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Truffles in Context: A Mycological Overview By Matt Trappe, Oct. 2006 Slide 2 Truffles are here!! Truffles in Context: A Mycological Overview By Matt Trappe, Oct. 2006 Slide 3 or, Where on Earth do Truffles fit in? Slide 4 Slide 5 Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Slide 6 Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Many ways to divide and organize fungi - Diet (trophic status) - Morphology (shape, growth habit) - Family group, genetic taxonomy Slide 7 Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Many ways to divide and organize fungi - Diet (trophic status) - Morphology (shape, growth habit) - Family group, genetic taxonomy Slide 8 Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Many ways to divide and organize fungi - Diet (trophic status) - Morphology (shape, growth habit) - Family group, genetic taxonomy Slide 9 Organizing Fungi by their Diet (trophic status) Mycorrhizal Fungi - Form mutually beneficial associations with plants - Myco = Fungus, Rhiza = Root Saprobic Fungi - Digest dead material; wood and litter decomposers Pathogenic Fungi - Attack plants (& animals!) to feed off them Slide 10 Mycorrhizal Fungi Form mutually beneficial associations with plants - Ectomycorrhizae - Endomycorrhizae Slide 11 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Ecto = outside Ectomycorrhizal fungi wrap outside of root with a mantle from which foraging hyphae emanate. Slide 12 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi This is a long-term structure, growing at the tips of the roots and extending with them through the soil. Slide 13 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi The fungi also grow between the root cells but do not penetrate them. This is called a Hartig Net and is where nutrient exchange occurs. M.Brundrett photo Mantle Hartig net Root tip cross section Slide 14 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Summary Almost all truffles are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Many mushrooms (half? less in tropics!) are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhiza is formed by members of Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Zygomycetes (well get to them later) There are about 12,000 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi that associate with about 2000 species of host plants. Slide 15 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Hosts Some major plants that are hosts to ectomycorrhizal fungi in the Pacific Northwest: Douglas-fir Pines Firs Oaks Alders Birches Poplars Hazel Eucalyptus Beech Spruce Slide 16 Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. VAM Fungi Endo = inside Endomycorrhizal fungi do not form a mantle, but rather penetrate root cells and form temporary structures inside the root cells called vesicles and arbuscules. Thus, the term VAM is an abbreviation for Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Slide 17 Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. VAM Fungi Vesicles are balloon-like structures thought to be for energy storage. Arbuscules are tree-shaped (arbor) structures where nutrient exchange occurs. Vesicles Arbuscule Slide 18 Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. VAM Fungi Foraging hyphae extend through the host root cell wall into the soil. Vesicles and arbuscules have a relatively short life; individual structures can form and senesce within days. Slide 19 Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. VAM Fungi All endomycorrhizal fungi seem to form arbuscules but not all of them form vesicles, so many folks are now calling the group AM Fungi. Endomycorrhiza = VAM fungi = AM fungi Slide 20 Endomycorrhizal Fungi Summary No endomycorrhizal fungi form mushrooms. Only one genus of endomycorrhizal fungi forms truffles: Glomus. Most endomycorrhizal fungi form individual spores in the soil that are microscopic. Endomycorrhiza is formed by members of both Ascomycetes and Glomeromycetes (well get to them later) There are only about 150 species of endomycorrhizal fungi that associate with about 300,000 species of host plants! Slide 21 Endomycorrhizal Fungi Hosts Some major plants that are hosts to endomycorrhizal fungi in the Pacific Northwest: Maples Cedars Redwoods Sequoias Poison oak Most grasses Most herbs Most garden plants Most fruit trees Most annuals and most tropical plants Slide 22 Saprobic Fungi Sapro = rotten There are very few animals that can digest wood (termites, earthworms, centipedes?). Fungi do the heavy lifting, accounting for over 90% of wood decomposition. Without fungi, fallen trees would stack up without