turkish grammar tips hints

7/25/2019 Turkish Grammar Tips Hints

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Turkish Grammar Tips & HintsCompilation of Grammar Hints & Notes on the English Turkish Duolingo Skill

Tree

Compiled by SoroushiForoushi


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Table of Contents

Basics

HO GELDINIZ !ELCO"E!ord Order#erb $e%ses&ro%ou%s'r(iclesComma%ds

'd)ec(i*es + 1Food'ccusa(i*e

#o,el Harmo%y

Co%so%a%( "u(a(io%s&lurals

&lural Su--i.$o be

CopulaBe as a Comma%d

&ossessi*es&ossessi*e Su--i.esGe%i(i*e Case$o Ha*e

Da(i*e &ro%ou%s/ues(io%s

/ues(io%sLoca(i*eNumbers#erbs0 &rese%( co%(i%uous 1Da(es a%d $ime

Nou% Compou%ds'bla(i*e

'bla(i*e Case

Da(i*e Da(i*e Case!ha( (ime is i(

Saa( 2a3Saa( 2a3(a

&os(posi(io%s$ype 1 &os(posi(io%s$ype 4 &os(posi(io%s

!i(h or ,i(hou( 5I%s(rume%(al6'd)ec(i*e Forma(io%I%s(rume%(al CaseI%s(rume%(al &ro%ou%s

/ues(io%s + 4


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4

7es8No /ues(io%s7o2sa or #eya

Family9i%ship $erms

Ne:a(io%

Ne:a(io%Na(io%s;Cou%(ries;La%:ua:es

Co%so%a%( Harmo%y< &ar( Deu.====Na(io%ali(y *s> La%:ua:e *s> 'd)ec(i*e====

I%-i%i(i*eI%-i%i(i*es

Ordi%al NumbersOrdi%al Numbers9a3?%c?

&as( $e%se

&as( $e%se$he &osi(i*e Form$he /ues(io% Form

&as( $e%se Copula&OSI$I#E FO@"/AES$ION FO@"

Fu(ure $e%seFu(ure $e%se

$he &osi(i*e FormECE&$IONS===0

$he /ues(io% FormNe:a(io% 4&as( Ne:a(i*e -or #erbs&as( Ne:a(i*e CopulaFu(ure Ne:a(i*e

Su::es(io%Su::es(io%s< Declara(?*eSu::es(io%s< /ues(io%s

2i9i

&OSSESSI#E 9I@EL'$I#E CL'ASE 9I9I 'S ' CONANC$ION9I IN S&ECI'L &H@'SESI@@EGAL'@ FO@"S

@e-le.i*e &ro%ou%s@EFLEI#E &@ONOANS0 59END6

E.ample=0Geru%ds

GE@ANDS 'ND INFINI$I#ES0 5S" FLLE@6NO$E===0

#erbs0 'oris('oris( 8 Simple &rese%( $e%se 5Ge%i Zama%6


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$he &osi(i*e Form$he /ues(io% Form

Ne:a(io% Ne:a(i*e Form o- (he 'oris(

!ould;Ased (o 5+rdi6

$'L9ING 'BOA$ OLD H'BI$S0 5GEN Z'"'NIN H9'7ES6&osi(i*e FormNe:a(i*e Form/ues(io% Form

!hile;!he% 5+i2e%6Ca%

Ca%Ca%(

"us(8Should8Ha*e (o"eli8"al?

Zoru%daNarra(i*e pas( +mi

@epor(ed &as( $e%seI- 5Co%di(io%al;Sub)u%c(i*e6

&as( A%reali(yNo%+Fu(ure Ob)ec( &ar(>

+DI2$HE OBEC$ &'@$ICI&LE 'S 'N 'DEC$I#E$HE OBEC$ &'@$ICI&LE 'S ' NOAN$HE OBEC$ &'@$ICI&LE 'S 'N 'D#E@B

&assi*e &assi*e #oice#erb @oo(s E%di%: i% Co%so%a%(s E.cep( -or L#erb @oo(s E%di%: i% #o,els

!he% 5+i%ce6@ela(i*e &ro%ou%s +5y6'%

@ela(i*e &ro%ou%s


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Basics

HO GELDINI! "ELCO#E!

$ur2ish< u%li2e ma%y I%do+Europea% la%:ua:es< co%(ai%s no articlesa( all Surprisi%:ly

simple< ri:h( $ur2ish does ha*e i(s o,% li((le uir2s (ha( ,ill ma2e i( a challe%:e>

"or$ Or$er

$ur2ish is a %ubect'Obect'(erb la%:ua:e< mea%i%: (ha( se%(e%ces (a2e o% a di--ere%(

,ord order (ha% (ha( o- E%:lish< Fre%ch< Germa%< or mos( o(her la%:ua:es (ha( E%:lishspea2ers mos( commo%ly s(udy> $ha( bei%: said< a bac2:rou%d i% apa%ese< 9orea%< or

Hu%:aria% ,ill pro*e *ery use-ul> The )erb al*a+s comes at the en$o- (he se%(e%ce i%

,ri((e% $ur2ish 5spo2e% $ur2ish allo,s -or some -le.ibili(y6>

For example:Ben ,a-ete okurum> LiterallyJI %e,spaper read>K< mea%i%:< JI read

%e,spapers>K

(erb Tenses

$he $ur2ish la%:ua:e does dis(i%:uish be(,ee% a .present continuous/ an$ a .simple

present/ tense> I% (his lesso%< ,e ha*e i%cluded (he Jsimple prese%(K -orm o- a -e, *erbs $his mea%s (ha( (here is a di--ere%ce i% (he

se%(e%ces0

I ea( a sa%d,ich> 5prese%( simple6 I am ea(i%: a sa%d,ich> 5prese%( co%(i%uous6

Be care-ul ,hile you are (ra%sla(i%:< because (his does ma2e a di--ere%ce< )us( li2e i%

