and utilization of reproducible phenomena shall replace the conception based on a principle. The reproducible phenomena, experimental conditions and products having an effect appear integrated at the same time. Even in this case, the principle does exist, though it may be difficult to understand, it can also be said that this principle and the model appear integrated. It is thought that such cases are many in the case of material invention.

(c) Another case where an invention is formed by experiments is the case where the principle can be understood, but it is difficult to predict the model from the principle, and hence, it is necessary to perform experiments. In this case, the model (experimental results) could be a product having an effect, apparatus or an experiment formula, and so on.

It seems that the experiment [2] (B) (ii) in Figure 2 shows just this case. ③ Analysis of an invention

(i) Opinion 2 suggests an approach to weigh the principle from the formation process of an invention. An invention can be said as “ways of use of a principle”, if it is looked at, locating the principle on its center, as discussed in 2(1). In the above, the keywords are “principle,” “use” and “ways of use.” Because of the above contents of an invention and their keywords, discussion is made based on the analysis of an invention into (A) a principle, (B) use of a principle and (C) the way of its use.

(ii) This logical approach is applicable to the process of forming an invention from a problem to be solved, to a principle, use of a principle and the way of its use, as an ideal type. Here is a familiar example: extinction of fire.

Table 3. Example of a problem to be solved, principle, its use and way of its use

Problem to be solved Extinction of fire (fire-fighting)

A. Principle To prevent from contact with oxygen (to avoid oxidation)

To cool down (to lower under the firing point)

To remove things to be burned (to remove oxidized substance)

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B. Use of a principle To cover with substances to prevent oxidation action such as carbon

dioxide (CO2).

To splash water on.

To leave the burning thing away.

C. Ways of its use Fire extinguisher – including other principles to spray CO2.

Fire fighting pumps – including other principles of pumping

Tobacco firefighter: A type to separate the burning portion off.

[Note: The fireproof belt used in the forest to prevent a fire from

spreading has the same meaning.]

(iii) For more concrete study, another example is a manufacturing step. In the process of manufacturing protective films, an assumption can be made that the film

can get easily peeled off the base plate. This is the problem to be solved. The countermeasure is to be considered as follows.At first, causes of the problem should be investigated: They are whether the effect of the

adhesives to attach the film has been lessened by heat, or whether a change of the film property has caused it to peel off, and so on. This is the principle to be applied.

Then, a measure shall be considered: whether to lower the generation of heat, whether to ease the dissipation of heat, whether to cool down, whether to change the property of the adhesives, or whether to change the film, and so on. This is the matter that relates to the use of the principle.

Here, specific measures are considered to apply to each of the item given above. For example, one idea is to consider a structure for easy heat dissipation. Another idea is to add an appropriate cooling function. Yet another idea is to develop a heat-resistant adhesive or heat-resistant film. These ideas relate to the way of use of the principle. It is possible that other principles may be used together.

Based on the above, the best measure should be chosen in view of its utility, fewer defects and better economic benefit and operability.

Needless to say, the analysis here is applicable not only to the invention but also to the technology in general.

(iv) Systematic arrangement of Principle･its Use･Way of its Use (a) Principle ･Use of Principle ･Way of its Use is considered to be arranged somewhat

systematically as shown in the following example.Table 4. Example of the systematic arrangement of Principle, its Use and Way of its Use

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A. Principle A1 Kinds of principle A2 Number of principles, their combination A3 Level of a principle (generic/subordinate concept)B. Use of a principle B1 The same principle is used but it can be seen functionally different. B2 The use positively promoting the effect / The use passively reducing the

effect.C. Way of its use C1 Relationship with the field of industrial technology C2 Difference of an article or a material to cause a principle (or give

operation) C3 Difference in the object to which a principle is applied (the object that

receives a principle) (scenes where an invention is applied)With regard to the relationship of segments [A] and [B] above, a strict interpretation of

segment [A] would result in a broader scope of the segment [B]. The above [B] shows a few examples. Now that the discrimination of segments of [A], [B] and [C] are not so clear, each segment should be flexibly pursued. In the material invention, for example, segments [A] and [B] are hard to distinguish in some cases. When a principle is understood in pieces and the piece-divided principles show some differences, they are considered to belong to segment [A]. At this case, the scope of segment [B] would be reduced. There might be examples that are difficult to segment into [B] or [C].

