Turkey 1

Turkey

Republic of TurkeyTürkiye Cumhuriyeti

Anthem: İstiklal MarşıIndependence March

Location of Turkey

Capital Ankara39°55′N 32°50′E

Largest city Istanbul

Official language(s) Turkish

Demonym Turkish

Government Parliamentary republic

 -  Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

 -  President Abdullah Gül

 -  Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

 -  Speaker of the Parliament Cemil Çiçek

 -  President of the Constitutional Court Haşim Kılıç

Legislature Grand National Assembly

Succession to the Ottoman Empire

 -  Treaty of Lausanne 24 July 1923 

 -  Declaration of Republic 29 October 1923 

Area

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 -  Total 783562 km2 (37th)302535 sq mi 

 -  Water (%) 1.3

Population

 -  2011 estimate 74,724,269[1] (18th)

 -  2000 census 67,803,927[2]

 -  Density 97/km2 (108th)239.8/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate

 -  Total $1.073 trillion[3] (16th)

 -  Per capita $14,517[3] (64th)

GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate

 -  Total $778.089 billion[3] (18th)

 -  Per capita $10,522[3] (62nd)

Gini (2008) 40[4] (medium) 

HDI (2011) 0.699[5] (high) (92nd)

Currency Turkish lira[6] (TRY)

Time zone EET (UTC+2)

 -  Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)

Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (AD)

Drives on the right

ISO 3166 code TR

Internet TLD .tr

Calling code 90

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a Eurasiancountry located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe.Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast;Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. TheMediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. TheSea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate theboundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.[7]

Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims.[8] The country'sofficial language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute18% of the population.[9]

Oghuz Turks began migrating into the area now called Turkey (derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia, i.e. "Land of the Turks") in the 11th century. The process was greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert.[10] Several small beyliks and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion. Starting from the 13th century, the Ottoman beylik united Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. After the Ottoman Empire collapsed following its

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defeat in World War I, parts of it were occupied by the victorious Allies. A cadre of young military officers, led byMustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues, organized a successful resistance to the Allies; in 1923, they wouldestablish the modern Republic of Turkey with Atatürk as its first president.Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with an ancient cultural heritage. Turkey has becomeincreasingly integrated with the West through membership in organisations such as the Council of Europe, NATO,OECD, OSCE and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Unionin 2005, having been an associate member of the European Economic Community since 1963 and having joined theEU Customs Union in 1995. Turkey has also fostered close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations withthe Middle East, the Turkic states of Central Asia and the African countries through membership in organisationssuch as the Turkic Council, Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture, Organisation of Islamic Cooperationand the Economic Cooperation Organisation.Turkey's location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of significant geostrategicimportance.[11][12][13] Given its strategic location, large economy and military strength, Turkey is a major regionalpower.[13][14]

EtymologyThe name of Turkey, Türkiye in the Turkish language, can be divided into two components: the ethnonym Türk andthe abstract suffix –iye meaning "owner", "land of" or "related to" (derived from the Arabic suffix –iyya, which issimilar to the Greek and Latin suffixes –ia). The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym iscontained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century). The Englishword "Turkey" is derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia (c. 1369).[15] The Greek cognate of this name, Tourkia(Greek: Τουρκία) was originally used by the Byzantines to describe medieval Hungary[16][17][18] (since pre-MagyarHungary was occupied by proto-Turkic and Turkic tribes, such as the Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Kabars, Pechenegs andCumans.) Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspianseas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources. However, the Byzantines later began usingthis name to define the Seljuk-controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in1071.

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History

AntiquityThe Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions inthe world. The earliest Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery NeolithicA to Pottery Neolithic), Nevalı Çori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), Hacılar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe(Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin (Yumuktepe) are considered to be among the earliest human settlements in theworld.[19]

Portion of the legendary walls of Troy (VII),identified as the site of the Trojan War (ca. 1200

BCE.)

The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic and continued into theIron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spokenIndo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as manylanguages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of theIndo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars haveproposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which theIndo-European languages radiated.[20] The Hattians were an ancientpeople who inhabited the Central Anatolia, noted at least as early as ca.2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and graduallyabsorbed Hattians ca. 2000–1700 BC. The first major empire in thearea was founded by the Hittites, from the eighteenth through the 13thcentury BC. The Assyrians colonized parts of southeastern Turkey as

early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC, when the Assyrian Empire was conquered by the Chaldean dynasty inBabylon.[21][22] Following the Hittite collapse, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy untiltheir kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.[23] The most powerful of Phrygia's successorstates were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentallyIndo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenisticperiods.

The Celsus Library in Ephesus, dating from 135AD.

Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled byAeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous important cities were foundedby these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna (modern İzmir),and Byzantium (later Constantinople and Istanbul). The first stateestablished in Anatolia that was called Armenia by neighboringpeoples (Hecataeus of Miletus and Behistun Inscription) was the stateof the Armenian Orontid dynasty. Anatolia was conquered by thePersian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries BC andlater fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC.[24] Anatolia wassubsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms(including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus), all of whichhad succumbed to the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC.[25]

In 324, the Roman emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming itNew Rome (later Constantinople and Istanbul). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it became the capital ofthe Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).[26]

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Turks and the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman territories acquired between 1481 and 1683.

The House of Seljuk was a branch of theKınık Oğuz Turks who resided on theperiphery of the Muslim world, in theYabghu Khaganate of the Oğuzconfederacy, to the north of the Caspian andAral Seas, in the 9th century.[27] In the 10thcentury the Seljuks started migrating fromtheir ancestral homeland into Persia, whichbecame the administrative core of the GreatSeljuk Empire.

In the latter half of the 11th century theSeljuks began penetrating into the easternregions of Anatolia. The victory of theSeljuk sultan Alp Arslan against theByzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenesat the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 gave riseto the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, whichdeveloped as a separate branch of the Great Seljuk Empire that covered parts of Central Asia, Persia, Anatolia, theLevant and southeast Arabia.[28]

In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate.In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would, over the next 200 years, evolve into theOttoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia, the Balkans and the Levant.[29] In 1453, the Ottomans completedtheir conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople.

The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne is one of themost famous architectural legacies of the

Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17thcenturies, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in itssteady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and thesouthern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[12] At sea, theOttoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues (composedprimarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic ofVenice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy ofTuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) for control of the MediterraneanSea. In the Indian Ocean, the Ottoman Navy frequently confrontedPortuguese fleets in order to defend the empire's monopoly over thehistoric maritime trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe;

these routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, which had aconsiderable impact on the Ottoman economy. In addition, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with SafavidPersia over territorial disputes or caused by religious differences between 16th and 18th centuries.[30]

During nearly two centuries of decline, the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, military power, and wealth. It entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide.[31][32] The Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone.[33] Large scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians.[34][35][36] Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers

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sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.[29]

Republic era

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and firstPresident of the Republic of Turkey.

