Around the World:Tuesday, 16th June 2020

Nigeria

Influential person: Victor MosesBorn in Kaduna in Lagos, Nigeria,1990.Lives in the United Kingdom and Turkey.Victor Moses is one of the most famous Nigerian football players of all times. His life story inspires people all around the world. He moved to the UK as an asylum seeker after his parents were killed when he was only 11 years old.He was placed in a foster family and started playing football at school. Before being approached by Crystal Palace, he played for a local Tandridgeleague.Throughout his successful career, he’s played for teams like Crystal Palace, Liverpool and Stoke City. He’s currently completing a season in the Turkish club Fenerbahçe, where he is on loan from Chelsea.

The flag of Nigeria was

designed in 1959 and first

officially hoisted on 1 October

1960. The flag has

three vertical bands of

green, white, green. The two

green stripes represent

Nigeria's natural wealth,

while the white band

represents peace.

National Day: 1st October – Independence Day.It marks Nigeria's declaration of independence from British rule on 1 October 1960.

National Emblem:The black shield represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the two supporting horses or chargers on each side represent dignity. The eagle represents strength, while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil. The red flowers at the base are Costus spectabilis,Nigeria'snational flower.

Nigeria: Where in the world is it?

• Nigeria is in West Africa.

• Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.

Nigeria: Key Facts• Nigeria is the most populated

country in Africa.

• Its oil and other natural resources make it the continent’s wealthiest country, but two thirds of the population live in poverty.

• The country is made up of an incredibly mixed group of people from more than 250 different ethnic groups and a number of different religions. Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%.

• Its landscape is just as varied; ranging from tropical rainforests and swamps, to deserts and open grasslands, to mountains and plateaus.

196 million

Lagos – the largest city in Nigeria and was the capital

until 1991

Abuja – Capital city of Nigeria

Slum houses in Lagos

Countryside in Nigeria

Languages of NigeriaYoruba

1. Hello - Pẹlẹ o

2. Good morning - E kaaro

3. Goodbye - O dabọ

4. Please - Jowo

5. Thank you - e dupe

6. My name is - Orukọ mi ni

7. What is your name? - Ki 'ni oruko re?

8. I live in (England) -Mo n gbe ni (England)

9. I would like an ice cream please -Emi yoo fẹran yinyin kan

10. How much is that? - Elo ni iyẹn?

• English is the official language of Nigeria, and is used in education, business and for official purposes.

• In rural areas, indigenous languages of Yoruba and Igbo are more commonly spoken. There are also many other languages.

1 ikan

2 meji

3 meta

4 merin

5 marun

6 mefa

7 meje

8 mejo

9 mesan

10 mewa

Can you write these sentences in Yoruba:1. Hello, my name is ...

2. I would like an ice cream please. How much is that?3. Thank you. Goodbye.

Imagine you have gone on holiday

to Nigeria.

Use the Key facts and the pictures

of Nigeria on slides 3 and 4 to write a postcard

to a friend or family member describing what

the country is like.

You could also include a key phrase or two from slide 5.

It has one of the fastest

growing economies in

the world

It has great cultural

richness and diversity

It holds important

natural resources

It is one of the historic centres of

African Unity

The Importance of Nigeria

Nigeria: Some background history

• Create a timeline of some of the key aspects of Nigerian history by placing the events in the correct order.

• E.g.

• 100,000 B.C. Stone Age people lived in South-East Nigeria.

• The Nri Kingdom in the Awka area was founded in about 900 AD in North Central Igboland, and is considered the oldest Kingdom in Nigeria.

• In the 1400 to 1500s A.D. the kingdom of Benin developed in the south central part of Nigeria. This lasted into the 1800s. In 1897 the British army invaded and made it part of the British Empire.

• The Nok civilisation of Central Nigeria flourished between 1,500 B.C. and AD 200, producing life-sized terracotta figures of humans and animals.

• Starting in the 1600s A.D., European traders began to establish coastal ports for trading with the local peoples. At first the primary export was slaves, but this was replaced with palm oil and timber once slavery was abolished by the British.