E%:lish

0ronouns

$he $ur2ish pro%ou%s are as -ollo,s0

%in,ular 0lural

1s( &erso% Be% Bi

4%d &erso% Se% Si

rd &erso% O O%lar


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M

Sizbeha*es )us( li2e vousi% Fre%ch< ser*i%: bo(h as you (plural)a%d you (formal)>

1rticles

$here are %o ar(icles i% $ur2ish $he %umber o%e 5bir6 is some(imes used (o dis(i%:uish

be(,ee% (he8a5%6> Ho,e*er< i- a %ou% is i% (he sub)ec( posi(io%< (here is %o ,ay (o (ell Cool I% (his lesso%< ,e ,ill o%ly use a5%6 i% (he ob)ec( posi(io%< bu( ,e ,ill (each you i%

(he 'ccusa(i*e s2ill ho, (o do i( (he o(her ,ay>

Comman$s

Formi%: (he i%-ormal impera(i*e -orm i% $ur2ish is e.(remely simple> 'll you ha*e (o do is use

(he roo( -orm o- (he *erb> "ore i%-orma(io% abou( (he -ormal impera(i*e ca% be -ou%d i% (he

s2ill J(o be>K Here are (he (,o *erb i% (his lesso% i% (heir dic(io%ary 5i%-i%i(i*e6 a%d i%-ormalimpera(i*e -orms0

Infiniti)e En,lish Inf2 Imp2 En,lish

yeme2 (o ea( 7e Ea(

i3me2 (o dri%2 3 Dri%2


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1$ecti)es ' 3

'd)ec(i*es a%d all modi-iers i% $ur2ish mus( al*a+scome be-ore (he %ou%s (ha( (hey modi-y

,he% (hey opera(e as modi-iers> $his does %o( s(a%d (rue i- i( is used as a predica(e ad)ec(i*e

,i(h (he *erb J(o beK i% E%:lish 5e>:> $he do: is happy6> I- you use (he %umber biras a%

ar(icle< (his ,ill come direc(ly be-ore (he %ou%> For e.ample0

souk elma++$he cold apple

souk bir elma++ ' cold apple

Elma souk++ $he apple is cold>

'd)ec(i*es are also %o( decli%ed accordi%: (o :e%der a%d %umber li2e ,ha( is commo% (o

ma%y Europea% la%:ua:es> $his mea%s (ha( ad)ec(i*es beha*e pre((y close (o (heir E%:lish

cou%(erpar(s a%d should%( pose (oo bi: o- a challe%:e>


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4oo$

General Direct Obects

Selam

I% $ur2ish< i- you ha*e a general direct object< (here is %o %eed (o pu( a%y case or su--i. o%

(he ob)ec( i(sel-> ' :e%eral direc( ob)ec( is o%e (ha( uses Ja8a%K or (he plural ,i(hou( J(he>K I-you ,a%( (o be e.(ra speci-ic< you canadd (he %umeral bir(o ma2es sure (ha( (he mea%i%:

Ja8a%K is :i*e%> For e.ample0

Turkish En,lish

O por(a2al yer> He8She8I( ea(s ora%:es orHe8She8I( ea(s a% ora%:e>

O bir por(a2al yer> He8She8I( ea(s a% ora%:e>

us( 2eep i% mi%d< PO por(a2allar yerP is simply ,ro%: i% $ur2ish>

Happy Lear%i%:


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Q

1ccusati)e

!elcome (o your seco%d o- (he cases i% $ur2ish> 7ou ha*e already bee% usi%: (he

%omi%a(i*e case (o describe sub)ec(s a%d some ob)ec(s> $he accusa(i*e case i% $ur2ish is

used (o mar2 specificdirec( ob)ec(s> !ha( does (his mea% e.ac(ly ' speci-ic direc( ob)ec( is

o%e (ha( uses (he ar(icle the> For e.ample0

Turkish En,lish

Be% :ae(e o2urum> I read %e,spapers> orI read a %e,spaper>

Be% :ae(eyi o2urum> I read (he %e,spaper>

Be% bir :ae(e o2urum> I read a %e,spaper>

's you ca% see abo*e< (he accusa(i*e is o%ly used ,he% re-erri%: (o te ne!spaper> No,

(o*el Harmon+

I% $ur2ish< *o,els ,i(hi% a 5%a(i*e6 ,ord a%d a%y su--i.es (ha( are a((ached (o said ,ord

mus( obey *o,el harmo%y rules> $his mea%s (ha( *o,els (e%d (o ei(her be (he same or

similar< ma2i%: ,ords easier (o pro%ou%ce (ha% (hey may loo2> $here are (,o (ypes o- *o,el

harmo%y i% $ur2ish< +,ay a%d 4+,ay> $he accusa(i*e case uses +,ay *o,el harmo%y> I%

order (o -i:ure ou( ,ha( may :o o% (he e%d< you ,ill ha*e (o loo2 a( (he final*o,el i% (he

,ord>

Turkish 1ccusati)e %uffi5

R< +5y6

o


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T

Turkish6 Nominati)e Turkish6 1ccusati)e En,lish

elma elmay? apple

:ae(e :ae(eyi %e,spaper

s( s( mil2

limo% limo%u lemo%

Consonant #utations

$here is o%e -i%al (hi%: (o (al2 abou( i% (erms o- (he accusa(i*e case> $ha( ,ould be your -irs(

(as(e o- consonant mutations< o-(e% called consonant harmon+> Co%so%a%(s o-(e%

cha%:e a( (he e%d o- ,ords depe%di%: o% i- i( is -ollo,ed by a *o,el or a co%so%a%(> I- (hey

are -ollo,ed by a *o,el< (hey ,ill :e%erally cha%:e i%(o *oiced co%so%a%(s> For e.ample0