(b) Consideration of Principle･Use of Principle･Way of its Use in the case of an invention using rubber.

Table 5. Principle･its Use･Way of its Use in the case of invention using rubber.A. Principle a. Elasticity (Hook’s law: Change in shape under an outer pressure can be restored when the

pressure is removed.)

b. Electrical insulation

B. Use of a

Principle

a1 To use elasticity

a2 To absorb impacts

a3 To use for a connection purposes

b. To use the property of electrical insulation (There are many substances that have properties of

electrical insulation, but rubber is easy to use because of its elasticity as shown in the

above‘a1’.)

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C. Ways of its Use (i) An article using the principle

(invention)

a1 Elastic article (e.g., ball)

a2 Shock absorber(e.g., base isolation

device, tire)

a3 Adhesives (e.g., for the metal

connection)

b Electrical insulator

(ii) An article to which a principle is applied (an article that

receives a principle) (scene where an invention is applied.)

a1 Hitting device (e.g., bat)

a2 Architecture, automobile (another principle may be used.)

a3 Metal (another principle may be used.)

b Electrical conductor (another principle may be used.)

(Note) With regard to the segment [A](a) (principle of elasticity), the use of elasticity (a1), use of absorption of

impacts (a2) and use for connection (a3) would be conceivable in segment [B] (they could be understood as

being functionally different). Ways of their use in segment [C] would also be possible. The same thing can

be said about electrical insulation (b).

The above are just examples. There are many possible examples of segment [B] (use of a principle) and especially, many examples of the segment [C] (ways of its use).

As discussed in (3) (ii)(b), there are many cases where principles involved are② unknown or hard to identify in material types. In these cases, experiments are conducted to make an invention. The examples in Table 5 are material types and tentative principles are considered to be sufficient to allow the prediction of experimental conditions or a product having an effect, so segment [C] expresses products having an effect.

However, when a tentative principle is not sufficient to allow the prediction of experimental conditions or a product having an effect, a reproducible phenomenon, experimental conditions and products having an effect will come out integratedly at the same time. The principle and the model also come out integratedly. In other words, segments [A] (principle), [B] (its use) and [C] (ways of its use) appear at the same time integratedly.

(4) Rationality of Opinion 1 and Opinion 2 Comparison between the Opinion and the viewpoint looking at the society①(i) It is considered that the rational (reasonable) method to clarify the contents of an invention would be to analyze and examine it from (a) the looks (appearances, properties) of the invention which is cognizable by human beings, and (b) the process by which an invention is formed because a human being is involved in its production. The aforementioned (a) is the viewpoint suggested in Opinion 1, and the (b) is the viewpoint suggested in Opinion 2. This can be illustrated conceptually through Figure 4.

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　 Socie ty 　

Human beings

Opinion 2 　　　　　　 Opinion 1

　　　　　　 Formation process

How it appears

(appearances, properties)

Figure 4. Viewpoint for investigating an invention

(ii) The viewpoint of the Opinion is considered to be in line with that of looking at the essence

(future and so on) of the society.

Looking at this in terms of the correspondence with the above (i), when people think of the

present society (“the current state”), they watch, for example, international situations,

domestic and international economic situations, school enrollment rate and divorce rate, and

so on. What corresponds to the “formation process” is the history. We look at the future by

putting the current state and the history together. This can be illustrated conceptually through

Figure 5.

History

　

Current state

Figure 5. Viewpoint for looking at the society

One thing that can be said for both (i) and (ii) above is that a viewpoint such as the Opinion is considered reasonable for investigating an invention.

② Resolving patent-related issues by the OpinionThe Opinion suggests additional views from technological and natural-scientific aspects for

examining patent-related issues which had been conventionally examined from social-scientific views only. Further, as mentioned above, they are reasonable viewpoints to examine the content of inventions from their looks (appearances and properties) in which the invention appears and the process by which the invention is formed. Therefore, the Opinion can contribute to solving

14

Invention

Society

various patent-related issues because it has a viewpoint that directly approaches the essence of an invention.

