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Understanding Environmental Change and Indigenous Adapta7on to Mul7ple Stressors in Catherine Tucker Indiana University Cordillera Celaque, Lempira, Honduras Sierra Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico Building Resilience of Mountain SocialEcological Systems Workshop Estes Park, Colorado, May 2025, 2012 and

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Page 1: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Understanding  Environmental  Change  and  Indigenous  Adapta7on  to  Mul7ple  Stressors  in  

Catherine  Tucker  Indiana  University  

 Cordillera  Celaque,  Lempira,    Honduras  

   

 Sierra  Juarez,  Oaxaca,  Mexico  

   

Building  Resilience  of  Mountain  Social-­‐Ecological  Systems  Workshop  Estes  Park,  Colorado,  May  20-­‐25,  2012  

and  

Page 2: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Physical  map  of  La7n  America  

showing  loca7on  of  Mexican  and  

Honduran    study  areas  

Below  200  m  200-­‐1000  m  1000-­‐2000  m  2000-­‐4000  m  Over  4000  m    

Page 3: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Sierra  Juarez  

Loca7on  of  Sierra  Juarez  in  Oaxaca,  Mexico  

Mexico  Oaxaca  

Oaxaca’s  eleva7on:  Sea  level  to  over  3500  m.  Biologically  diverse  :  7  of  Mexico’s  9  major  ecological  zones    Culturally  diverse:    16  indigenous  languages  spoken.  

Page 4: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Loca7on  of  the  Cordillera  Celaque  in  Honduras  

Page 5: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Main  System  Components  &  Characteris7cs  Sierra  Juarez,  Mexico  &  Cordillera  Celaque,  Honduras    

•  Dynamic  landscape  mosaic,  patches  of  high  biodiversity:    –  Pine-­‐oak  forests,  agriculture,  cloud  forest,  shade  coffee  

•  Biophysical:    –  Topographic  complexity,  suscep7bility  to  erosion  –  Hydrology:  mountain  watersheds,  springfed  streams  –  Climate:  marked  wet  and  dry  seasons  

•   Social:    –  Cultural  context:  Indigenous  communi7es  –  Diversified  livelihoods:  subsistence  agriculture,  coffee,  community  forestry,  migra7on,  ecotourism,  wage  labor;  also  ar7sanal  po`ery  (Honduras)  and  mining  (Mexico)  

–  Economic  marginaliza7on,  limited  human  services  –  Poli7cal-­‐ins7tu7onal  arrangements  and  processes  

Page 6: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Services  Provided  

•   Ecosystem  Services  – Watersheds  –  Soil  conserva7on  (with  forest  cover  and  agroforestry)  –  Carbon  sequestra7on  –  Biodiversity  (endemism,  pine-­‐oak  &  cloud  forests)      

•   Sociocultural  &  Economic  Services  –  Provision  of  7mber  and  non-­‐7mber  forest  products  –  Cultural  heritage  and  place-­‐based  iden7ty    –  Socially  &  economically  valuable  ac7vi7es  (hun7ng,  collec7ng,  agriculture,  touris7c  resources  -­‐  caves,  hiking  trails,  panoramas)  

 

Page 7: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Drivers  and/or  shocks  

•  Severe  weather  &  climate  change    •  Na7onal  and  interna7onal  policies  &  

programs  (may  also  mi7gate  stressors)  •  Market  prices  (7mber,  coffee,  minerals)  •  Plant  diseases  &  pests  (pine  bark  beetle,  

coffee  pests  &  diseases)  •  Outmigra7on    •  Tourism  and  infrastructure  development  •  External  investment  (coffee,  mines,  

tourism)  •  Subsistence  needs  &  demand  for  improved  

livelihoods  

   

Page 8: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Interac7ons  and  feedbacks  among  system  components  and  drivers:  Integrated  IAD*  &  

Livelihoods  Frameworks        

   

*  Ins7tu7onal  Analysis  and  Development  Framework  

Page 9: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

External  Incen7ves  for  adapta7on  

Risk  appraisal  Severity  and  impact    

Adapta7on  appraisal  Self-­‐efficacy,  adapta7on  

costs  and  benefits,  perceived  adapta7on  

efficacy  

Coffee  Middlemen  &  Exporters    

Cer7fica7on  agencies  

Extension  Agents  

Government  Agencies  

Informa7on  on  climate  signal  

Informa7on  on  adapta7on  

op7ons    

Adapta7on  Intent:  