• From 2,000 to 750 B.C. Iron Age people lived in South East Nigeria.

• In 1914 Nigeria became a British colony. It would stay a British colony until 1960 when it became an independent country. Much of its history since has been marked with military rule.

• Archaeological evidence has shown that stone age people were living in south-eastern Nigeria 100,000 years ago.

• In the 1800s A.D. the Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio brought most of northern Nigeria under the control of his empire and converted many to the religion of Islam.

• To the north were the Hausa kingdoms developed around 1000 A.D.. In the south the Yoruba kingdom of the Oyo developed around 1400 A.D.

Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of Benin

• Use the next slides to design a Tourist Guide to Benin in the 1600 and 1700s.

• You should include:• Where is Benin?

• Who was the leader of Benin and how did he show his power?

• What was the city of Benin like?

• Why was Benin so wealthy and powerful?

Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of BeninHOW DID THE OBA SHOW HIS POWER? In Benin society the king, or Oba, was all-powerful. Study the objects and text, and see how he managed to persuade people to obey him. Look at what animals he is linked to, and how he is shown in the plaques.

Source 1 All land for farming purposes or residence was communal and controlled by the Oba on behalf of the people. Payment of tribute was given by each village to the Oba.Osadolor 2001: 84

Source 3 Leo Africanus, in the early 16th century, recorded that [the Oba] is served with such high reverence... [that on] his death his chief favourites count it the greatest point of honour to be buried with him. Graham 1965: 327

Source 4 The king himself was in charge of trading slaves, ivory and other important goods, so that all the profit went to support his court and government. Other merchants could only trade with the king’s permission. British Museum

Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of BeninWHAT WAS THE CITY OF BENIN LIKE? Only a few Europeans actually saw Benin City in its heyday, yet enough is known from remaining evidence to realise that the length of the walls was enormous.

Source 1 The king’s palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of Haarlem and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries, about as large as the Exchange at Amsterdam, but one larger than another, resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles... Dutch writer Olfert Dapper on Benin City, based on descriptions he had heard from European travellers, in Dapper 1668: 4

Source 2 The defensive fortification of Benin City, the capital, consisted of ramparts and moats, enclosing 4,000km2 of community lands. In total, the Benin wall system contained over 10,000km of earth boundaries. They are the world’s second largest man-made structure after China’s Great Wall, in terms of length, and the series of earthen ramparts are the most extensive earthwork in the world. Wysinger 2008

Source 3 [It] has thirty very straight and broad streets, each a hundred and twenty feet wide... [and] the houses stand built in rows, ingood order close by one another, as here in Europe. Dapper on Benin City, quoted in Graham 1965: 324

Source 4 Benin City was at least four miles large. The streets were exceptionally long and broad, in which continual markets are kept.The houses that were in use were large and handsome, with clay walls, and their architecture was ‘passable’. Sir Richard Burton’s description of Benin when he visited in 1862, quoted in Graham 1965: 324

Source 5: A drawing of Benin City, based on 17th-century traveller’s reports, in Dapper 1668: opposite 486

Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of BeninHOW DID THE KINGDOM OF BENIN BECOME SO WEALTHY? It was a combination of factors that caused Benin to become such an important kingdom in the 15th and 16th centuries. Its geographical situation helped as it linked the coast with the trans-Sahara trade routes.

Source 1 The rise of Benin... is closely connected with the European demand for slaves... The profits from the trade with the Europeans gave the rulers and merchants of Benin an incentive and also, in the form of firearms, the means, to extend their rule. (Graham 1965: 318)

Source 2 One method used successfully to expand Benin domination of the east-west trading system was the founding of the Olokuncult. Olokun, as the god of wealth, provided a religious excuse for the pursuit of commercial profit. The Olokun priests were usually relatives of the Oba. (Sargent 1986: 411)

Source 4 17th-century chroniclers mention Benin’s export of dyed cotton cloth, jasper stones, leopard skins, blue coral, pepper, and ivory, as well as women slaves. (Graham 1965: 321)