Based on the Opinion, Author has written several papers on issues such as (a) recognition of inventor/joint inventors and calculating contribution ratio of joint inventors6, (b) product-by-process (PBP) claims7, (c) criteria for determining the inventive step8, and (d) the issue of a technical scope9. As regards to the issues of (a) and (b) above, Author has written a book in English: “Recognition of Inventor/Joint Inventors and Product-by-Process Claims”1010.

Note here the papers cited in Footnote 2 discuss in detail explaining that Opinion 1 (on the physical-object & material inventions) is comprehensive as it is tangible and specific1111. It is because Opinion 1 is derived from the “model and experimental results (reproducible phenomenon, experimental conditions and products having an effect).”

(5) Study by Means of 6-Factors and Principle･its Use･Way of its UseThe relationship between the analysis of an invention into A. Principle, B. its Use, and C. Way

of its Use, and the viewpoint which checks out a technology and an invention by the above-mentioned “a-f” (6-Factors) is considered as follows. That is, “a-f” indicate the factor in the view (scope) that checks out a technology/engineering, and “A-C” indicate a content level for using technology/engineering. If the above is illustrated conceptionally, it will be expressed in two dimensions as follows.Table 6. System of technology and invention checking out from the viewpoint of utilization

a.Combination b.Shape c.StructureProperty f.Transformation of

Propertyd.Physical e.Material

A.PrincipleB.Use of Principle

C.Way of its Use

From the above, regarding each factor of “a-f”, the usage level of “A-C” can be considered

66 Kotaro Kageyama, The practice of recognizing an inventor/joint inventors and the calculation of contribution ratios among joint inventors, Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice (Oxford Journals), Vol.7, No.8 (2012).77 Kotaro Kageyama, Necessity, Criteria (Requirements or Limits) and Acknowledgement of Product Identity of Claims for Product Described by Its Manufacturing Process (Product-by-Process Claims) , Beijing Law Review, Vol.5, No.2 (2014).88 Kotaro Kageyama, Determining Inventive Step or Nonobviousness for a Patent Requirement in View of the Formation Process of an Invention, Beijing Law Review, Vol.7, No.3 (2016).99 Kotaro Kageyama, Study of Technical Scope Including Doctrine of Equivalent and Patent Infringement Litigation , International Journal of Case Studies, Vol.5, Issue 11 (2016).1010 See supra note 4. 1111 Footnote 2

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integrated

(for example, “A. Principle”, “B. Use of Principle” and “C. Way of its use” with regard to “b. shape” ). With regard to the arrangement of seeds (a stock of technology/engineering) also, “a-f”, “A-C” and their combinations will be useful in the arrangement for the use of the seeds.

(6) The conclusion of my Opinion Opinion 1 and 2 are rational as a view (viewpoint) that captures an invention on the whole.① Because 6-Factors and Principle② ･ its Use ･Way of its Use can be said as the essence

(sublimated component as it were) of the viewpoint extracted from Opinion 1 and 2, the above-mentioned relationship can be arranged conceptionally as follows.

The view of invention Essence of the view of inventionOpinion1 6-FactorsOpinion 2 Significant consideration Principle･its Use

of a principle. ･Way of its Use Invention is a Way of Use of a Principle.

Figure 6 The Opinion, 6-Factors and Principle･its Use･Way of its UseSince the contents of the invention can be totally grasped by Opinion 1 and 2, 6-Factors and

Principle ･ its Use ･Way of its Use, that are their essence, will become forceful criteria and methods that can analyze and arrange the contents of an invention and explain many things relating to the following examples. The relationship between Principle③ ･its Use･Way of its Use, and the definition of an invention

in the above 2(1), the categorization of physical-object & material inventions described in 2(2)(Opinion 1), the formation process of an invention in the above 2(3) and the invention① formed by an experiment in the above 2(3) (Opinion 2), can be shown as an outline given in② the following table.

