trns 4 railways

7/31/2019 Trns 4 Railways

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TEJANSHU

HEMANTH

ASHISH

PRATIK

RAILWAYS


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RAIL TRANSPORTATION Rail transportation . Railways are composed of a traced path on which are

bound vehicles.

They have an average level of physical constrainslinked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient

is required, particularly for freight. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail

transport systems, although containerization hasimproved the flexibility of rail transportation by linkingit with road and maritime modes.

Rail is by far the land transportation mode offering thehighest capacity with a 23,000 tons fully loaded coalunit train being the heaviest load ever carried.Gauges, however, vary around the world, oftencomplicating the integration of rail systems.


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INDIAN RAILWAYS Indian Railways is a departmental undertaking of

Government of India, which owns and operates most ofIndia's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry ofRailways of the Government of India.

Indian Railways has 114,500 kilometers (71,147 mi)of totaltrack over a route of 65,000 kilometers (40,389 mi) and7,500 stations. It has the world's fourth largest railwaynetwork after those of the United States, Russia andChina.

The railways carry over 30 million passengers and2.8 million tons of freight daily. It is the world's fourthlargest commercial or utility employer, by number ofemployees, with over 1.4 million employees. As for rollingstock, IR owns over 240,000 (freight) wagons, 60,000coaches and 9,000 locomotives as per recent statistics.


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INDIAN RAILWAYS Railways were first introduced to India in 1853.

By 1947, the year of India's independence, therewere forty-two rail systems.

In 1951 the systems were nationalized as oneunit, the Indian Railways, becoming one of the

largest networks in the world.

IR operates both long distance and suburban railsystems on a multi-gauge network of broad,

meter and narrow gauges. It also ownslocomotive and coach production facilities.


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LOGISTICS-IRFREIGHT TRAIN

A freight train hauls cargo using freight carsspecialized for the type of goods. Freight trainsare very efficient, with economy of scale and highenergy efficiency.

However, their use can be reduced by lack of

flexibility, if there is need of transhipment at bothends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the pointsof pick-up and delivery.

Authorities often encourage the use of cargo railtransport due to its environmental profile.


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FREIGHT TRAIN Container trains have become the dominant type

for non-bulk transport.

Containers can easily be transshipped to othermodes, such as ships and trucks, using cranes.

This has succeeded the boxcar (wagon-load),where the cargo had to be loaded and unloadedinto the train manually.


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FREIGHT TRAIN

The intermodal containerization of cargo hasrevolutionized the supply chain logistics industry,reducing ship costs significantly.

In Europe, the sliding wall wagon has largelysuperseded the ordinary covered wagons. Other

types of cars include refrigerator cars, stock carsfor livestock and auto racks for road vehicles.

When rail is combined with road transport, a road

railer will allow trailers to be driven onto the train,allowing for easy transition between road and rail.


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FREIGHT TRAIN

Bulk handling represents a key advantage for railtransport.

Low or even zero transshipment costs combinedwith energy efficiency and low inventory costsallow trains to handle bulk much cheaper than by

road.

Typical bulk cargo includes coal, ore, grains andliquids. Bulk is transported in open-topped cars,

hopper cars and tank cars.


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CONTAINERIZATION

Containerization is a system of intermodal freighttransport cargo transport using standard shippingcontainers (also known as 'ISO containers' or

ISO tainers') that can be loaded and sealed intact

onto container ships, railroad cars, planes, andtrucks. Containerization has revolutionized cargoshipping.


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BULK CARGO Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported

unpackaged in large quantities.

These cargo are usually dropped or poured, witha spout or shovel bucket, as a liquid or solid, intoa bulk carrier's hold, railroad car, or tanker

truck/trailer/semi-trailer body.

Bulk cargoes are classified as liquid or dry, butonly the latter are normally transported as bulk on

rail, the former being freighted in tank cars


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ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS

It facilitate long distance travel and transport ofbulky goods which are not easily transportedthrough motor vehicles.

It is a quick and more regular form of transportbecause it helps in the transportation of goods

with speed and certainty.

It helps in the industrialization process of acountry by easy transportation of coal and raw-

materials at a cheaper rate.

It helps in the quick movement of goods from oneplace to another at the time of emergencies like

famines and scarcity.


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ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS

It encourages mobility of labor ad thereby provides agreat scope for employment.

Railway is the safest form of transport. The chancesof accidents and breakdown of railways are minimumas compared to other modes of transport. Moreover,

the traffic can be protected from the exposure to sun,rain snow etc.

The carrying capacity of the railways is extremelylarge. Moreover, its capacity is elastic which caneasily be increased by adding more wagons.

It is the largest public undertaking in the country.Railways perform many public utility services. Theircharges are based on charge what the traffic can bearprinciples which helps the poor. In fact, it is a nationalnecessity.


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DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS

The railway requires a large investment of capital.The cost of construction, maintenance and overheadexpenses are very high as compared to other modesof transport. Moreover, the investments are specificand immobile. In case the traffic is not sufficient, the

investments may mean wastage of huge resources.

Another disadvantages of railway transport is itsinflexibility. It routes and timings cannot be adjusted toindividual requirements.

Rail transport cannot provide door to door service asit is tied to a particular track. Intermediate loading orunloading involves greater cost, more wear and tearand wastage of time. The time cost of terminal

operations are a great disadvantage of rail transport.


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DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS

As railways require huge capital outlay, they may give riseto monopolies and work against public interest at large.Even if controlled and managed by the government, lack ofcompetition may breed in inefficiency and high costs.

Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for shortdistances and small traffic of goods.

It involves much time and labor in booking and takingdelivery of goods through railways as compared to motortransport.

Because of huge capital requirements and traffic, railwayscannot be operated economically in rural areas. Thus,large rural areas have no railway even today. This causesmuch inconvenience to the people living in rural areas.

trns 4 railways

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