Turkish6 Nominati)e Turkish6 1ccusati)e En,lish

2i(ap 2i(ab? boo2

aUa3 aUac? (ree

2Rpe2 2RpeUi do:

$his mea%s0

V p bV t dV k V c

$his rule i% :e%eral does %o( a--ec( si%:le syllable ,ords< bu( (here are e.cep(io%s o- course>

7ou ,ill e*e% come across e.cep(io%s (o *o,el harmo%y i% loa%,ords -rom 'rabic< Farsi $hese mus( be lear%ed as you e%cou%(er (hem> I% (he mea%(ime< happy

lear%i%: a%d kolay gelsin>

0lurals

0lural %uffi5

Formi%: (he plural i% $ur2ish is simple compared (o (he 'ccusa(i*e case> I( is -ormed usi%:

(he su--i. "l#r> No, you mi:h( be (hi%2i%:< J,ha( is (ha( capi(al ' doi%: (hereK (o ,hich ,e

respo%d ,i(h 4+,ay *o,el harmo%y>


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1W

$his is (he o(her -orm o- *o,el harmo%y -ou%d i% $ur2ey su--i.es> Basically i- (he -i%al *o,el

is -ro%( 5i< e< < R6 use "ler> I- i( is bac2 5a< ?< o< u6< use (he su--i. "lar> $his rule alo%: ,i(h (he

rule -or +,ay *o,el harmo%y ,ill be used i% se*eral su--i.es across $ur2ish :rammar< so (ry

(o :e( used (o i( %o,>

Here are some e.amples0

Turkish6 Nominati)e En,lish Turkish6 0lural En,lish

ay? bear ay?lar bears

2u bird 2ular birds

2urbaUa -ro: 2urbaUalar -ro:s

2Rpe2 do: 2Rpe2ler do:s

hi%di (ur2ey hi%diler (ur2eys

me% me%u me%ler me%us

To be

Copula

$here are a -e, ,ays (o say J(o beK i% $ur2ish depe%di%: o% ,ha( you are sayi%:> $his is

shoc2i%: si%ce (here is %o( ac(ual *erb J(o be>K ' su--i. is used (o -orm J(o beK i% (he prese%(

(e%se> $he su--i.es are as -ollo,s0

%uffi5 0erson7Number E5ample En,lish

+5y6Im 1s( si%:> 5Be%6 mu(luyum> I am happy>

+sI% 4%d si%:> 5Se%6 mu(lusu%> 7ou are happy>

, -DIr rd si%: O mu(lu> He8She8I( is

happy>

+5y6I 1s( pl> 5Bi6 mu(luyu> !e are happy>

+sI%I 4%d pl> 5Si6 mu(lusu%u> 7ou are happy>

, -DIr rd pl> O%lar mu(lu8mu(ludur> $hey are happy>


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+l'r su--i. -ollo, +,ay *o,el harmo%y>

98I% (he 1s( perso%< you ,ill see a bu--er J+y+K be used i- (he ad)ec(i*e or %ou% e%ds i% a

*o,el>

:8$he su--i. +DIr is used (o clarify any ambiguity< empasize< or state facts> $his bo(h

-ollo,s +,ay *o,el harmo%y a%d has co%so%a%( harmo%yX Yd cha%:es (o Y( a-(er (he

-ollo,i%: co%so%a%(s 5p 3 ( 2 s h -6>

;8$he su--i. +l'r is op(io%al i% (he rd perso% pl> Ho,e*er< i( is onlyop(io%al ,he% re-erri%:

(o people> $his su--i. may notbe used -or i(ems a%d a%imals> O%ly huma%s

Be as a Comman$

$o -or JbeK as a comma%d i% $ur2ish< (he s(em o- (he *erb olmak< ,hich mea%s J(o become>K'll you ha*e (o do is (a2e o-- (he +ma2 a%d you ha*e (he comma%d -or Jol>K $o ma2e i( -ormalK $hissame su-i. :e(s added (o all verbs(o ma2e -ormal comma%ds>


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0ossessi)es

0ossessi)e %uffi5es

&ossessi*e De(ermi%ers 5 my< your< his< her< its< our< a%d their6 are represe%(ed by a se( o-

su--i.es< all o- ,hich -ollo, +,ay *o,el harmo%y< ,here applicable> $hese su--i.es are as

-ollo,s0

%in,2 0lural

1s( &erso% +5I6m +5I6mI

4%d &erso% +5I6% +5I6%I

rd &erso% +5s6I +5s6I

Some o- (he su--i.es ha*e bu--er *o,els 5or i% (he case o- (he rd perso%< a bu--er

co%so%a%(6> $hese mea%s (ha( (he su--i.es :ai% (he bu--er *o,el ,he% (he roo( e%ds i%

co%so%a%( a%d do %o( ha*e i( ,he% (he roo( e%ds i% a *o,el> For (he rd perso% su--i.< (he

bu--er s,ill be added ,he% (he roo( e%ds i% a *o,el a%d ,ill be omi((ed ,he% i( e%ds i% a

co%so%a%(> $his may seem a li((le co%-usi%:< bu( i( is e.(remely simple ,i(h prac(ice> $hesame co%so%a%( harmo%y (ha( ,e (al2ed abou( i% (he accusa(i*e s2ill ,ill occur ,i(h (he

possessi*e su--i.es as ,ell No, le(s see (hese i% real use> $his char( ,ill :i*e a% e.ample o-

a ,ord (ha( e%ds i% a *o,el0

Turkish En,lish

5Be%im6 2edim "y ca(

5Se%i%6 2edi% 7our ca(

5O%u%6 2edisi His8Her8I(s ca(

5Biim6 2edimi Our ca(

5Sii%6 2edi%i 7our ca(

5O%lar?%6 2edisi $heir ca(

$his char( :i*es a% e.ample o- a ,ord (ha( e%ds i% a co%so%a%(0

Turkish En,lish


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5Be%im6 asla%?m "y lio%

5Se%i%6 asla%?% 7our lio%

5O%u%6 asla%? His8Her8I(s lio%

5Biim6 asla%?m? Our lio%

5Sii%6 asla%?%? 7our lio%

5O%lar?%6 asla%? $heir lio%

!he% you o,% mul(iples o- (he same (hi%:< you willuse (he plural su--i.> $he plural su--i.