Table 7. Principle･its Use･Way of its Use, the definition of an invention, the categorization of physical-object & material inventions, the formation process of an invention, and the invention formed by an experiment.Definition of

Invention

Analysis of

invention

Categorization of

physical-object

and material

inventions

Formation

process of

invention

Invention Formed by Experiment

Are experimental condition and product having an effect from

tentative principle predictable?

Yes(Few) No(many)

Utilizing the

laws of nature

Principle

Combination of

articles,

Conception

based Tentative principle Reproducible

Use of

principle

Shape, structure,

physical or

on a principle (Conception based on a

principle )

phenomenon

16

Princ chemical property

Technical idea

Creation

Model abstract

concrete

Way of

its use

and their

transformation

Establishment

of a model

Experimental conditions

(Invention of a process for

manufacturing),

Products having an effect

(Invention of a product)

Experimental conditions

Products having an effect

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3. Consideration(1) Commonality and Correspondence between the Contents of Physical-object & Material

Inventions and TRIZ’s invention principles. TRIZ’s invention principles①In this paper, the contents of invention principles and related matters will be based on Darrell

Mann's book “Hands-On Systematic Innovation”1212.Table 8. TRIZ’s invention principles

(Principle 1. Segmentation)

(Principle 2. Taking out)

When one function of a multi-function system is unnecessary, the unnecessary function can be

taken out.

(Principle 3. Local quality)

An article and system are made unequal. Each part of the system can be made to function in the

state where it is partially optimized.

(Principle 4. Asymmetry)

Asymmetry is introduced.

(Principle 5. Merging)

(Principle 6. Universality)

One article or system is made to enable a plurality of functions.

(Principle 7. “Nested doll”)

One small article is put inside of a bigger article.

(Principle 8. Anti-weight)

When gravity causes a negative problem, a combination is suggested with the anti-force,

buoyancy, for example.

(Principle 9. Preliminary anti-action)

A preliminary anti-action is provided so as to reduce or eliminate negative effects.

(Principle 10. Preliminary action)

A useful action is provided before it becomes necessary.

(Principle 11. Beforehand cushioning)

When an article has a low trust in quality, something to back it up has to be introduced

beforehand to cope with possible emergency.

(Principle 12. Equipotentiality)

Surrounding circumstances of an article are re-designed so as to remove the force that the article

1212 Darrell Mann, Hands-On Systematic Innovation (CREAX Press, Belgium (at present, IFR Press, UK), 2002). It is translated into Japanese: Tōru Nakagawa direct, Chiteki Sōzō Kenkyū Group trans., TRIZ Jissen to Kōyō 1A – Taikei-teki Gijutsu Kakushin Kaitei-ban Shinban Mujun Matorikkusu Matrix 2010 Saiyō (Kurepusu Kenkyū-jo, Tokyo, 2014).

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receives or to make it balanced.

(Principle 13. The other way round

(Principle 14. Spheroidality-Curvature)

(Principle 15. Dynamics)

Transformation, relative movement or shift/adjustment shall be available in order to optimize

actions under a variety of conditions.

(Principle 16. Partial or excessive actions)

A bit more or bit less action is provided so as to reduce or eliminate problems.

(Principle 17. Another dimension)

(Principle 18. Mechanical vibration)

(Principle 19. Periodic action)

A continuous action can be replaced with a periodic action or action in pulse.

(Principle 20. Continuity of useful action)

Useful action has to be maintained under constant sufficient burden and at the most appropriate

rate.

(Principle 21.Skipping)

(Principle 22. “Blessing in disguise” or “Turn Lemons into Lemonade”)

To replace bad substances or actions with good ones to provide useful effects.

(Principle 23. Feedback)

(Principle 24. Intermediary)

(Principle 25. Self-service)

To make an article or system execute a certain function by itself, or make it be able to self-systematize. Reuse of wasted resources, energy or substances is suggested.

(Principle 26. Copying)

(Principle 27. Cheap short-living objects)

Good examples are disposable lighters, paper cups and paper diapers.

(Principle 28. Mechanics substitution/Another sense)

A means for another sense (sight, hearing or touch) is used. The electric, magnetic or electro-

magnetic “field” for interaction between the said field and an article or a system is used.