Avoidance  or  Engagement  

Objec7ve  capaci7es:  livelihood  capitals  and  en7tlements  

Adapta7on  Ac7on  

Internal  Cogni7on  (Coffee  Growers)  

Specific  Example:  Model  of  Coffee  Farmers’  Adapta7on  to  Stressors  

Broad  Biophysical  and  Social-­‐Economic-­‐Poli7cal  Contexts  

Livelihood  Framework  combined  with  the  Model  of  Private  Proac7ve  Adapta7on  to  Climate  Change  

Page 10: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

System  features  that  confer  resilience  

•  Strong  community  governance  and  local  ins7tu7ons  for  forest  conserva7on  –  Help  to  protect  ecosystem  services  and  impede  environmental  degrada7on  

–  A`racts  development  programs  and  investments  (mixed  effects)  

•   Diversified  livelihoods    –  Increase  resilience  in  extreme  clima7c  events  and  market  vola7lity  

•  Strong  social  networks  (regionally,  na7onally  and  interna7onally)  –   Provide  a  source  of  external  economic  and  social  support  

•  Increasing  poli7cal  ac7vism:  receiving  recogni7on  from  na7onal  poli7cal  par7es  and  programs  

 

Page 11: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Future  trajectories  or  alterna7ve  states  

•  Increasing  influence  of  external  investors  and  absentee  landlords,  increasing  landlessness  and  impoverishment  (leading  to  outmigra7on)  

•  Depopula7on  (migra7on),  loss  of  cultural  iden7ty  and  ins7tu7onal  arrangements  that  have  tended  to  maintain  and  value  forests    

•  Increasing  frequency  of  extreme  climate  events  and  market  vola7lity,  leading  to  increased  vulnerability  and  impoverishment  if  ecosystem  services  and  economic  op7ons  (coffee,  forestry)  decline    

OR  •  Strengthening  of  community  values,  forest  and  watershed  

conserva7on,  and  recogni7on  of  indigenous  cultures  and  alterna7ve  lifeways?    

OR  •  Dynamic,  as  yet  unforeseeable  combina7ons,  of  change  processes    

Page 12: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Modeling  (or  other  approach)  •  Complex  social-­‐ecological  systems  approach  with  integra7on  of  four  frameworks:  –  Complex  social-­‐ecological  systems  framework  (Ostrom)  –  Ins7tu7onal  Analysis  and  Development  Framework  (Ostrom  Workshop)  

–  Sustainable  Livelihoods  Framework  – Model  of  Private  Adapta7on  to  Climate  Change  (Grothman  &  Pa`  2005)  

•  How  is  your  approach  original?  –  Integra7on  of  frameworks  to    

•  a`ain  a  holis7c  approach  •  recognize  dynamic  interac7ons    •  analyze  adap7ve  capacity  and  systemic  change  processes  •  consider  obstacles  and  op7ons  for  sustainability  

Page 13: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Strengths  and  Limita7ons  

•  Aspects  of  your  approach  that  are  working  well:  –   Facilitates  recogni7on  of  biophysical  and  social  interac7ons  and  processes  

–   Progress  with  7me  change  analysis  of  land  cover  change  

–   Interest  of  study  communi7es  •  Limita7ons  to  your  approach:  –  Inadequate  historical  or  baseline  climate  data    – Mul7tude  of  variables  (need  to  narrow)  –   Variables  that  resist  measurement    

Page 14: Tucker MRI Workshop Presentation-final · 2020-01-30 · Tucker_MRI Workshop Presentation-final.pptx Author: Julia Klein Created Date: 20150926034323Z

Thank  you  

Thanks  to  collaborators-­‐    Jessica  Fonseca,  Martha  Moreno,  Atanacio  Perez,    Edwin  Castellanos,  Hallie  Eakin,  Helda  Morales,  Rafael  Diaz,  Juan  Barrera,  Zoila  Perez