The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in theaftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkishnational movement.[12] Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha,a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battleof Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aimof revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.[11]

By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and thenew Turkish state was established. On 1 November, the newly foundedparliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years ofOttoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923, led to theinternational recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed"Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire,and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923, in thenew capital of Ankara.[12]

Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequentlyintroduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new

secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.[12] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliamentbestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks.)[11]

Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at the SecondCairo Conference which was held between 4–6

December 1943.

Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered thewar on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945, as a ceremonialgesture; and on 26 June 1945, became a charter member of the UnitedNations.[37] Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling acommunist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union formilitary bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States todeclare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine enunciatedAmerican intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece,and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support.[38]

Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC forrebuilding European economies in 1948, and subsequently becamefounding members of the OECD in 1961.

After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming abulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violenceand the Greek military junta backed coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitaryorganization, which overthrew President Makarios (who fled to the United Kingdom) and installed the pro-Enosis(union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974 upon the request forguarantorship intervention by the Turkish Cypriot leader and Vice President of the Republic of Cyprus RaufDenktaş.[39] Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey, wasestablished.[40]

The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997.[41] In 1984, the PKK began an insurgency against the Turkish government; the conflict, which has claimed over 40,000 lives, continues today.[42] Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger

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economic growth and greater political stability.[43]

Politics

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has beenelected three times as Prime

Minister: In 2002 (with 34% of thepopular vote), in 2007 (with 47%)

and in 2011 (with 49%).

Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as arepublic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism.[44]

Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out themain principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralizedstate.

The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonialrole. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. AbdullahGül was elected as president on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament roundof votes, succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer.[45]

Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministerswhich make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in theunicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary isindependent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court ischarged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution.The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and theHigh Court of Appeals for all others.[46]

The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often thehead of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of İstanbul,Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority ofparliamentary seats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with34% of the suffrage.[47]

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey inAnkara during a speech of U.S. President Barack

Obama on 6 April 2009.

In the 2007 general elections, the AKP received 46.6% of the votes andcould defend its majority in parliament.[48] Although the ministers donot have to be members of the parliament, ministers with parliamentmembership are common in Turkish politics. In 2007, a series ofevents regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in thelegislature occurred. These included the controversial presidentialelection of Abdullah Gül, who in the past had been involved withIslamist parties;[49] and the government's proposal to lift the headscarfban in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court,leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party.[50]

Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkeysince 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50registered political parties in the country.[51] The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of politicalparties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether.[52][53]

There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representationsystem from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (İstanbul is divided intothree electoral districts, whereas Ankara and İzmir are divided into two each because of their large populations). Toavoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes castin a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament.[51] Because of this threshold, inthe 2007 elections only three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002).[54][55]

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Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rightsviolations, particularly the right to life and freedom from torture. Other issues such as Kurdish rights, women's rightsand press freedom have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significantobstacle to future membership of the EU.[56] The Turkish Journalists Association says that 58 of the country'sjournalists have been imprisoned. A former U.S. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that theUnited States had "broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey."[57]

Foreign relations

Turkey is a founding member of the OECD andthe G-20 major economies.

Turkey began full membership negotiations withthe European Union in 2005, having been anassociate member of the EEC since 1963, andhaving joined the EU Customs Union in 1995.

Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD(1961), the OIC (1969), the OSCE (1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC(1992) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On 17 October 2008,Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United NationsSecurity Council.[58] Turkey's membership of the council effectivelybegan on 1 January 2009.[58] Turkey had previously been a member ofthe U.N. Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955 and 1961.[58]

In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europehave always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkeybecame a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949, appliedfor associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the EuropeanUnion) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. Afterdecades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membershipof the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the WesternEuropean Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 andhas been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005.[59]

Since 1974, Turkey has not recognized the (essentially Greek Cypriot)Republic of Cyprus as the sole authority on the island, but insteadsupports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de factoTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was established in 1983and is recognized only by Turkey.[60]

The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations has been its tieswith the United States. Based on the common threat posed by theSoviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the ColdWar. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to theMiddle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States' political,economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union.

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural andlinguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia,[61] thusenabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port ofCeyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become anenergy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closedfollowing Armenia's occupation of Azerbaijani territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.[62]

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Military

Troops of the Turkish Army; S-353 TCG Preveze; and a Turkish F-16 Fighting Falcon.

Turkey joined NATO in 1952.

The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Army, the Navy and the AirForce. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of theMinistry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they aresubordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively inwartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement andmilitary functions.[63]

The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed forcein NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces, with a combined strength ofjust over a million uniformed personnel serving in its five branches.[64]

Since 2003, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps andtakes part in the EU Battlegroups.[65] Turkey is also considered to be the strongest military power of the Middle Eastregion besides Israel.[14]

Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from threeweeks to fifteen months, dependent on education and job location.[66] Turkey does not recognise conscientiousobjection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.[67]

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Turkey is one of nine partner states of the F-35Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) development and

production programme.

Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of thenuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium,Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[68] A total of 90 B61 nuclearbombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated foruse by the Turkish Air Force.[69]

In 1998, Turkey announced a programme of modernisation worthUS$160 billion over a twenty year period in various projects includingtanks, fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, warships and assaultrifles.[70] Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter(JSF) programme.[71]

Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under theUnited Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, andsupport to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in northern Cyprus; their presenceis supported and approved by the de facto local government, but the Republic of Cyprus and the internationalcommunity regard it as an illegal occupation force, and its presence has also been denounced in several UnitedNations Security Council resolutions.[72] Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United Statesstabilisation force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since2001.[64][73] In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of theIsraeli-Lebanon conflict.[74]

The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the president and is responsible to the prime minister. The Council ofMinisters is responsible to parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armedforces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces toforeign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the parliament.[63] Theactual commander of the armed forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Özel since August 4,2011.[75]

Administrative divisionsFurther information: List of regions of Turkey, Provinces of Turkey, and Districts of Turkey

Districts of Turkey

The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territoryof Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces foradministrative purposes. The provinces areorganized into 7 regions for census purposes;however, they do not represent an administrativestructure. Each province is divided into districts,for a total of 923 districts.