Source 5 The development of specialised craft production in the palace not only provided exchange goods but also created a need for raw materials. Leather, copper and other items were imported in increasing quantities. To provide export goods, increased production of salt, gold, camwood, ivory, beads, cloth and metal implements was demanded. (Sargent 1986: 412)

Source 6 Benin traded with Europeans to obtain guns, powder, metals, salt and cloth in exchange for palm oil, ivory, cloth, beads, pepper and slaves. Except for slaves, the other exports do not seem to have come from local sources. Apparently one of the keys to Benin’s wealth was its location at a junction of east-west and north-south trade. (Shillington 2005: 133)

Source 3: Cowrie shells British Museum Used as an exchange item both within the country and in trade with the Europeans

GeographyNigeria: Why is it an important country today?• Play a game of Battleships with

someone at home.

• Each of you will have information about the importance of Nigeria and each of you will have questions to ask your opponent.

• You have 30 seconds to find the information and answer the question. If you get the question right you gain a point, if you get it wrong or can’t answer in the time then your partner gains a point.

Nigeria: Why is it an important country in Africa?Your Information – use this to answer your opponents questions.

Nigeria's place in Africa:

• Nigeria has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa.

• In 2014 it had the highest Gross Domestic Product (how much all goods and services are worth) in Africa.

• It's population of 196 million is the largest in Africa.

Political Power

• Since independence from British rule in 1960 Nigeria has suffered with political instability, but this appears to be improving.

• Nigeria is now the 5th biggest contributor to United Nations peace keeping missions.

Agriculture:

• In 1999 70% of workers were employed in agriculture (farming), by 2012 this had reduced to 33% with more people now working in industry and services.

• The majority of these are subsistence farmers, growing only what they need to survive.

• Agricultural products are cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish.

Huge Potential:

• Despite it's problems, (corruption, poor infrastructure, inequality, power cuts,) the country has massive potential.

• ExPresident Obama -"Nigeria is critical to the rest of the continent and if Nigeria does not get it right, Africa will really not make progress."

• Questions to ask your opponent

1. Where in Africa is Nigeria located?

2. What is growing very quickly in Nigeria?

3. Where does most of Nigeria’s money come from?

4. What is the time difference between Nigeria and the UK?

5. Where is most of Nigeria’s oil found?

6. Why is Nigeria known as “the giant of Africa”?

7. What are exports and what does Nigeria export?

8. Name three of Nigeria’s natural resources?

Nigeria: Why is it an important country globally (in the world)?Your Information – use this to answer your opponents questions.

Nigeria is a Newly Emerging Economy:

• This means that it's experiencing rapid economic growth. In 2014 it was the world's 21st largest economy, but by 2050 it's predicted it will be 11th.

Nigeria's place in the world:

• Nigeria is a country in West Africa.

• It lies just north of the equator and is only one hour ahead of the UK.

• It's sometimes referred to as 'the giant of Africa' due to having the largest population. Currently 196 million people.

Natural Resources:

•Natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land for farming.

Oil Wealth:

• Most of Nigeria's money comes from oil. It's the 12th largest global (world) producer, accounting for 2.7% of the global supply.

• Oil accounts for 95% of the country's export earnings (money that is made from the country selling products abroad).

• Most of the oil in Nigeria is found around the Niger river Delta.

• A lot of countries like Nigeria’s oil because it has low levels of sulphur.

• Questions to ask your opponent

1. How big is Nigeria’s population?

2. Which country did Nigeria become independent from in 1960?

3. What did ex-President Obama say about Nigeria?

4. What job do most people do in Nigeria?

5. What did Nigeria have in 2014?

6. Name three crops grown in Nigeria.

7. How is Nigeria involved with the United Nations?

8. Which three job sectors do Nigerians work in?

Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• Earth’s atmosphere is made up of different gases.

• Can you work out the correct percentage for each gas?