(Principle 29. Pneumatics and hydraulics)

(Principle 30. Flexible shells and thin films)

A soft shell or thin film is used in place of a solid structure.

(Principle 31. Porous materials)

For the purpose of reducing the weight, a porous material can be used. Its holes are filled with

useful substances, and unnecessary things can be removed.

(Principle 32. Color changes)

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Specific solution

(Principle 33. Homogeneity)

(Principle 34. Discarding and recovering)

A mission-completed material or system is extinguished by way of solution or evaporation.

Portions worn out or resolved can be recovered while the material or system is moving.

(Principle 35. Parameter changes)

Physical states of article are changed from one phase to another (to the phase of gas, liquid or

solid, for example). Concentration or homogeneity is changed. Temperature or pressure is

changed.

(Principle 36. Phase transition)

A phenomenon occurring during the phase transition is used. For example, change in volume,

absorption or loss of heat, etc.

(Principle 37. Thermal expansion)

(Principle 38. Strong oxidants)

(Principle 39. Inert atmosphere)

Gas (atmosphere) around an article will be changed inert using substance such as argon.

(Principle 40. Composite materials)

Among the above invention principles, simple explanations are added to some of them. Correspondence of TRIZ’s invention principles with the categorization of physical-object &②

material inventions When TRIZ’s invention principles are adapted to the table showing the contents of physical-

object & material inventions of Table 2 before, the correspondence relationship can be shown in Table 9.

Table 9. Correspondence between TRIZ’s ways of making inventions, its invention principles and physical-object & material inventions

Contradiction matrix*2Technical knowledge

Specific problem

Invention

Way of invention M

ater

ial

Inve

ntio

n A. Combination Division (1), Taking out (2), Local quality (3), Merging (5), Universality (6), “Nested doll” (7), Intermediary (24)

B. Shape Asymmetrical (4), Spheroidality-Curvature (14), Another dimension (17)

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Principle of invention*1

C. Structure (Anti-weight) (8), Preliminary anti-action (9), Preliminary action (10), Beforehand cushioning (11), Equipotentiality (12), The other way round (13), Dynamics (15), Partial/excessive action (16), Mechanical vibration (18), Periodic action (18), Continuity of useful action (20), Skipping (21), (Feedback) (23), Intermediary (24), (Self-service) (25), Copying (26), (Mechanics substitution) (28), Flexible shells and thin films (30), Porous material (31), (Discarding and recovering) (34), Composite material) (40)

Phys

ical

-obj

ect i

nven

tion

Prop

ertie

s D. Physical (mechanical)

Anti-weight (8), (Equipotentiality) (12), (Mechanical vibration) (18), (Periodic action) (19), “Blessing in disguise” (22), Use of pneumatics and hydraulics (29), (Flexible shells and thin films) (30), (Change of parameter) (35), Thermal expansion (37)

(Electrical) Mechanical vibration) (18), Feedback (23), (Copying) (26), Mechanics substitution (28)

E. Chemical “Blessing in disguise” (22), Self-service (25), (Porous materials) (31), Color changes (32), Homogeneity (33), (Discarding and recovering)(34), (Strong oxidants) (38), Composite materials (40)

Tran

sfor

- m

atio

n

F. Parameter in general

Change of parameters (35), Phase transition (36)

G. Chemical property

Strong oxidants (38), Inert atmosphere (39)

Others (The other way round) (13), Partial/excessive action (16), “Blessing in disguise”(22), Cheap short-living objects (27))

*1 The principles with a parenthesis are located in the secondary place, not in the primary one. *2 “Contradiction” is a problem to be solved and serves as a theme for further researches.

③ Reasons of accordance (correspondence)With regard to the reason of an array order of TRIZ’s invention principles, it has not been

made public historically. Therefore, it is very hard to understand what kind of logic the array order is based on.

With regard to this, Author thinks that the above array order may be arranged from “a” to “f” correspondingly from the wider view range to the narrower one in order, from the shallower to the deeper (reaching the attribute of an article), and also from the visible to invisible, as stated in 2(2)⑤, because the array order accords with the definition and contents of physical-object & material inventions. As a result, Author infers the following: Altshuller made the array order on the basis of the process order of making ideas to improve and devise technology/engineering.