comes before(he possessi*e su--i.es> For e.ample0

Turkish En,lish

5Be%im6 pas(alar?m "y ca2es

5O%u%6 limo%lar? His8Her8I(s lemo%s

5Sii%6 por(a2allar?%? 7our ora%:es

I- you a((ach any oter case suffix(o a %ou% ,i(h a possessi*e su--i.< i( ,illal!ays come

after(he possessi*e su--i.> $hey ,ill also obey *o,el harmo%y accordi%: (o (he las( *o,el i%

(he ,hole ,ord> I- you add a case (o a %ou% ,i(h (he rd perso% possessi*e su--i.< i( ,ill

al!aysha*e a bu--er +%+> $his bu--er +%+ ca% lead (o ambi:ui(ies ,i(h (he seco%d perso%

possessi*e su--i.> Here are some e.amples o- %ou%s i% (he accusa(i*e case ,i(h a

possessi*e su--i.0

Turkish *7o 1ccusati)e Turkish *7 1ccusati)e En,lish

5Be%im6 ad?m 5Be%im6 ad?m? "y %ame

5O%u%6 2ah*eleri 5O%u%6 2ah*eleri%i His8Her8I(s co--ees

5Se%i%6 2ah*eleri% 5Se%i%6 2ah*eleri%i 7our co--ees

Geniti)e Case

$he :e%i(i*e case is e.pressed ,i(h (he su--i. "(n)$ni% $ur2ish> $his case is used (o sho,

possession> $he bu--er +%+ mus( be added (o roo(s (ha( e%d i% a *o,el> For e.ample0

V Selce%s do:0 Selce%i% 2RpeUiV :es ca(s0 :e%i% 2edileri

%otice0 &ossessors :e( (he genitive case ending> &ossesees :e( (hepossessive suffixes>

&ay a((e%(io% (o (his Loo2 a( (he abo*e (ables (o :e( a -ull lis( o- (he pro%ou%s i% (he :e%i(i*e

case>


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1

I- you ,a%( (o say some(hi%: li2e Jyour ca(s -ood $he (ra%sla(io% (o (his is J2edileri%i% yemeUi>K $his is ambi:uous

5remember< i( ca% be your catsor his/her/its cats>

To Ha)e$ur2ish has a *erb -or P(o ha*eP 5sahip olma26 bu( (ha([s rarely used a%d ,ill be (au:h( i% a

-u(ure s2ill> !e mos(ly use )us( possessi)e < )ar(o say P has 7P a%dpossessi)e < +ok(o

say P does %o( ha*e 7P> For e.ample0

V Selce% has a do:0 Selce%i% 2RpeUi )arV :e has ca(s0 :e%i% 2edileri )arV I do %o( ha*e ,a(er0 Be%im suyum +okV 7ou do %o( ha*e mil20 Se%i% s(% +ok


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1M

Dati)e 0ronouns

$he da(i*e case i% $ur2ish is %ormally used (o describe i%direc( ob)ec(s a%d mo(io%s towards

a place> $he da(i*e pro%ou%s i% $ur2ish are as -ollo,s0

%in,2 0lural

1s( &erso% ba%a bie

4%d &erso% sa%a sie

rd &erso% o%a o%lara

$hey :e%erally ha*e (he mea%i%: o- J(o me A%(il (he%< 2olay :elsi%


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1

=uestions

=uestions

$ur2ish ues(io% ,ords do %o( u%der:o (he same mo*eme%( (ha( (hey do i% E%:lish

5%o(ice>>>ues(io%s ,ords almos( al,ays are a( (he be:i%%i%: o- ues(io%s i% E%:lish6>

I%s(ead< (hey 2eep pu( i% (he place (ha( %a(urally occur i% (he se%(e%ce+-orm o- (he ues(io%>

For e.ample< ima:i%e (ha( you are surprised ,hile as2i%: (he ues(io% J!here did you buy

(he prese%(K 7ou mi:h( e.claim< J7ou bou:h( (he prese%( !HE@EK $ur2ish mai%(ai%s (his

posi(io% i% se%(e%ces>

&o not forget$ur2ish is a SO# la%:ua:e> $his mea%s (ha( *erbs are al,ays a( (he e%d i- (he

se%(e%ce co%(ai%s a *erb>

Good luc2 a%d happy lear%i%:


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1

Locati)e

$he loca(i*e case i% $ur2ish is used (o describe loca(io% i%< a(< or o% a place> I( is -ormed ,i(h

(he su--i. +D'> No,< you may be as2i%:< ,ha( is (ha( capi(al D doi%: (here\

>>>(o ,hich ,e respo%d ,i(h (he a%s,er Jco%so%a%( harmo%y>K $ur2ish employs bo(h *o,el

a%d co%so%a%( harmo%y i% i(s :rammar> !ha( does co%so%a%( harmo%y mea% e.ac(ly

Basically< u%*oiced co%so%a%(s li2e (o be %e.( (o u%*oiced co%so%a%(s a%d *oiced

co%so%a%(s li2e (o be %e.( (o *oiced co%so%a%(s> For e.ample< (hi%:s abou( ho, ,e

pro%ou%ce (he plural mar2er +s i% Jca(sK a%d Jdo:sK 5o%e should sou%d li2e a% Ys a%d (heo(her should sou%d li2e a Y6> !i(h (he loca(i*e 5a%d la(er (he abla(i*e6< you ,ill see a similar