Provinces usually bear the same name as theirprovincial capitals, also called the central district;exceptions to this custom are the provinces ofHatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: İzmit)and Sakarya (capital: Adapazarı). Provinces withthe largest populations are Istanbul (13 million),Ankara (5 million), İzmir (4 million), Bursa (3million) and Adana (2 million).

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The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital Istanbul is the financial, economic and cultural heart of thecountry.[76] An estimated 75.5% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.[77] In all, 19 provinces havepopulations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 20 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000.

AnkaraKırklareli

EdirneTekirdağ

ÇanakkaleBalıkesir

BursaYalovaIstanbulKocaeliSakaryaDüzce

ZonguldakBolu

BilecikEskişehirKütahyaManisaİzmirAydınMuğlaDenizliBurdur

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UşakAfyonIspartaAntalyaKonyaMersin

KaramanAksarayKırşehirKırıkkaleÇankırıKarabükBartın

KastamonuSinopÇorumYozgat

NevşehirNiğdeAdanaHatay

OsmaniyeK. MaraşKayseriSivasTokat

AmasyaSamsun

OrduGiresunErzincanMalatya

GaziantepKilis

ŞanlıurfaAdıyaman

GümüşhaneTrabzon

Rize

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BayburtErzurumArtvin

ArdahanKarsAğrıIğdır

TunceliElâzığ

DiyarbakırMardinBatman

SiirtŞırnakBitlis

BingölMuşVan

Hakkâri

Geography

Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, connecting Europeand Asia.

Turkey is a transcontinental[78] Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (madeup largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, isseparated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea ofMarmara, and the Dardanelles (which together form a water linkbetween the Black Sea and the Mediterranean). European Turkey(eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 3% ofthe country.[79]

The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) longand 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.[76] It liesbetween latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E.Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562[80] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 squarekilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.[76] Turkeyis the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Seato the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmarain the northwest.[81]

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Marmaris on the Turkish Riviera.

The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders ofTurkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country,Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains,between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and theTaurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a moremountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as theEuphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Lake Van and Mount Ararat,Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft).[81][82] Lake Tuz,Turkey's third-largest lake, is a macroscopically visible feature in themiddle of the country.

Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia,Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Searesembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As ageneral trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.[81]

Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) is the highest peak inTurkey at 5137 metres (unknown operator:

u'strong' ft)

Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earthmovements that have shaped the region over thousands of years andstill manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasionalvolcanic eruptions. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe theirexistence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to thecreation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across thenorth of the country from west to east, which caused a majorearthquake in 1999.[83]

Climate

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and theMediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers andcool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the onlyregion of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500millimetres annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul), which connects the Aegean Sea andthe Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanicclimate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastalareas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days.Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of theMediterranean Sea.Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterraneaninfluences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climatewith sharply contrasting seasons.Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C (−22 °F to −40 °F) can occur ineastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperaturesaverage below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day.Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driestregions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres(12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.[84]

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Economy

A cruise ship (left) and Seabus (right) navigatingthrough the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul. Turkishport cities and coastal towns like Istanbul, Izmirand Kuşadası are among the popular destinationsof cruise ship holiday tours in the Mediterranean

Sea.

Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP[85] and 17th largestnominal GDP.[85] The country is a founding member of the OECD andthe G-20 major economies. During the first six decades of the republic,between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statistapproach with strict government planning of the budget andgovernment-imposed limitations over private sector participation,foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment.However, in 1983 Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series ofreforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated systemto a more private-sector, market-based model.[43]

The reforms, combined with unprecedented amounts of foreign loans,spurred rapid economic growth; but this growth was punctuated bysharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year),[86] and 2001;[87] resultingin an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003.[88] Lack of additional fiscal reforms, combinedwith large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak bankingsector and increased macroeconomic volatility.[89] Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by thefinance minister of the time, Kemal Derviş, inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence andforeign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen.

Entrance to the Şişli station of the Istanbul Metroin front of Istanbul Cevahir, Europe's largest

shopping mall.

Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reformsby reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment andthe privatisation of publicly owned industries, and the liberalisation ofmany sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amidpolitical debate.[90] The public debt to GDP ratio, while well below itslevels during the recession of 2001, reached 46% in 2010 Q3. TheGDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7%,[91] which madeTurkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during thatperiod. However, growth slowed to 1% in 2008, and in 2009 theTurkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with arecession of 5%. The economy was estimated to have returned to 8%growth in 2010.[92]

In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch ofa new currency, the Turkish new lira, on 1 January 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms anderase the vestiges of an unstable economy.[93] On 1 January 2009, the new Turkish lira was renamed once again asthe Turkish lira, with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms,inflation dropped to 8% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10%.[94]

Turkey 16

One of the fastest growing airline companies inthe world, Turkish Airlines won Europe's Best

Airline and Southern Europe's Best Airlineawards by Skytrax.[95] Turkish Airlines was

chosen as the official carrier by Europe's leadingfootball clubs like FC Barcelona[96] and

Manchester United.[97] The company is also theprimary sponsor of Euroleague Basketball.[98]

Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twentyyears, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2008 therewere 31 million visitors to the country, who contributed $22 billion toTurkey's revenues.[99] Other key sectors of the Turkish economy arebanking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oilrefining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machineindustry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing automotiveindustry, which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in 2008, ranking asthe 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom andabove Italy) and the 15th largest producer in the world.[100][101] Turkeyis also one of the leading shipbuilding nations; in 2007 the countryranked 4th in the world (behind China, South Korea and Japan) interms of the number of ordered ships, and also 4th in the world (behindItaly, USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered megayachts.[102]

Esenboğa International Airport in Ankara.

Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry in majorcities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, andless on agriculture. However, traditional agriculture is still a majorpillar of the Turkish economy. In 2010, the agricultural sectoraccounted for 9% of GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for26% and the services sector 65%.[92] However, agriculture still

accounted for 24.7% of employment.[103] In 2004, it was estimated that 46% of total disposable income was receivedby the top of 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%.[104] According to Eurostat data, Turkish PPSGDP per capita stood at 49% of the EU average in 2010.[105]

Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel areamong the largest producers of consumer

electronics and home appliances inEurope.