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Needless to say, after the days of Altshuller, invention principles have been divided into more detail and such divisions are made also in some sectors. However, it seems that the above Author’s inference with regard to the array order can be still applied today.

In Darrell Mann’s book “Matrix 2010: Re-updating the TRIZ Contradiction Matrix” 1313, the number of invention principles has increased from 40 to 82. New principles are the special interpretation of the original principles or the combination of the original principles (It seems that many combinations are formed by physical-object & material principles. Note that as stated in 2(2)①(ii), “An article comprises materials”). The increased invention principles are considered to be systematized and categorized as mentioned above. Incidentally, it is considered as simple and more rational that “the mechanical (dynamic), thermal, chemical, electric and/ or magnetic (electromagnetic) fields”, which are used frequently in the above mentioned increased invention principles, should be analyzed into the physical property (mechanical, electric), chemical property and transformation of property according to Author’s view.

Since a theory of TRIZ focuses on mechanical technology considering the development from the technological origin, in some other technological field, such as chemistry, “Collection of the invention principle examples of TRIZ 40 (chemistry field)”1414 etc. is proposed. However, it seems that the invention principles of the chemistry field are fitted to the conventional 40 invention principles with considerable strain. If 6-Factors of Author’s view is used as the basis of the theory, it will be considered that chemical technology can also be arranged more rationally.

(2) Invention Principles and Principle · its Use· Ways of its UseBoth the analysis of an invention based on Principle · its Use· Ways of its Use and the

viewpoint of observing the technology/engineering through 6-Factors, are considered to present a system of the technology and invention observed from the viewpoint of using them. It can be expressed in two dimensions as shown in Table 6 before.

Then, it is considered that TRIZ’s invention principles can be expressed in two dimensions using two criteria (coordinates), namely (a) 6-Factors to look at an article, and (b) Principle ·its Use · Way of its Use. For example, the invention principle in relation to the structure of an article is analyzed based on Principle · its Use· Ways of its Use. In the same way, the invention principle in relation to the chemical property of a material is analyzed based on Principle · its Use· Ways of its Use. That is to say, since it is understandable that the contents and array order of TRIZ’s invention principles are common to 6-Factors as shown in Table 9, it is considered

1313 Darrell Mann, Matrix 2010: Re-updating the TRIZ Contradiction Matrix (IFR Press, UK, 2009). It is translated into Japanese: Tōru Nakagawa trans., TRIZ Jissen to Kōyō (2A) – Shinban Mujun Matorikkusu Matrix 2010 Gijutsu Ippan-yō (Kurepusu Kenkyū-jo, Tokyo, 2014).1414 Shigeru Kasuya, TRIZ 40 no Hatsumei-Genri Jirei-shū (Kagaku-bunya), available athttp://www.monodukuri.com/jirei/article/102#.

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whether these invention principles can be analyzed and arranged from Principle · its Use· Ways of its Use.

In the above-mentioned (1) Darrell Mann's book “Hands-On Systematic Innovation”① 1515, the examples of practical use and ways of use of many invention principles may be analyzed into “Principle”, especially “its Use”, then “Way of its Use”. Consideration by this way will make TRIZ’s invention principles more systematic.

(3) Analysis of the Example of TRIZ’s Invention Principles Author arranged some examples used for explanation of TRIZ’s invention principles of

above-mentioned D. Mann's book1616 and “Simplified TRIZ second edition” authored by Kalevi Rantanenn and Ellen Domb1717, according to Author’s theory, Principle · its Use· Way of its Use. With regard to the relationship between these invention principles and 6-Factors, Invention Principle 9 corresponds to the structure of an article, Invention Principle 28 relates to electric property ・ chemical property of a material, and Invention Principle 34 corresponds to the chemical property of a material (refer to Table 9). As for the relationship between these invention principles and how to make an invention, it is considered that although the viewpoint of Principle · its Use· Ways of its Use is useful directly, the viewpoint relevant to 6-Factors can also be helpful. It is possible to take out an idea in two dimensions.