phe%ome%o%> $he su--i. +D' ,ill become +T' a-(er (he le((ers Yp< 3< (< 2< -< h< s< a%d 5!e

use JF?s(?23? ahapK or PE-e &aa 3o2 has(aP as m%emo%ics (o remember (hese6> $hese are

u%surprisi%:ly all o- (he u%*oiced co%so%a%(s i% $ur2ish> $he su--i. remai%s as +D' i% all

o(her i%s(a%ces 5a-(er -ollo,i%: a%y o(her co%so%a%( or a *o,el6> @emember< (his su--i. ,ill

also employ 4+,ay *o,el harmo%y>


Turkish6 Nominati)e En,lish

Turkish6

Locati)e En,lish

par2 par2 par2(a i%8a( (he par2

o(el ho(el o(elde i%8a( (he ho(el

ba%yo ba(hroom ba%yoda i%8a( (he ba(hroom

ba22al s(ore ba22alda i%8a( (he s(ore

2Rpe2 do: 2Rpe2(e o%8a( (he do:


19/72

1Q

Numbers

Formi%: %umbers i% $ur2ish is *ery simple a-(er you 2%o, (he core *ocabulary> $he %umbers

are as -ollo,s0

Turkish Number Di,it Turkish Number Di,it

bir 1 o% bir 11

i2i 4 o% i2i 14

3 yirmi 4W

dRr( o(u W

be M 2?r2 W

al(? elli MW

yedi al(m? W

se2i Q ye(mi W

do2u T se2se% QW

o% 1W do2sa% TW

!he% you use a di:i( ,i(h a %ou%< you should %E'Euse (he plural su--i. o% (he e%d o- (he

%ou%> $his is redu%da%( a%d :ramma(ically i%correc( i% $ur2ish> $ha( mea%s you should say

Jiki kediK a%d %o( Jiki kediler>K $he lar:er %umbers are as -ollo,s0

Turkish Number Di,it

y 1WW

bi% 1WWW

milyo% 1WWWWWW

(erbs> 0resent continuous 3

$he (e%se si:% o- (he prese%( co%(i%uous (e%se i% $ur2ish is +iyor< +?yor< +yor< +uyor< ,hich isadded (o (he *erb roo(> $hese su--i.es are added accordi%: (o +,ay #o,el Harmo%y>


20/72

1T

us( ho, does o%e -i%d (he *erb roo( i% $ur2ish I%-i%i(i*es i% $ur2ish e%d i% +m'2< -or

e.ample0 istemek>

7ou mus( simply remo*e (he -meko-- o- Pis(emekP (o :e( (he roo( Pis(e+P

$he (e%se e%di%:s are comple(ed by addi%: (he -ollo,i%: perso%al su--i.es0

%in,2 0lural

1s( &erso% +um +u

4%d &erso% +su% +su%u

rd &erso% - -/ -lar

]I- (he %omi%a(i*e pro%ou% Po%lar

Sorry ca(< (rees< a%d cars

!he% (he *erb roo( i(sel- e%ds i% a *o,el< as i% be2le+me2 5(o ,ai(< e.pec(6< (he% (his *o,el

is also dropped as (he head *o,el o- (he P+iyorP (e%se si:% replaces i(< becomi%: be2l+iyor>

$he -irs( le((er P+iP o- P+iyorP is sub)ec( (o +,ay *o,el harmo%y ,i(h (he *erb s(em[s -i%al

*o,el> $he (e%se si:% P+iyorP ca% be li2e%ed (o (he E%:lish $e%se si:% P+i%:P>

Some e.amples0

V :eliyorum ^:eliyor+um_ 5I am comi%:6V al?yorsu% ^al?yor+su%_ 5you are (a2i%:6V Rdyorlar ^Rdyor+lar_ 5(hey are payi%:6

Dates an$ Time

Noun Compoun$s

I% (his s2ill< you ,ill e%cou%(er your -irs( $ur2ish %ou% compou%ds> ' %ou% compou%d is ,he%

you combi%e (,o %ou%s (o crea(e some(hi%: ,i(h a %e, mea%i%: 5i>e> bir(h`daybir(hday6>

Formi%: (hese i% $ur2ish ,ill be easy usi%: (he 2%o,led:e (ha( you already ha*e up (o (his

poi%(>

'll you ha*e (o do is pu( (,o %ou%s %e.( (o each o(her a%d add (he possessi*e su--i. o% (he

second%ou%> $here is nosu--i. o% (he -irs( ,ord> For e.ample0


21/72

4W

"or$ 3 "or$ 9 Noun Compoun$ En,lish

doUum :% doUum :% bir(hday

(a*u2 su (a*u2 suyu chic2e% bro(h

bal?2 3orba bal?2 3orbas? -ish soup

2uu e( 2uu e(i lamb 5mea(6


22/72

41

1blati)e

1blati)e Case

7ou ha*e lear%ed o- (he $ur2ish cases so -ar 5Nomi%a(i*e< 'ccusa(i*e Tebrikler I% (his lesso% you ,ill :e( closer (o lear%i%: all o-

(hem> I% (his lesso% ,e ,ill co*er (he 'bla(i*e case< ,hich is used i% $ur2ish (o co%*ey

mo(io% froma place> '-(er lear%i%: (he Loca(i*e case< (he 'bla(i*e ,ill be e.(remely easy> I%

-ac(< i( is almos( (he e.ac( same $he su--i. (ha( you ,ill ha*e (o use is -DAn> $his su--i.