• Nitrogen (N2)

• Oxygen (O2)

• Argon (Ar)

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Other gases

0.93% 78.07% 20.95%

0.04% less than 0.01%

• If the percentage of gases in the atmosphere changes even slightly this can have dramatic effects.

• There is a special type of atomic bond that greenhouse gas molecules have. When infrared energy (or heat energy) comes in contact with a molecule of CO2, it causes the CO2’s bonds to vibrate. This vibration gives the molecule kinetic energy, and sends it off, bumping into other molecules around it. This friction between molecules generates more heat and the cycle continues.

So what is climate change?

Key term: Greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect on planets. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• During the industrial revolution humans started burning fossil fuels for vehicles, factories, heating, cooking, etc.

• Prior to the last 200 years, there was a fluctuating, yet relatively steady amount of carbon in our atmosphere. Many factors play into a complicated system of plants, animals, land, and oceans that generate and recycle carbon in and out of the atmosphere. This system is called the carbon cycle. Fossil fuels put a kink in the complex carbon cycle.

• Fossil fuels are derived from forms of carbon that have been stored underground for a very long time. They come from biological material that has been forming for millions of years under the earth’s surface. When we burn these materials, we are releasing new amounts of carbon that have not been part of the cycle for millions of years. The natural cycle can not balance out the large amounts of carbon being added.

• Another quality of fossil fuels is that they do not regenerate quickly. Because of the length of time they take to form, they are considered non-renewable energy sources, and if we continue to use them at our current worldwide rate, they will disappear.

• Can you divide these fuels into Fossil fuels and Non-fossil fuels?

• wood coal oilwind solar gas

What causes climate change?

Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• One major event revolving around climate change in Nigeria is the drying up of Lake Chad. Some years back, Lake Chad covered an estimated area of over 40,000 km2, while presently it now covers 1300 km2.

• Land is laying waste by rising temperature which is leading to the southwards expansion of the Sahara desert. Farmlands and surrounding villages have become barren due desertification. The effects of this have led to the massive migration of people in search of more fertile land.

• Climate change has also caused rising temperature, more intense and frequent weather events and sea level rises. Due to Nigeria’s population, the consequences are increased water and food shortages, higher exposure to heat stress and ultraviolent radiation.

• Climate change events affect all aspects of human life and health. Clean air is becoming polluted which is increasing the frequency of allergic and respiratory disorders.

• Safe drinking water and food shortages are caused by Lake Chad drying up. Fertile land is more difficult to find and there is limited water to irrigate crops.

• Higher temperatures are causing a higher risk of cancers.

How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• Limit your energy usage: Walk or ride a bike when possible. Turn off lights and appliances when not in use.

• Explore alternative energy sources: You don’t need to be a top scientist to learn about and use renewable energy! (See the next slide - The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind!)

• EDUCATE OTHERS! Many are unaware of, or don’t understand what Climate Change means for our world. Pass on what you know!

• Can you think of any more?

• Design a poster warning about climate change and its effects on Nigeria.

• You should include:• What climate change is• What causes climate change• How climate change is affecting Nigeria• What can be done to help

What can be done to help?

Science/Technology and English/Literacy“The Boy who harnessed the wind”

by William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer

• 28th September, 2009— -- William Kamkwamba grew up amidst poverty and famine in rural parts of the African nation of Malawi. Seeking to save his village from the drought, William devised a plan to build a windmill to power an electric water pump . With the use of discarded motor parts, a PVC pipe and an old bicycle wheel, Kamkwamba created a windmill to harness one of the only resources available to the people of Malawi: wind. With the help of his friends William built a full-size wind turbine which leads to a successful crop being sown. He was only 14.

• “The preparation was complete, so I waited. The muscles in my arms still burned from having worked so hard, but now I was finished. The machinery was bolted and secured. The tower was steady and unmoving under the weight of twisted steel and plastic. Looking at it now, it appeared exactly as it was—something out of a dream.