Invention principle 9 (Preliminary anti-action)①(i) Principle

Anti-stress is given in advance so that a harmful action is prevented afterward.(ii) Use of principle

About the prestressed concrete, a steel rod is used and it gives a compressive force to the concrete in advance.

(iii) Way of its UseAdequate stress is given in advance according to usage in consideration of the amount of

load etc, and the quality of the material to be used is adjusted.Author’s note: The above “way of its use” is fundamentally based on the physical-object

technology/engineering (structure), but the material one (quality of steel rod) is considered in addition to it.

Invention principle 28 (Mechanics substitution/Another sense)②(i) Principle

Perception is used instead of a mechanical or electric sensor.(ii) Use of Principle

1515 Footnote 121616 ibid.1717 Kalevi Rantanenn and Ellen Domb, Simplified TRIZ: New Problem Solving Applications for Engineers and Manufacturing Professionals, Second Edition (Auerbach Publications, 2007).

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The compound emitting a bad smell is mixed into the natural gas, and it warns a user of a gas leak.

(iii) Way of its UseThe material having a bad smell and giving little damage to a human body is chosen, and

the concentration is also made suitable. Invention principle 34 (Discarding and recovering)③(i) Principle

A material that is melt by a stomach acid is used(ii) Use of Principle

It is used as a medicinal capsule.(iii) Way of its Use

The material to be used is chosen considering the characteristic of non-affinity with medicine and of fusibility in the stomach.

(4) UtilityAs described in the above (1) , Author has clarified the correspondence between TRIZ’s②

invention principles and the definition of physical-object & material inventions. It proves that the categorization of the physical-object & material inventions is appropriate. At the same time, Author’s analysis highlights the missing points of the TRIZ’ invention principles when two-dimensionally compared with the contents of definition of the physical-object & material inventions or 6-Factors which is the essence of the physical-object & material. It also reveals the direction TRIZ should head for further, utilization of transformation of property of the material invention, for example.

That is, (a) concerning 6-Factors, systematize it by way of positioning 6-Factors in higher rank and positioning their segments in lower rank, and (b) concerning Principle ·its Use· Way of its Use, particularly ways of use (of principle), classifying it from a viewpoint like the case of the invention of rubber shown in Table 4C and Table 5, etc.; the invention principles can be considered to bring a rational arrangement.

In the actual use of invention principles, it is considered that segments of 6-Factors in more detail according to necessity are used in the technical field with which 6-Factors is concerned.

In addition, G. Altshuller, the founder of TRIZ, mentioned “The inventor must consider this list (Author’s note: the list about 40 invention principles) a foundation that must be replenished through new technical and patent publications”.1818

Author’s work formulates a system in two dimensions about the principle intrinsic in the invention, in consideration of the 6-Factors and the theory of “principles and ways of their use”. It is also helpful as a supplement to TRIZ’s invention principles and also coincides with the

1818 Genrich Altshuller, Innovation Algorithm: TRIZ, Systematic Innovation and Technical Creativity p.138 (Lev Shulyak, Steven Rodman trans., Technical Innovation Center, 2000) (1973).

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opinion of G. Altshuller.However, it is considered that it may be difficult to apply invention principles to some fields,

such as management (for example, “TRIZ for Business & Management” authored by Valeri Souchkov1919) and design (looking at it from a certain viewpoint, for example, “TRIZ: Design Problem Solving with Systematic Innovation” by Helena V. G. Navas2020). It may be rather twisting an argument (impossible distortion). It is because the invention principles are considered to be derived essentially from the appearances and the properties of an article, as it is shown by its coincidence with the categorization of physical-object invention & material inventions.

(5) Contradiction Matrix and Applying TRIZ’s Invention Principles to ItThe contradiction matrix used as the starting point of how to make an invention in TRIZ can

be said to have arranged a contradiction in and between the phenomena on the technology/engineering of a prior art, or social life. Therefore, it is considered that the relevance with “Ways of Use (of Principle)” in this viewpoint is strong.