Turkey has taken advantage of the European Union – Turkey Customs Union,signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports,while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into thecountry. Turkey now has also opportunity of a free trade agreement with theEuropean Union (EU) – without full membership – that allows it tomanufacture for tarif-free sale throughout the EU market.[106][107]

By 2009 exports were $110 bn and in 2010 it was $117 bn (main export partners in 2009: Germany 10%, France 6%,UK 6%, Italy 6%, Iraq 5%). However larger imports, which amounted to $166 billion in 2010, threatened thebalance of trade (main import partners in 2009: Russia 14%, Germany 10%, China 9%, US 6%, Italy 5%, France5%).[92]

After years of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), Turkey succeeded in attracting $22 billion in FDI in2007 and is expected to attract a higher figure in following years.[108] A series of large privatisations, the stabilityfostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in thebanking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to a rise in foreign investment.[90]

Turkey 17

Demographics

Ethnic groups in Turkey (2008)[109]

Ethnic groups Percent

Turks 76.0%

Kurds 15.7%

Others 8.3%

The last official census was in 2000 and recorded a total country population of 67,803,927 inhabitants.[2] Accordingto the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in2011,[1] nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities. According to the 2011 estimate, the population isincreasing by 1.35% each year. Turkey has an average population density of 97 people per km². People within the15–64 age group constitute 67,4% of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3%; while seniorcitizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3%.[110] In 1927, when the first official census was recorded in theRepublic of Turkey, the population was 13.6 million.[111]

Life expectancy stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women, with an overall average of 73.2 years for thepopulace as a whole.[112] Education is compulsory and free from ages 6 to 15. The literacy rate is 97.79% for malesand 90.13% for females as of the year 2010.[113]

The historic İstiklal Avenue in Istanbul'scosmopolitan Beyoğlu district.

Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone whois bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship";therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey isdifferent from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of theTurkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. They are estimated at70–75% by the CIA[114] and at 76.0% by a survey of Milliyet in2007.[109]

The Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in thesoutheastern provinces of the country, are the largest non-Turkicethnicity, estimated at about 18% of the population according to the

CIA[114] and at 15.7% according to a survey by the Milliyet daily newspaper.[109] Minorities other than the threeofficially recognized ones do not have any special group privileges, while the term "minority" itself remains asensitive issue in Turkey. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available, because Turkish censusfigures do not include statistics on ethnicity.[115]

The three officially recognized major minorities ethnic groups (per the Treaty of Lausanne), i.e. are: Armenians,Greeks and Jews. Signed on 30 January 1923, a bilateral accord of population exchange between Greece and Turkeytook effect in the 1920s, with close to 1.5 million Greeks moving from Turkey and some 500,000 Turks comingfrom Greece.[116] Other ethnic groups include Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians,Georgians, Hamshenis, Laz, Pomaks (Bulgarians), Roma.Minorities of West European origin include the Levantines (or Levanter, mostly of French, Genoese and Venetiandescent) who have been present in the country (particularly in Istanbul[117] and İzmir[118]) since the medieval period.An estimated 71% of the population live in urban centers.[119] In all, 18 provinces have populations that exceed 1million inhabitants, and 21 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only twoprovinces have populations less than 100,000.

Turkey 18

LanguageTurkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey. Reliable figures for the linguistic breakdown of the populaceare not available for reasons similar to those cited above.[115] According to the CIA World Factbook, the Turkishlanguage is spoken by about 70–75% of Turkey's population, while Kurdish is spoken by approximately 18%.[92]

The public broadcaster TRT broadcasts programmes in the local languages and dialects of Arabic, Bosnian,Circassian and Kurdish a few hours a week.[120] A Kurdish language public television channel, TRT 6, was openedon 1 January 2009.[121] It was followed by TRT Avaz which was launched on 21 March 2009 and broadcasts in theAzeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek and Turkmen languages; while the TRT Arabic television channel startedbroadcasting on 4 April 2010.[122]

Religion

Religions in Turkey[8]

Religions Percent

Islam 96.1%

Irreligious 3.2%

Christianity 0.6%

Others 0.1%

Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) in Istanbul.

Turkey is a secular state with no official statereligion; the Turkish Constitution provides forfreedom of religion and conscience.[123][124] Islamis the dominant religion of Turkey, it exceeds 99%if secular people of Muslim background areincluded.[92][125][126] Research firms suggest theactual Muslim figure is around 98%[127] or 97%.[8]

There are about 120,000 people of differentChristian denominations, including an estimated80,000 Oriental Orthodox,[128] 35,000 RomanCatholics,[129] 5,000 Orthodox (of them3,000–4,000 being Greeks)[128] and smallernumbers of Protestants. Today there are 236churches open for worship in Turkey.[130] TheOrthodox Church has been headquartered in Istanbul since the 4th century. Christians represent less than 0.2% ofTurkey's population, according to the CIA World Factbook.[131]

There are about 26,000 people who are Jewish, the vast majority of whom are Sephardi.[132]

The Bahá'í Faith in Turkey has roots in Bahá'u'lláh's, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, being exiled to Constantinople,current-day Istanbul, by the Ottoman authorities. Bahá'ís cannot register with the government officially[133] but thereare probably 10[134] to 20[135] thousand Bahá'ís, and around a hundred Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies inTurkey.[136]

Though academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million.[137][138] According to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Shiite Twelvers (excluding Alevis) is 3 million (4.2%), and they live in Istanbul, Iğdır, Kars, Ankara, İzmir, Manisa, Çorum, Muğla, Ağrı and Aydın.[139] There are also some Sufi practitioners.[140] The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Turkish: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı), it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 80,000 registered

Turkey 19

mosques and employing local and provincial imams.[141] The role of religion has been controversial debate over theyears since the formation of Islamist parties.[142] Turkey was founded upon a strict secular constitution which forbidsthe influence of any religion, including Islam. There are sensitive issues, such as the fact that the wearing of theHijab is banned in universities and public or government buildings as some view it as a symbol of Islam – thoughthere have been efforts to lift the ban.[143][144][145][146] The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people areMuslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by theOttoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey on2007:[8] 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (religious); 34.3% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (believer); 9.7% defined themselvesas "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (fully devout); 2.3% defined themselves as "someonewho does not believe in religious obligations" (non-believer/agnostic); and 0.9% defined themselves as "someonewith no religious conviction" (atheist).[8]

Culture

Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Best Director award at the2008 Cannes Film Festival with Üç Maymun.

Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of variouselements of the Oğuz Turkic, Anatolian, Ottoman (which wasitself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures)and Western culture and traditions, which started with theWesternisation of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today.This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks andtheir culture with those of the peoples who were in their pathduring their migration from Central Asia to the West.[147][148]

As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-basedformer Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a verystrong separation of state and religion, an increase in the modes ofartistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic,the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts;such as museums, theatres, opera houses and architecture. Diversehistorical factors play important roles in defining the modernTurkish identity. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a"modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religiousand historical values.[147] The mix of cultural influences isdramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols of theclash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the works of Orhan

Pamuk, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.[149]

Turkish music and literature form great examples of such a mix of cultural influences, which were a result of theinteraction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe, thus contributing to a blend ofTurkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts.[150] Turkish literature washeavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era, though towards the end of theOttoman Empire, particularly after the Tanzimat period, the effect of both Turkish folk and European literarytraditions became increasingly felt. The Tanzimat reforms of 1839–1876 brought changes to the language ofOttoman written literature, and introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the shortstory. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, thepoet Nâmık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (Awakening), while the journalist Şinasi is noted for

Turkey 20

writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Most ofthe roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. Broadly, there were threeprimary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî(Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyyât (National Literature) movement. The Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde(New Literature) movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine Servet-i Fünûn (Scientific Wealth),which was largely devoted to progress (both intellectual and scientific) along the Western model. Accordingly, themagazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating aWestern-style "high art" in Turkey.

One of the main entrance gates of theDolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul.

The first radical step of innovation in 20th century Turkish poetry wastaken by Nâzım Hikmet, who introduced the free verse style. Anotherrevolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the GaripMovement led by Orhan Veli Kanık, Melih Cevdet Anday and OktayRıfat. Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone inpoetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art. Theyemployed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by NâzımHikmet, but also a highly colloquial language, and wrote primarilyabout mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. Thereaction was immediate and polarized: most of the academicestablishment and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkishpopulation embraced them wholeheartedly.

Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that have influenced theregion over the centuries. In addition to the traditional Byzantine elements present in numerous parts of Turkey,many artifacts of the later Ottoman architecture, with its exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions, are to befound throughout the country, as well as in many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Mimar Sinan is widelyregarded as the greatest architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Since the 18th century, Turkisharchitecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles, and this can be particularly seen in Istanbul wherebuildings like Dolmabahçe and Çırağan Palaces are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers, all of themrepresenting different traditions.[151]

Sports

Atatürk Olympic Stadium hosted the 2005 UEFAChampions League Final.

The most popular sport in Turkey is soccer.[152] Turkey's top teamsinclude Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor. In 2000,Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning theUEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Two years later the Turkish nationalteam finished third in the 2002 World Cup Finals in Japan and SouthKorea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of theUEFA Euro 2008 competition. The Atatürk Olympic Stadium inIstanbul hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, while theŞükrü Saracoğlu Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final.

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are alsopopular. Turkey hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001 and the finals of the 2010 FIBA World Championship,winning second place on both occasions; while Efes Pilsen S.K. won the Korać Cup in 1996, finished

Turkey 21

Türk Telekom Arena is the new home ground ofGalatasaray.

second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four ofEuroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001.[153] Turkish basketballplayers such as Mehmet Okur and Hedo Turkoglu have also beensuccessful in the NBA. Women's volleyball teams, namely Eczacıbaşı,Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta and Fenerbahçe Acıbadem, have wonnumerous European championship titles and medals.

Istanbul Park GP racing circuit.

Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium of Fenerbahçe hostedthe 2009 UEFA Cup Final.

The traditional Turkish national sport has been yağlı güreş (oiledwrestling) since Ottoman times.[154] Edirne has hosted the annualKırkpınar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361.[155] Internationalwrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling andGreco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, Worldand Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers bothindividually and as a national team.[156]

Weightlifting has been a successful Turkish sport. Turkishweightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous worldrecords and won several European,[157] World and Olympic[158]

championship titles. Naim Süleymanoğlu and Halil Mutlu haveachieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have wonthree gold medals in three Olympics.

Motorsports are also popular in Turkey. The Rally of Turkey wasincluded in the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003,[159]

while Formula One race weekends held at the Istanbul Park racingcircuit occurred annually between the 2005 and 2011 Formula Oneseasons. The Turkish Grand Prix was, however, not included in the2012 Formula One season's calendar.[160][161][162] Other importantannual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racingcircuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA WorldTouring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series.From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; whilethe Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Hornin Istanbul. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding and other extreme sports are becoming more popularevery year.

Notes

Footnotes

[1] "Turkish Statistical Institute" (http:/ / www. turkstat. gov. tr/ PreHaberBultenleri. do?id=10736). Turkstat.gov.tr. . Retrieved 2012-02-15.[2] "2000 census" (http:/ / www. citypopulation. de/ Turkey-C20. html). Citypopulation.de. .[3] "IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2012/ 01/ weodata/ weorept.

aspx?sy=2011& ey=2017& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=186& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC& grp=0& a=&

Turkey 22

pr. x=68& pr. y=13). International Monetary Fund. 2012. . Retrieved 17 April 2012.[4] "Gini Index" (http:/ / data. worldbank. org/ indicator/ SI. POV. GINI/ ). World Bank. . Retrieved 2 March 2011.[5] "Human Development Report 2011" (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2011_EN_Table1. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2011-11-02.[6] The Turkish lira (Türk Lirası, TL) replaced the Turkish new lira on 1 January 2009.[7] National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 0-7922-7528-4. "Europe" (pp.

68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River,Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."

[8] KONDA Research and Consultancy (2011-06-25). "Religion, Secularism and the Veil in daily life" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/20090325005232/ http:/ / www. konda. com. tr/ html/ dosyalar/ ghdl& t_en. pdf) (PDF). Milliyet. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.konda. com. tr/ html/ dosyalar/ ghdl& t_en. pdf) on 2009-03-25. .

[9] "CIA World Factbook gives 18% Kurds" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ tu. html#People). Cia.gov. .Retrieved 2011-05-16.

[10] "Turkey – Turkish Origins" (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ turkey/ 5. htm). Countrystudies.us. . Retrieved 2011-05-16.[11] Mango, Andrew (2000). Atatürk. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-011-1.[12] Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey; Vol.1, Empire of the Gazis. the rise and

decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1.[13] "Turkey and Russia on the Rise" (http:/ / www. stratfor. com/ weekly/ 20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise). Stratfor. 2009-03-17. . Retrieved

2011-08-21.[14] "Can Turkey Be a Source of Stability in the Middle East?" (http:/ / www. heptagonpost. com/ Dessi/

can_turkey_be_a_source_of_stability_in_the_middle_east). heptagonpost.com. 2010-12-18. . Retrieved 2011-05-16.[15] Harper, Douglas (2001). "Turk" (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?term=Turk). Online Etymology Dictionary. . Retrieved

2011-05-24.[16] On the right side of the Corona Græca in the Holy Crown of Hungary, there is a picture of the Hungarian King Géza I (1074–1077), with

the Byzantine Greek inscription: "ΓΕΩΒΙΤZΑC ΠΙΣΤΟC ΚΡΑΛΗC ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑC" (Geōvitzas pistós králēs Tourkías, meaning "Géza I,faithful kralj of the land of the Turks"). The contemporary Byzantine name for the Hungarians was "Turks".