ever rotting. what a mess Slide 23 Saprobic Fungi Also called Saprophytic or Saprotrophic. Some specialize in digesting cellulose (brown cube rot). Some specialize in digesting lignin (white rot). CelluloseLignin Slide 24 White RotBrown Rot Saprobic Fungi Also called Saprophytic or Saprotrophic. Some specialize in digesting cellulose (brown cube rot). Some specialize in digesting lignin (white rot). Slide 25 Saprobic Fungi Only one genus of saprobic fungi is known to form truffles in North America: Trappea. It is related to stinkhorns. Trappea darkeri Slide 26 Saprobic Fungi Some saprobic fungi form sequestrate (but not hypogeous) fruiting bodies, such as Nivatogastreum. It is related to the mushroom genus Pholiota. Nivatogastreum nubigenum Slide 27 Saprobic Fungi Summary Many mushrooms (half?) and all conks are formed by saprobic fungi. There are probably thousands of species of saprobic fungi, many (most?) are microscopic. Pluerotus ostreatusGanoderma tsugae Slide 28 How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal one? Slide 29 You cant. Slide 30 How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal one? You cant. Many saprobic fungi grow on the forest floor. Stropharia riparia Slide 31 How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal one? You cant. Many saprobic fungi grow on the forest floor. Many mycorrhizal fungi grow on decaying wood. Boletus mirabilis Stropharia riparia Slide 32 Usually, all species within a genus are either mycorrhizal or saprobic. If you learn the genera, you can infer whether your specimen is mycorrhizal or saprobic. Amanita muscaria? Lepiota clypeolaria? Morchella sp? Slide 33 Saprobic GeneraMycorrhizal Genera AgaricusAmanita AgrocybeBoletus ClavariaCantharellus ClitocybeCortinarius CollybiaGomphus CoprinusHebeloma GalerinaHydnum HypholomaHygrophorus LentinusInocybe MycenaLaccaria PholiotaLactarius PleurotusRamaria PolyporesRussula PsilocybeSuillus StrophariaTricholoma VolvariellaAlmost all Truffles * We still dont know the trophic status of many genera! Field surveying Slide 34 Saprobic GeneraMycorrhizal Genera AgaricusAmanita AgrocybeBoletus ClavariaCantharellus ClitocybeCortinarius CollybiaGomphus CoprinusHebeloma GalerinaHydnum HypholomaHygrophorus LentinusInocybe MycenaLaccaria PholiotaLactarius PleurotusRamaria PolyporesRussula PsilocybeSuillus StrophariaTricholoma VolvariellaAlmost all Truffles * We still dont know the trophic status of many genera! Field surveying Slide 35 Saprobic GeneraMycorrhizal Genera AgaricusAmanita AgrocybeBoletus ClavariaCantharellus ClitocybeCortinarius CollybiaGomphus CoprinusHebeloma GalerinaHydnum HypholomaHygrophorus LentinusInocybe MycenaLaccaria PholiotaLactarius PleurotusRamaria PolyporesRussula PsilocybeSuillus StrophariaTricholoma VolvariellaAlmost all Truffles * We still dont know the trophic status of many genera! Slide 36 Pathogenic Fungi Pathos = disease Unlike saprobic fungi, pathogenic fungi just cant wait until something dies on its own. They attack living organisms, sometimes killing the host and sometimes just causing sickness. Sudden Oak Death SOD bark lesion Slide 37 Pathogenic Fungi Fungal Plant Pathogens Armillaria mellea Phaeolus schweinitzii Phellinus weirii White Pine Blister Rust Swiss Needle Cast Chestnut Blight Dutch Elm Disease Sudden Oak Death* Potato Blight* Various Rusts and Smuts (more than 6000 species!) Armillaria mellea Phaeolus schweinitzii Slide 38 Pathogenic Fungi Fungal Human Pathogens (a digression) Tinea (athletes foot, toenail fungus) Candidia (yeasts) Aspergillus (molds) Coccidioides (valley fever) Pneumocystis (pneumonia) Schizophyllum commune See www.doctorfungus.com for gruesome pictures!www.doctorfungus.com Slide 39 Pathogenic Fungi Fungal Human Pathogens (a digression) Tinea (athletes foot, toenail fungus) Candidia (yeasts) Aspergillus (molds) Coccidioides (valley fever) Pneumocystis (pneumonia) Schizophyllum commune See www.doctorfungus.com for gruesome pictures!www.doctorfungus.com Luckily we have Penicillium! Slide 40 Fungal Plant Pathogens Summary No pathogenic fungi form truffles. Armillaria spp. form mushrooms. Some (Phellinus, Phaeolus) form conks. Most are in habitats other than forests. Most are inconspicuous. They are ubiquitous. Maple leaf spot Rhytisma punctatum Rose blight Phragmidium sp. Slide 41 Summary: Fungal Trophism and Morphology Truffles Mushrooms Conks Mycorrhizae Ecto- ManyManyNone Endo- FewNoneNone Saprobes OneManyMany Pathogens NoneFewFew Slide 42 Slide 43 The Big Picture - Kingdoms Slide 44 Slide 45 Bacteria single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption Fungi multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption Animals multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) The Big Picture - Kingdoms Slide 46 Gain of nucleus & chlorophyll Gain of multicellular organization Loss of chlorophyll Gain of enzymes Loss of external enzymes Gain of internal digestion (and a few other things) Primordial Bacteria Bacteria single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption Fungi multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption Animals multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) Slide 47 The Big Picture - Kingdoms Bacteria single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption Fungi multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption Animals multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) Slide 48 The Big Picture - Kingdoms Bacteria single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption - no truffles Fungi multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption - truffles! Animals multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion - no truffles Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis - no truffles Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) - no truffles Slide 49 The Big Picture - Kingdoms Fungi multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption - truffles! Slide 50 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 51 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 52 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 53 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 54 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 55 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 56 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 57 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 58 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 59 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 60 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Slide 61 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Chytrids microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella - no truffles Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Slide 62 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Fungi Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Slide 63 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles FungiGlomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Slide 64 ecto- Alpova Arcangeliella Cystangium Fevansia Gastroboletus Gautieria Gymnomyces Hymenogaster Hysterangium Leucogaster Leucophleps Macowanites Melanogaster Pyrenogaster Rhizopogon Thaxterogaster Trappea Truncocolumella Basidiospores Sterigmata Basidium Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Basidio = pedestal Usually squishy, spongy, or rubbery Slide 65 Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Basidio = pedestal Usually squishy, spongy, or rubbery ecto- Alpova Arcangeliella Cystangium Fevansia Gastroboletus Gautieria Gymnomyces Hymenogaster Hysterangium Leucogaster Leucophleps Macowanites Melanogaster Pyrenogaster Rhizopogon Thaxterogaster Trappea Truncocolumella Basidiospores Sterigmata Basidium Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles Slide 66 Gautieria monticola Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles Slide 67 Macowanites luteolus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles Slide 68 Truncocolumella citrina Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles Slide 69 Rhizopogon vinicolor (remember this one!) Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles Slide 70 Cantharellus formosus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles? Slide 71 Tricholoma magnivelare Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycete Truffles? Slide 72 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles FungiGlomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Slide 73 Balsamia Barssia Cazia Choiromyces Elaphomyces Genabea Genea Geopora Hydnoplicata Hydnotrya Hydnotryopsis Leucangium Sarcosphaera Terfezia Tuber Asco = bag Usually brittle, often hollow Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Ascospores Ascus ecto- & endo- Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles Slide 74 Balsamia Barssia Cazia Choiromyces Elaphomyces Genabea Genea Geopora Hydnoplicata Hydnotrya Hydnotryopsis Leucangium Sarcosphaera Terfezia Tuber Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Ascospores Ascus ecto- & endo- Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles Asco = bag Usually brittle, often hollow Slide 75 Elaphomyces muricatus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Slide 76 Gilkeya compacta Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Slide 