• News of the machine had spread to the villages, and people were starting to arrive. The traders spotted it from their stalls and packed up their things. The truckers left their vehicles along the roads. Everyone walked into the valley, and now gathered in its shadow. I recognized these faces. Some of these people had mocked me for months, and still they whispered, even laughed. More of them were coming. It was time.

• A sudden gust muffled the voices below, then picked up into a steady wind. It took hold of my T-shirt and whistled through the tower rungs. Reaching over, I removed a bent piece of wire that locked the machine's spinning wheel in place. Once released, the wheel and arms began to turn. They spun slowly at first, then faster and faster, until the force of their motion rocked the tower. My knees buckled, but I held on.

• Don't let me down.

• I gripped the reed and wires and waited for the miracle. Finally it came, at first a tiny light that flickered from my palm, then a surging magnificent glow.“

Design a machine that uses natural power (wind, water, solar) to help the people of Nigeria. What are you going to help them with and how? What materials will you need?

Using the extract from “The Boy who harnessed the wind” to help you, write an extract from your memoirs

describing your invention, how you felt about it and how people in the local area reacted.

Maths: Foreign Aid • As you have already learnt

much of Nigeria is very poor, two thirds of the population live in poverty.

• The richer countries in the world like the US and the UK provide Aid to the poorer countries to try to help them get out of poverty and improve people’s lives.

• Sometimes money is loaned to countries. Loans are sums of money that at some time in the future have to be paid back with interest.

• Aid is gifts of money, goods, food, machinery, technology and trained workers. The aims is to raise standards of living.

• In 2017, the United States spent over $46 billion in foreign aid. Over 38.5% of that budget went to just ten countries:

• Nigeria ($644 million)

• Israel ($3.18 billion)

• South Sudan ($922 million)

• Afghanistan ($4.89 billion)

• Jordan ($1.38 billion)

• Kenya ($899 million)

• Uganda ($608 million).

• Ethiopia ($943 million)

• Iraq ($3.36 billion)

• Pakistan ($892 million)

• Can you rank these countries in order according to how much Aid they received from the US in 2017. Remember billion is 1000 million.

• Where does Nigeria rank?

• Challenge: Can you work out the percentage of Aid given to Nigeria by America. America gave $46 billion in Aid, Nigeria received $644 million.

Maths: How is the Foreign Aid spent?

How was Foreign Aid spent in Nigeria in 2013?

Health care 59%Education 6%Provision of clean water and removal of waste 14%Roads and transport 7%Production 7%Other 7%

Draw a bar graph to show where Foreign Aid was spent in Nigeria in 2013. Healthcare is

done for you.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

How was Foreign Aid spent in Nigeria in 2013?

Sport in Nigeria – let’s get active

• Football (soccer) is popular in Nigeria, the national team known as the "Super Eagles" have made 5 appearances at the World Cup, won the African Cup of Nations 3 times and won the football gold medal at the 1996 Olympics.

• Basketball is also popular in Nigeria.

• Nigeria's national basketball team qualified for the 2012 Olympics and the country has exported a number of players to America's NBA including Hakeem Olajuwon.

Try these football challenges•How many times can you kick the ball in the air without it dropping on the ground?•Throw the ball in the air, head it, catch•Foot to knee – how many times can you do this?•Set up a course using objects in your home e.g. tins to dribble the ball around

Masquerades

Masquerades are a huge aspect of Nigerian culture.Masked costumed figures are considered to embody the spirits, and serve as a fundamental part of Nigerian religious tradition. Nowadays they double up as entertainment and appear during weddings and festivals, particularly at Christmas time. Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groups, each with its own masquerade. The masks and costumes are visually striking. They can be made from a variety of materials such as grass, animal horns and teeth, and the young men who wear them sometimes cover their limbs in black palm oil to mesmerizing and scary effect. The masquerades travel through the villages, performing dances, acrobatics and reciting incantations. They chase terrified villagers with bows and arrows or whips is also part of the tradition, so get ready to move your feet.

Design your own masquerade costume. You can draw or paint this or if you have some

old material at home maybe you could make a costume.