[17] Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae(New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5. According to ConstantinePorphyrogenitus, writing in his De Administrando Imperio (ca. 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretches west as far as the SiretRiver (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains), and is four days distant from Tourkias (i.e. Hungary)."

[18] Istvan Baan: "Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa, 950–1453" (http:/ / books. google. com. tr/ books?id=uZDgivj7_RAC& pg=PA46& lpg=PA46&dq=metropolitanate+ of+ tourkia& source=bl& ots=wUYhlxFzqX& sig=zmJO_Y_ZZ-vxlNH_H0-KDE2YiLk& hl=tr&ei=oebbTYjVDtDz-gb08MnMDw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=metropolitanateof tourkia& f=false). Page 46.

[19] Thissen, Laurens (2001-11-23) (PDF). Time trajectories for the Neolithic of Central Anatolia (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/20070605005726/ http:/ / www. canew. org/ files/ Thissen lecture. pdf). CANeW – Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop. Archived fromthe original (http:/ / www. canew. org/ files/ Thissen lecture. pdf) on 5 June 2007. . Retrieved 2006-12-21.

[20] Balter, Michael (2004-02-27). "Search for the Indo-Europeans: Were Kurgan horsemen or Anatolian farmers responsible for creating andspreading the world's most far-flung language family?". Science 303 (5662): 1323. doi:10.1126/science.303.5662.1323. PMID 14988549.

[21] "Ziyaret Tepe – Turkey Archaeological Dig Site" (http:/ / www3. uakron. edu/ ziyaret/ timeline_3period. html). uakron.edu. . Retrieved2010-09-04.

[22] "Assyrian Identity In Ancient Times And Today'" (http:/ / www. aina. org/ articles/ assyrianidentity. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2010-09-04.[23] The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2000). "Anatolia and the Caucasus, 2000–1000 B.C. in Timeline of Art History."

(http:/ / www. metmuseum. org/ toah/ ht/ 03/ waa/ ht03waa. htm). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. . Retrieved 2006-12-21.[24] Hooker, Richard (1999-06-06). "Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5uNLYWJA2). Washington State

University, Washington, United States. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. wsu. edu/ ~dee/ GREECE/ PERSIAN. HTM) on2010-11-20. . Retrieved 2006-12-22.

[25] The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2000). "Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. – 1 A.D. in Timeline ofArt History." (http:/ / www. metmuseum. org/ toah/ ht/ 04/ waa/ ht04waa. htm). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. . Retrieved2006-12-21.

[26] Daniel C. Waugh (2004). "Constantinople/Istanbul" (http:/ / depts. washington. edu/ silkroad/ cities/ turkey/ istanbul/ istanbul. html).University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. . Retrieved 2006-12-26.

[27] Wink, Andre (1990). Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11thCenturies. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09249-8.

[28] Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-814098-3.[29] Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03093-9.[30] Kirk, George E. (2008). A Short History of the Middle East. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 1-4437-2568-4.[31] "FACT SHEET: ARMENIAN GENOCIDE" (http:/ / www. umd. umich. edu/ dept/ armenian/ facts/ genocide. html). University of

Michigan. . Retrieved 2010-07-15.

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[32] Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN0-313-34642-9.

[33] Patrick J. Roelle, Islam's Mandate- A Tribute to Jihad, AuthorHouse, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4520-8018-5, p. 33. (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=KL0RTx77lrwC& pg=PA33& dq=the-eastern+ "claims+ that+ Armenians+ were"& hl=en& ei=vvcHTrfQFKfMmAXIntS3DQ&sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=the-eastern "claims that Armenians were"& f=false)

[34] Bloxham, D. The great game of genocide: imperialism, nationalism, and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford UniversityPress, 2005, p. 150 (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=TSRkGNoEPFwC& pg=PA150&sig=ACfU3U09_Sjo0a0T4KpiS6QfG-94noUmdg)

[35] Levene, Mark (1998). Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia,1878–1923, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 12, Number 3 Winter 1998, pp. 393–433. ( abstract (http:/ / hgs. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/ content/ abstract/ 12/ 3/ 393)).

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[156] Christiane Gegner. "FILA Wrestling Database" (http:/ / www. iat. uni-leipzig. de/ datenbanken/ dbwrest/ start. php). Iat.uni-leipzig.de. .Retrieved 2010-11-01.

[157] Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters (http:/ / www. halter. gov. tr/AVRUPA REKORLARI. XLS)

[158] Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dünya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters (http:/ / www.halter. gov. tr/ DÜNYA-OLİMPİYAT REKORLARI. XLS)

[159] WRC Rally of Turkey: Brief event history (http:/ / www. wrcturkey. com/ v08/ e_historyevent. asp)[160] "Turkey dropped for 2012 F1 season" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2011/ SPORT/ motorsport/ 09/ 01/ motorsport. f1. 2012. calendar/ index.

html). CNN. . Retrieved 23 October 2011.[161] "Turkish Grand Prix dropped from 2012 calendar" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ sport1/ hi/ formula_one/ 14738779. stm). BBC Sport. .

Retrieved 23 October 2011.[162] "Turkey dropped from 2012 F1 calendar" (http:/ / af. reuters. com/ article/ sportsNews/ idAFJOE77U0NA20110831). REUTERS. .

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Citations

ReferencesHistory• Findley, Carter Vaughn (2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, USA.

ISBN 0-19-517726-6.• Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow.

ISBN 0-688-03093-9.• Mango, Andrew (2000). Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Overlook.

ISBN 1-58567-011-1.• Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-814098-3.• Shaw, Stanford Jay; Kural Shaw, Ezel (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge

University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1.• Wink, André (1990). Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the

Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09249-8.Politics and foreign policy• Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. (2006). "Upsurge amidst Political Uncertainty. Nationalism in post-2004 Turkey. SWP

Research Paper 2006/RP 11, October 2006" (http:/ / www. swp-berlin. org/ common/ get_document.php?asset_id=3380) (PDF). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International andSecurity Affairs). Retrieved 2007-07-31.

• Hale, William Mathew (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=50O5kEzZ1JQC& pg=RA1-PA1& dq=Turkish+ Armed+ Forces#PRA1-PA154,M1). Routledge (UK).ISBN 0-415-02455-2.