-ollo,s (he e.ac( same co%so%a%( a%d *o,el harmo%y rules as (he Loca(i*e> I% -ac( (he o%ly

di--ere%ce is (he le((er JnK a( (he e%d o- (he su--i.> Here are some e.amples0

Turkish Nominati)e Turkish 1blati)e En,lish

par2 par2(a% -rom (he par2

2Ry 2Ryde% -rom (he *illa:e

saray sarayda% -rom (he palace

o-is o-is(e% -rom (he o--ice


23/72

44

Dati)e

Dati)e Case

I( is (ime -or case ou( o- > Ho, are you -eeli%: O*er,helmed Do%( be 7ou are doi%:

:rea( so -ar us( remember (ha( $ur2ish is%( as complica(ed as you (hi%2< a%d i( ,ill be easy>

I( is di--ere%( -rom E%:lish< bu( i( much more re:ular a%d is%( (oo complica(ed> $he Da(i*e

case i% $ur2ish is used (o describe mo*eme%( to!ardssome(hi%: a%d -or i%direc( ob)ec(s>

'% i%direc( ob)ec( (ells J(o ,hom or -or ,homK a% ac(io% is bei%: do%e> I( al,ays (ells (he

recipie%( o- (he direc( ob)ec(>

I :a*e era hu:>

I (old imabou( (he e*e%(>

!e sho,ed tem(he ca2e>

Formi%: (he Da(i*e case is *ery simple< co%sideri%: (he amou%( o- 2%o,led:e you ha*e

u%der your bel( %o,> $he su--i. is J"(y)#>K $he su--i. obeys 4+,ay *o,el harmo%y a%d uses a

bu--er -y-,he% a((ached (o a ,ord (ha( e%ds i% a *o,el> Co%so%a%( harmo%y ,ill o-(e%

happe% a( (he e%d o- ,ords (ha( e%d ,i(h 8p ( 2 38> Simple< ri:h( I( is a :rea( ,ay (o re*ie,

co%cep(s ,hile s(ill lear%i%: some(hi%: %e,> Here are some e.amples0

Turkish Nominati)e Turkish Dati)e En,lish

par2 par2a (o (he par2

ap2a ap2aya (o (he ha(

doma(es doma(ese (o (he (oma(o

-are -areye (o (he mouse

-areler -arelere (o (he mice

2Rpe2 2RpeUe (o (he do:

Good )ob a%d see you i% (he %e.( lesso%

"hat time is it?


24/72

4

$his s2ill< u%li2e (he las( Times2ill is onlydedica(ed (o (elli%: (ime i% $ur2ish> $here ,ill be a

lo( o- i%-orma(io% belo,< so read care-ully>

%aat ka@?

)$he phrase JSaat ka!K is used (o as2 J!ha( (ime is i(K i% $ur2ish> $he respo%se isSaat"-ollo,ed by (he %umber o- (he hour> $his is really simple ,he% you are a( (he -ull

hour> !he% a( (he -ull hour< saatis op(io%al>

Turkish En,lish

Saa( 2a3 !ha( (ime is i(

Saa( be> I( is M o[cloc2>

Be I( is M>

*)$he ,ord buukis used (o describe (ime a( (he hal- hour>

Turkish En,lish


Saa( be bu3u2> I( is M0W>

+)For (elli%: (ime before(he hal- hour< you ,ill use (he ,ord geiyora%d (heaccusative

case> $he ,ord de%o(i%: (he hour :e(s (he accusa(i*e case e%di%: ,hich is (he% -ollo,ed by(he mi%u(e %umber> $he% you add geiyor(o (he e%d>

Turkish En,lish


Saa( bei o% :e3iyor> I( is M01W>

Saa( dRrd o% dRr( :e3iyor> I( is 01>

,)For (elli%: (ime after(he hal- hour< you ,ill use (he ,ord vara%d (he dativecase> $he ,ordde%o(i%: (he nexthour :e(s (he da(i*e a%d (he remainingmi%u(es u%(il (he %e.( hour -ollo,s>

$he% add var(o (he e%d>

Turkish En,lish


Saa( yediye 3 *ar> I( is 0M>

Saa( al(?ya o% *ar> I( is M0MW>


25/72

4

-)!he% you are u%sure< you ca% )us( say Jsaat (he hour %umber ` (he mi%u(e %umberK>

$his co%s(ruc(io% is used -or (rai%s< buses< a%d (ele*isio%>

Turkish En,lish


Saa( o% 2?r2> I( is 1W0W>

Saa( do2u elli> I( is T0MW>

.)$o describe (hi%:s a( (he uar(er hour< use (he ,ord eyrekusi%: (he same :rammar -rom

abo*e>

Turkish En,lish


Saa( o%u 3eyre2 :e3iyor> I( is 1W01M>

Saa( se2ie 3eyre2 *ar> I( is 0M>

%aat ka@ta?

No, (ha( you ha*e (a2e% i% ho, (o (ell (he (ime< ,e ha*e (o e.plai% ho, (o e.plai% JAt what

time!K> $his uses a similar< bu( %o( ide%(ical sys(em>

/)I- i( is (he -ull or hal- hour< you ,ill use (he described sys(em abo*e alo%: ,i(h (he locative

case 5+D'6>

Turkish En,lish

Saa( 2a3(a '( ,ha( (ime

Saa( o%da> '( 1W>

Saa( i2i bu3u2(a> '( 40W>

0)I- i( is before(he hal- hour< you ,ill use (he same co%s(ruc(io% as abo*e< bu( ,ill use gee

i%s(ead o- geiyor>

Turkish En,lish


Saa( o%u be :e3e> '( 1W0WM>

Saa( biri 3eyre2 :e3e> '( 101M>


26/72

4M

1)I- i( is after(he hal- hour< you ,ill use (he same co%s(ruc(io% abo*e< bu( ,i(hkalai%s(ead o-

var>

Turkish En,lish


Saa( o% bire 3eyre2 2ala> '( 1W0M>

Saa( do2ua be 2ala> '( Q0MM>

O2>>>I 2%o, (his ,as a lo( (o (a2e i%< bu( ,i(h some prac(ice< i( ,ill be *ery easy Good luc2 i%