At this point, Author tries to examine concretely the opinion about the relationship between the formation of the contradiction matrix and the invention principles applied and prepared for the said matrix, and about the invention principles.

G. Altshuller performed the following (i) (ii) (iii).(i) He researched a huge number of patent gazettes.(ii) He arranged “contradiction of technology/engineering” and “the applied means of solving”

adopted in them.(iii) He figured out the invention principles applicable to the grid of the contradiction matrix

(intersection of contradictory 2 phenomena) from the patent gazettes to solve the contradiction.

Author considers the opinion below.(iv) It seems that it is appropriate for the invention principles to be considered, especially

focusing on Use of principle (its Use), among Principle, its Use and Way of its Use.The reason being that, its Use (Use of Principle) is abstracted and can be applied to

various technical contradictions.(v) With regard to its Use, it is appropriate to locate and arrange it from the aspect of two

coordinates (Principle and Way of its Use may be taken into consideration also).a.Combination b.Shape c.Structure Property f.Transformation of

1919 Valeri Souchkov, Breakthrough Thinking with TRIZ for Business and Management: An Overview, ICG Training & Consulting 2007, 2014 updated, available at https://ja.scribd.com/document/287369597/Triz-for-Business-and-Management. 2020 Helena V. G. Navas, TRIZ: Design Problem Solving with Systematic Innovation, in Denis A. Coelho ed., Advances in Industrial Design Engineering, available at https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-industrial-design-engineering.

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Concrete issueto be solved(problem)

(Contradictionmatrix)

Tentativeprinciple

Predictable

Non-predictable

Case AReproducible phenomenonExperimental conditionProduct having an effect

Case B Reproducible phenomenonExperimental conditionProduct having an effect

Concrete solution method

(Principle is unknown but included)

Concrete solution method

Propertyd.Physical e.Material

A.Principle

B.Use of Principle

C.Way of its Use

As mentioned above, by Author's opinion, it is considered possible to review applying the invention principles to a contradiction matrix more rationally.

However, to use the contradiction matrix, it is considered that the following problems must be examined: (a) to identify the operation & effect which are caused by the parameters (weight, strength, etc.) of the contradiction matrix; (b) to grasp the reciprocal relationships in or between these parameters; (c) to know the time to find out those reciprocal relationships, and so on.

(6) Others: Case Where Invention Principles are UnclearAs Author explains in Opinion 2, this is the case and so on, where the invention comes out

through experiment, and it is difficult to understand its principle. According to Opinion 1, this technical field is a material field, especially for the field that poses the problem of chemical properties or their transformation.

Even if a principle is unclear, when a tentative principle is conceived and, in the case where it is sufficient to allow prediction of an experiment result (an experimental condition, a product having an effect) (Case A), the tentative principle could be a principle. However, in the case where the tentative principle is not sufficient to allow prediction of an experiment result (Case B), the reproducible phenomenon instead of a principle, the experimental conditions (the starting material, the production method) and the product having an effect appear as a unit (integratedly). In Case B, the principle relevant to a reproducible phenomenon, an experimental condition and a product having an effect would be applicable.

If the above explanation is illustrated, it will be imaginable as follows.

As mentioned above, with regard to Case A, it is possible to use the TRIZ system. However,

with regard to Case B, the TRIZ system can not be applied to directly.However, it is considered that Author’s idea is at least more effective rather than the case

where no such method exists, as a diagnosis of a case in making an invention. Conversely, if it turns out that the principle is a completely different principle from the prediction, the invention

26

based on this principle would be called epoch-making invention.

4. ConclusionAs mentioned above, with regard to TRIZ’s invention principles, the viewpoint that the reason①

of its selection and array order is clarified by the contents of categorization of a physical-object invention & material inventions or 6-Factors which is essence of the contents, and bringing light② on Principle ·its Use · Way of its Use, makes missing or insufficient invention principles find out. Furthermore, this viewpoint could give the future development direction of the invention principles and at least the direction that is practically useful. In particular, more concrete examples can be figured out in relation to Way of Use (of Principle).

Lastly, by scoping on (understanding) the invention principles like mentioned above, it is considered that applying to a contradiction matrix is made more rationally.

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