• Kosebalaban, Hasan. Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011)240 pages; examines tensions among secularist nationalism, Islamic nationalism, secular liberalism, and Islamicliberalism in shaping foreign policy since the 1920s; concentrates on era since 2003

• Rubin, Barry M.; Heper, Metin (2002). Political Parties in Turkey. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7146-5274-1.Foreign relations and military• Bal, İdris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC& pg=PP1& lpg=PP1& dq=turkey+ cold+ war). Universal Publishers. ISBN 1-58112-423-6.• Cook, Steven A.; Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth (2006-06-15). "Generating Momentum for a New Era in

U.S.-Turkey Relations" (http:/ / www. cfr. org/ content/ publications/ attachments/ TurkeyCSR. pdf) (PDF).Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2006-12-17.

Turkey 28

• Huston, James A. (1988). Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953 (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC& pg=PA198& lpg=PA198& dq=turkey+ cold+ war). Susquehanna UniversityPress. ISBN 0-941664-84-8.

• Rubin, Barry M.; Çarkoǧlu, Ali (2003). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, EconomicIntegration, and International Dynamics (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=1Nxy_E8Gds4C& pg=PP1&lpg=PP1& dq=Turkey+ European+ Union). Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7146-5402-7.

• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migrationand Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division (July 2001) (PDF). Turkey/Military service (http:/ / www.unhcr. org/ home/ RSDCOI/ 3c1622484. pdf). UNHCR.

Geography and climate• Turkish State Meteorological Service (2006). "Climate of Turkey" (http:/ / classic-web. archive. org/ web/

20080419130806/ http:/ / www. meteor. gov. tr/ 2006/ english/ eng-climateofturkey. aspx). Turkish StateMeteorological Service. Retrieved 2006-12-27.

Economy• Kaminski, Bartolomiej; Ng, Francis (2006-05-01). "Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European

markets" (http:/ / www-wds. worldbank. org/ external/ default/ WDSContentServer/ WDSP/ IB/ 2006/ 05/ 03/000016406_20060503112446/ Rendered/ PDF/ wps3908. pdf) (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 2006-12-27.

• Nas, Tevfik F. (1992). Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization. Lehigh University Press.ISBN 0-934223-19-X.

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). OECD Reviews of Regulatory Refom –Turkey: crucial support for economic recovery : 2002 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ufYU_fR7mLgC&pg=PP1& lpg=PP1& dq=Turkey). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.ISBN 92-64-19808-3.

• World Bank (2005). "Turkey Labor Market Study" (http:/ / siteresources. worldbank. org/ INTTURKEY/Resources/ 361616-1144320150009/ Labor_C2. pdf) (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 2006-12-27.

Demographics• Çarkoǧlu, Ali (2004). Religion and Politics in Turkey (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=t5G_zw9exMQC&

pg=PP1& lpg=PP1& dq=Religion+ in+ Turkey). Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-34831-5.• Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001). The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational

Perspectives (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=hvmy_skUPNYC& pg=RA1-PA422& lpg=RA1-PA422&dq="ethnic+ groups+ in+ turkey"). Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-509-8.

• Shankland, David (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=lFFRzTqLp6AC& pg=PP1& lpg=PP1& dq=Religion+ in+ Turkey). Routledge (UK).ISBN 0-7007-1606-8.

• "Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı! (Number of Kurds in Turkey!)" (http:/ / www. milliyet. com. tr/ default.aspx?aType=SonDakika& Kategori=yasam& ArticleID=873452& Date=07. 06. 2008& ver=16) (in Turkish).Milliyet. 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-06-07.

• Turkish Statistical Institute (2000). "2000 Census, population by provinces and districts" (http:/ / web. archive.org/ web/ 20061207220323/ http:/ / www. die. gov. tr/ nufus_sayimi/ 2000tablo5. xls) (XLS). Turkish StatisticalInstitute. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. die. gov. tr/ nufus_sayimi/ 2000tablo5. xls) on 2006-12-07.Retrieved 2006-12-11.

Culture• Goodwin, Godfrey (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27429-0.• Kaya, İbrahim (2003). Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=0Iy7pJBRgjYC& pg=PA58& lpg=PA58& dq=Turkish+ culture). Liverpool University Press.ISBN 0-85323-898-7.

Turkey 29

Further reading• Bozarslan, Hamit (2008). "Turkey: Postcolonial discourse in a non-colonised state". In Poddar, Prem et al..

Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe and its Colonies. Edinburgh UniversityPress.

• Mango, Andrew (2004). The Turks Today. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-615-2.• Pope, Hugh; Pope, Nicole (2004). Turkey Unveiled. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-581-4.• Revolinski, Kevin (2006). The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey. Citlembik.

ISBN 9944-424-01-3.• Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005). Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600. Royal Academy of Arts.

ISBN 1-903973-56-2.• Turkey: A Country Study (1996). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6.

External links• Official website (http:/ / www. tccb. gov. tr/ pages/ )• Turkey (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ tu. html) entry at The World

Factbook• Turkey (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Middle_East/ Turkey/ ) at the Open Directory Project•• Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey• Turkey travel guide from Wikitravel

Geographic data related to Turkey (http:/ / www. openstreetmap. org/ browse/ relation/ 174737) at OpenStreetMap• Key Development Forecasts for Turkey (http:/ / www. ifs. du. edu/ ifs/ frm_CountryProfile. aspx?Country=TR)