(he s2ill a%d please -eel -ree (o repea( i( se*eral (imes u%(il you ha*e (he ha%: o- i(> A%(il

(he%< kolay gelsin


27/72

4

0ostpositions

I% $ur2ish< (here are %o such (hi%:s as preposi(io%s> Be-ore you -eel really relie*ed< I mus(

:i*e you some bad %e,s> $ur2ish usespostpositions> 'll E%:lishprepositionsare

represe%(ed i% $ur2ish ei(her by a case or bypostpositions> $here are (,o (ypes o-

pos(posi(io%s i% $ur2ish< $ype 1 a%d $ype 4>

T+pe 3 0ostpositions

$ype 1 pos(posi(io%s are -ormed by usi%: a :e%i(i*e co%s(ruc(io% ,i(h a mai% %ou% a%d a

loca(io% %ou%> @a(her (ha% sayi%: Jou(side o- (he houseK I( is%( (oo bad< ri:h( !e ,ill i%clude se*eral o- (hese i% (his lesso%> Here are some

e.amples>

#ain

A0ro8nouns En,lish

Location

Noun Combination En,lish

e* house i3 i%side e*i% i3i%de i%side (he

housese% you ar2a behi%d se%i%

ar2a%da

behi%d

you

2i(ap boo2 s( (op 2i(ab?%

s(%de

abo*e

(he boo2 7ou ha*e already see% a% e.ample o- (his i% (he

course i% (he Da(i*e S2ill 5do#ru6> !e ha*e i%cluded here>

ari2 and s3ras3nda$hese are (,o pos(posi(io%s (ha( reuire (he nominative case> $arihas (he mea%i%: except> S%ras%ndahas (he mea%i%: during>

#ain

A0ro8nouns En,lish

Location


ya summer s?ras?%da duri%: ya s?ras?%da duri%:

summer

a2am

yemeUi

di%%er s?ras?%da duri%: a2am

yemeUi

s?ras?%da

duri%:

di%%er

be% I hari3 e.cep( be% hari3 e.cep(

-or me

2ar s%o, hari3 e.cep( 2ar hari3 e.cep(

-or s%o,

akk3nda and gibi

$hese (,o pos(posi(io%s also reuire (he nominative case> $here is o%e e.cep(io% ho,e*er>

I- (hey are used i% combi%a(io% ,i(h pro%ou%s< you mus( use (he genitive case> For

e.ample0

#ain

A0ro8nouns En,lish

Location


mahalle %ei:hborhood ha22?%da abou( mahalle

ha22?%da

abou( (he

%ei:hborhood

bi ,e ha22?%da abou( biim

ha22?m?da

abou( us

a%%em my mo(her :ibi li2e a%%em :ibi li2e my

mo(her

o he8she8i( :ibi li2e o%u% :ibi li2e him8her8i(

!i(h prac(ice< (he idea o- preposi(io%s comi%: pos( (he ,ord ,ill be simple A%(il (he%< kolaygelsin


29/72

4Q


30/72

4T

"ith or *ithout? AInstrumental8

1$ecti)e 4ormation

I% order (o -orm ad)ec(i*es -rom %ou%s i% $ur2ish (ha( describe J,i(hK or J,i(hou( E*ery(hi%: is :oi%: (o be alri:h( $he %ame o- (he se*e%(h case i% $ur2ish is (he

I%s(rume%(al> $his is ac(ually a ho(ly deba(ed (opic i% (he $ur2ic li%:uis(ic commu%i(y>>>is (his

a case or is i( %o( a case I( is a shor(e%ed *ersio% o- (he pos(posi(io% ile5,i(h also mea%s

with6a%d 2i%d o- ac(s s(ra%:e (o be a case proper> 7ou are able (o decide -or yoursel-> $he

I%s(rume%(al< li2e mos( o(her cases i% $ur2ish< is surprisi%:ly simple (o -orm> 'll you ha*e (o

do is add (he su--i. -(y)lA> Ase (he bu--er -y-i- (he %ou% e%ds i% a *o,el> $he I%s(rume%(al

de%o(es (he mea%i%: J,i(h J or Jby mea%s o->K Here are some e.amples0

Turkish Nominati)e Turkish Instrumental En,lish

babam babamla ,i(h my -a(her

2edi 2ediyle ,i(h (he ca(

RUre(me%imi RUre(me%imile ,i(h our (eacher

'%d %o, (ha( you ha*e lear%ed e*ery case i% $ur2ish< ,e ,ill pu( (hree char( belo, sho,i%:

(he -ull decle%sio%s o- (,o %ou%s>

%in,ular En,lish 0lural En,lish


31/72

W

Nomi%a(i*e a%%e mo(her a%%eler mo(hers

Ge%i(i*e a%%e%i% Po- (he mo(herP

Pmo(her[sP

a%%eleri% Po- (he

mo(hersP

Pmo(hers[P

Da(i*e a%%eye (o (he mo(her a%%elere (o (he

mo(hers

'ccusa(i*e a%%eyi mo(her 5direc(

ob)ec(6

a%%eleri mo(hers

5direc(

ob)ec(6

'bla(i*e a%%ede% -rom (he mo(her a%%elerde% -rom (he

mo(hers

Loca(i*e a%%ede i%8o%8a( (he

mo(her

a%%elerde i%8o%8a( (he

mo(hers

I%s(rume%(al a%%eyle ,i(h (he mo(her a%%elerle ,i(h (he

mo(hers

%in,ular En,lish 0lural En,lish

Nomi%a(i*e 2u bird 2ular birds

Ge%i(i*e 2uu% Po- (he birdP

Pbird[sP

2ular?% Po- (he birdsP

Pbirds[P

Da(i*e 2ua (o (he bird 2ulara (o (he birds

'ccusa(i*e 2uu bird 5direc(

ob)ec(6

2ular? birds 5direc(

ob)ec(6

'bla(i*e 2u(a% -rom (he bird 2ularda% -rom (he birds

Loca(i*e 2u(a i%8o%8a( (he bird 2ularda i%8o%8a( (he

birds

I%s(rume%(al 2ula ,i(h (he bird 2ularla ,i(h (he birds

Instrumental 0ronouns

V be%imleV se%i%le

V o%u%laV biimle


32/72

1

V sii%leV o%larla 5,hy (his is %o( ONL'@INL' is a bi: mys(ery6


33/72

4

=uestions ' 9

es7No =uestions

Formi%: 7es8No ues(io%s i% $ur2ish is do%e by usi%: a par(icle a((ached (o (he e%d o-