77 Hydnotrya variiformis Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Slide 78 Tuber gibbosum Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Slide 79 Tuber oregonense Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Slide 80 Leucangium carthusianum Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles Slide 81 Morchella deliciosa Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Ascomycete Truffles? Slide 82 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles FungiGlomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Slide 83 endo- Acaulospora Entrophospora Gigaspora Glomus Scutellospora Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Glomeromycetes Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Glomus = ball (of yarn) Most genera form individual spores in the soil Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 m) Slide 84 endo- Acaulospora Entrophospora Gigaspora Glomus Scutellospora Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Glomeromycetes Glomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Glomus = ball (of yarn) Most genera form individual spores in the soil Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 m) Slide 85 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Glomeromycete Truffles Glomus microcarpus Slide 86 Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Basidiomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - false truffles Ascomycetes mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - true truffles FungiGlomeromycetes mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Slide 87 ecto- Endogone Modicella? Suspensor Cells Zygospore Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Zygomycetes Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 m) Group includes Rhizopus (tempeh) Zygo = yoke Slide 88 ecto- Endogone Modicella? Suspensor Cells Zygospore Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Zygomycetes Zygomycetes mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 m) Group includes Rhizopus (tempeh) Zygo = yoke Slide 89 Endogone flammicorona Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Zygomycete Truffles Slide 90 Endogone lactiflua Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Zygomycete Truffles Slide 91 Summary: Fungal Family Groups (taxonomy) Truffles Mushrooms Conks Basidiomycetes ManyManyMany Ascomycetes ManyManyOne Glomeromycetes OneNoneNone Zygomycetes OneNoneNone Daldinia occidentale Slide 92 Mycophagy Slide 93 Relatedness Truffle Truffler Kingdom:Mycota Animalia Phylum: Ascomycota Vertebrata Class: Discomycetes Mammalia Order: Pezizales Primates Family: Tuberaceae Hominidae Genus:Tuber Homo Species: gibbosum sapiens In English:Oregon White Human Truffle Slide 94 Relatedness Truffle Truffler Kingdom:Mycota Animalia Phylum: Ascomycota Vertebrata Class: Discomycetes Mammalia Order: Pezizales Primates Family: Tuberaceae Hominidae Genus:Tuber Homo Species: melanosporum sapiens In English:French Perigord Human Truffle Slide 95 Relatedness Truffle Truffler Kingdom:Mycota Animalia Phylum: Ascomycota Vertebrata Class: Discomycetes Mammalia Order: Pezizales Primates Family: Tuberaceae Hominidae Genus:Choiromyces Homo Species: alveolatus sapiens In English:Sorry! Human Slide 96 Relatedness Truffle Truffler? Kingdom:Mycota Animalia Phylum: Ascomycota Vertebrata Class: Discomycetes Mammalia Order: Pezizales Primates Family: Helvellaceae Pongidae Genus:Barssia Pongo Species: oregonense pygmaeus In English:Sorry! Orangutang Slide 97 Relatedness Truffle Truffler! Kingdom:Mycota Animalia Phylum: Ascomycota Vertebrata Class: Discomycetes Mammalia Order: Elaphomycetales Marsupialia Family: Elaphomycetaceae Potoroidae Genus:Elaphomyces Bettongia Species: granulatus tropica In English:Deer Truffle Northern Bettong Slide 98 Relatedness Truffle Truffler? Kingdom:Mycota Animalia Phylum: Ascomycota Vertebrata Class:Saccharomycetales Aves Order:Saccharomycetidae Passeriformes Family:Saccharomyceticeae Corvidae Genus:Saccharomyces Aphelocoma Species: cerevisiae californica In English:Brewers Yeast Western Scrub Jay Slide 99 Relatedness Truffle Truffler! Kingdom:Mycota Animalia Phylum: Basidiomycota Arthropoda Class: Agaricomycetidae Insecta Order: Boletales Diptera Family: Rhizopogonaceae Mycetophilidae Genus:Rhizopogon Mycetophila Species: vinicolor fungorum In English:That same durn Mushroom gnat pogey again! Slide 100 So Slide 101 Edward Drinker Cope is related to a mushroom gnat. Mycetophila (1840-1897) fungorum Tuber gibbosum is as closely related to Rhizopogon vinicolor as Slide 102 What do you think of that, Ed? Slide 103 Huh?? What do you think of that, Ed?