from International Futures

Article Sources and Contributors 30

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Hunter, Aee1980, Aegean Boy, Aegeanfighter, Aelffin, Aeminorhan, Aero1980, Aerodil, Aerospace1980, Afa86, AgentPeppermint, Agnostic2694, Ahassan05, Ahmet Hasim, Ahmet Tolga Tek, Ahoerstemeier, Ais523, Aivazovsky, Ajaxmaster, Aka519, Akanemoto, Akhristov, Akocsg, Alan McBeth, Alanbly, Alawadhi3000, Alderschloß, Aledeniz, Alessandro57, Alex43223, AlexanderShap, Alihandk, Alikimi4, Alivelideli, Alpboyraz, Alphachimp, Alphathon, Alphax, Alsandro, Altenmann, Amakuru, Amateur55, Americanneo, Amerika, Amilsum, Amitch, Anatolianpride, Andre Engels, Andreas2009, Andreas678, Andrewlp1991, Andrewpmk, Andy M. Wang, Andy Marchbanks, Andybazslim, Andyjsmith, Andyto0o, Angela, Angelo De La Paz, Anger22, Angr, Ankara56, AnonMoos, Anonymous editor, Anonymous56789, Antandrus, Antonio "Tony" Montana "Scarface", Anupam, Aozan, Aozcakir, ApprenticeFan, Arab Hafez, Arad, Arado, Aram Goldsmith, AramaeanSyriac, Aramgutang, Aranherunar, Archie123, ArchonMeld, Ardeshire Babakan, Aregakn, ArglebargleIV, Aristovoul0s, Aristovoulos, Arman88, Armanalp, Armavi8, Armavi88, Arminius, Arnold Reisman, Arnout Steenhoek, Arpeen, Arsenalfc06, Arshalooys, Art LaPella, Artaxiad, Asdfqwe123, Asmaybe, Asparagas, Assyria 90, Asteraki, Atacan887, Atacanus, Athaenara, Athenean, AtilimGunesBaydin, Atkinson 291, Atlantima, Ato, Attaleian, Aude, Auntof6, Avala, Avenger, Avicennasis, Avionics1980, Avnionur, Awaterl, AxG, AxLoriAx, Axel B Corlu, Axxxion, Aycan, Aydchery, Ayça Leovinus, Azxd, B, BD2412, BGManofID, BRFC Rovers Forever, Babaeski, Babakexorramdin, Bakudai, Balaam42, Balderdash707, Balthazarduju, Bambuway, Bamtelim, 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Kitkatcrazy, Kkokturk, Klael, Klausness, Kman665, Kmg90, Kml84, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koalorka, Koavf, Kosebamse, Kotniski, Kotoviski, Kotukedisherafeddin, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kozuch, Kpjas, Kr1st1deejay97, Kralizec!, Krawndawg, Krevkafka, Krich, Kross, Kudret abi, Kuifjeenbobbie, Kukini, Kungfuadam, Kungming2, Kuragin, Kuru, Kurulananfok, Kurykh, Kusma, Kutukagan, Kwamikagami, Kwiki, Kwjdh1324, Kylu, Kyriakos, Kızıl Şaman, Kızılsungur, L Kensington, LFaraone, Lacrimosus, Laertes d, Laffo, Lambiam, Lancaster Beaufighter, Lapsed Pacifist, Le Fou, Legobrick12, Leman72, Leonade16, Lerdthenerd, Lethe, Levineps, Levzur, Lexi Marie, Lexiconpc, LibStar, Librsh, Lifer00, Lightdarkness, Lightmouse, Lights, Ligulem, LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, Lima6, Linachang, Little firefly, LittleDan, Lizard1453, LlywelynII, Logan, Lokum, LonelyMarble, Lonewolf94, Look2See1, Looxix, Lord Emsworth, Loreena McKilkenny, Loren36, LorenzoB, Lortatlısı, LovesMacs, Loyalist Cannons, Lrzgnr, Ltimur, Lucas Richards, Ludwig354, 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Turkey.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: David Benbennick (original author)File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkey_(orthographic_projection).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: User:The Emirr, User:The EmirrFile:Troy1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Troy1.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Dodo, Nevit, Rrburke, 3 anonymous editsFile:Ephesus Celsus Library Façade .jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Façade_.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:BenhFile:Ottoman empire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ottoman_empire.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: André KoehneFile:Edirne 7333 Nevit.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Nevit DilmenFile:MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Cemal Işıksel (1905-1989)File:Roosevelt Inonu Churchill.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US PhotographerFile:Tayyip Erdoğan.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tayyip_Erdoğan.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Πρωθυπουργόςτης Ελλάδας from GreeceFile:Barack Obama addresses Turkish Parliament 4-6-09 2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barack_Obama_addresses_Turkish_Parliament_4-6-09_2.JPG License: Public Domain  Contributors: Chuck KennedyFile:2010 G-20 Seoul summit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg  License: Creative Commons AR-Presidency  Contributors: Presidenciade la Nacion ArgentinaFile:Europäische Zollunion.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Europäische_Zollunion.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:European_Union_as_a_single_entity.svg: CrazyPhunk derivative work: Kolja21 (talk)Image:Turkish troops.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkish_troops.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: PH1 Timm Duckworth, USN.Image:US Navy 050624-N-1464F-025 The Turkish submarine Preveze surfaces following the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) submarine escape and rescue exercise SorbetRoyal 2005.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_050624-N-1464F-025_The_Turkish_submarine_Preveze_surfaces_following_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(NATO)_submarine_escape_and_rescue_exercise_Sorbet_Royal_2005.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: TakabegImage:Turkish Air Force (F-16C Falcon).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkish_Air_Force_(F-16C_Falcon).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Maurice07, TakabegFile:NATO-2002-Summit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NATO-2002-Summit.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Cantus aten.wikipediaFile:F35A Prototyp AA1 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:F35A_Prototyp_AA1_2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. Air Force photo by SeniorAirman Julius Delos ReyesFile:Turkey districts.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turkey_districts.png  License: Public domain  Contributors: User:RarelibraFile:BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Atilim Gunes BaydinImage:Desc-20.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Desc-20.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Trevor ParscalFile:Bosphorus Bridge-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bosphorus_Bridge-1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Tinou Bao from SanFrancisco, USAFile:Marmaris TURKEY.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marmaris_TURKEY.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Nnevid, Nosferatü, OsmanyaylaliFile:NEO ararat big.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NEO_ararat_big.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA/JSCFile:Cruise ship and Seabus in Istanbul.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cruise_ship_and_Seabus_in_Istanbul.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: M.K.T. IstanbulFile:FulyaGirişi.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FulyaGirişi.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DanburyFile:2011-06-21 16-27-47 South Africa - Crossroads - TC-JNL.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2011-06-21_16-27-47_South_Africa_-_Crossroads_-_TC-JNL.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Hansueli Krapf

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 32

File:Esenboga terminal.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Esenboga_terminal.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:(Mustafa Goksu) CheyrekFile:Beko logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beko_logo.svg  License: Trademarked  Contributors: The EmirrFile:Istiklal Caddesi 06 24 09 0068.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Istiklal_Caddesi_06_24_09_0068.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Harvey Barrison from Massapequa, NY, USAFile:Sultan Ahmed Mosque Istanbul Turkey retouched.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DersaadetFile:Nuri Bilge Ceylan Cannes 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan_Cannes_2008.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Radikal fotoFile:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anniolek, Galileo01, Pascal.TessonFile:Atatürk Olympic Stadium Istanbul.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Atatürk_Olympic_Stadium_Istanbul.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: OlympisTRFile:Türk Telekom Arena view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Türk_Telekom_Arena_view.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:Jan Luca, User:MagnusManskeFile:Istanbul park front straight and main grandstand.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Istanbul_park_front_straight_and_main_grandstand.JPG  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: HomonihilisFile:FB-BJK.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FB-BJK.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Kızıl ŞamanFile:Openstreetmap logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Openstreetmap_logo.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:OpenStreetMap

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