se%(e%ces> $his par(icle is m&-> I( obeys +,ay *o,el harmo%y> $he perso%al e%di%:s -or (he

to be copulaare al!aysa((ached (o (his par(icle> $hey are never2ep( o% (he e%d o- (he *erb

or %ou% (ha( (hey ,ould %ormally a((ach (o i% declara(i*e se%(e%ces> For e.ample0

Declarati)e

Turkish

Declarati)e

En,lish

Turkish

=uestion

En,lish

=uestion

Bir 2edisi%> 7ou are a ca(> Bir 2edi misi% 're you a ca(

'le.

RUre(me%dir>

'le. is a

(eacher>

'le. RUre(me%

midir

Is 'le. a

(eacher

"u(luyum> I am happy> "u(lu muyum 'm I happy

'r2amdas?%> 7ou are behi%d

me>

'r2amda m?s?% 're you behi%d

me

I- (his par(icle is a((ached (o a *erb i% (he prese%( co%(i%uous< you ,ill neverha*e (o ,orry

abou( *o,el harmo%y> Si%ce (he su--i. -or (he prese%( co%(i%uous is -(&)yor< (he ues(io%

par(icle ,ill al!aysbe mu--ollo,ed by (he appropria(e perso%al su--i.es>

Declarati)e

Turkish

Declarati)e

En,lish

Turkish

=uestion En,lish =uestion

&ar2a

:idiyorum>

I am :oi%: (o (he

par2>

&ar2a :idiyor

muyum

'm I :oi%: (o (he

par2

Be%i

se*iyorsu%>

7ou lo*e me> Be%i se*iyor

musu%

Do you lo*e me

Emel e*ime

2ouyor>

Emel is ru%%i%: (o

my house>

Emel e*ime

2ouyor mu

Is Emel ru%%i%: (o

my house

oksa or (e+a

#eya is used ,he% you ha*e mul(iple op(io%s (ha( may e.is( ou(side o- (he (,o (hi%:s you are

as2i%:>


34/72

Nur $r23e *eya %:ilice biliyor>

Nur 2%o,s $ur2ish or E%:lish> 5she may 2%o, o(her la%:ua:es6

7o2sa is used ,he% ,here are o%ly t!oop(io%s> I( is %ormally optionala%d isal!ays

accompa%ied ,i(h (he ues(io% par(icle -ollo,i%: botpossible op(io%s i% ues(io%>

V E*im by2 m yo2sa 232 mV E*im by2 m< 232 mV Is my house bi: or small


35/72

4amil+

inship Terms

$ur2ish di*ides 2i%ship (erms i% a sli:h(ly di--ere%( ,ay (ha% E%:lish> ' lo( o- (erms o% (he

maternala%dpaternalside are di--ere%(> $ur2s occasio%ally :e( co%-used by (he more

obscure o%es< bu( (his s2ill (eaches all o- (he o%es used o% a daily basis by all $ur2ish

people> $he e.(ra o%es are i% a bo%us s2ill>

En,lish Turkish6 #aternal Turkish6 0aternal

'u%( (eye 5also used (o re-er (o

old ,ome% i% :e%eral6

hala

A%cle day? amca 5also used (o re-er (o

old me% i% :e%eral6

Gra%dmo(her a%%ea%%e 5li(erally [mo(her

mo(her[6

babaa%%e 5li(erally [-a(her

mo(her[6


36/72

M

Ne,ation

Ne,ation

Ne:a(io% is -ormed by 5you guessed it6 a%o(her su--i.> $his su--i. ,ill ,or2 i% very mysterious

,ays ho,e*er> $his su--i. is -m&> No, ,e 2%o, ,ha( you are (hi%2i%:>>>(his loo2sustli2e (he

ues(io% par(icle I ,ill :uara%(ee (ha( you ,ill %e*er co%-use (he (,o -or soo% (o be ob*ious

reaso%s> $he %e:a(io% su--i.al!ayscomes before(he (e%se i%-orma(io% o% (he *erb> $he

ues(io% par(icle1-4 of te timecomes after(he (e%se i%-orma(io%> Seei%: as ,e o%ly

2%o, (hepresent continuousa( (his poi%( i% (ime< ,e ,ill o%ly use (ha( (e%se i% (his lesso%>

!e ha*e more %e:a(io% lesso%s la(er o% i% (he (ree (o e.plai% %e:a(io% i% (he o(her (e%ses>No, here are some e.amples o- %e:a(io% a%d (he ues(io% par(icle i% ac(io%

Turkish En,lish

7aUmur yaUm?yor> I( is %o( rai%i%:>

7aUmur yaUm?yor mu Is i( %o( rai%i%:

Bah3eye :elmiyorum> I am %o( comi%: (o (he :arde%>

Bi par2aya :i(miyor muyu 're ,e %o( :oi%: (o (he par2

Ne sRylyorsu% !ha( are you sayi%:

Here is also a brea2+do,% o- (hree *erbs ,i(h all (he :ramma(ical i%-orma(io% (ha( ,e 2%o,

so -ar0

oot Ne, Tense =0 0erson

Complete

"or$ En,lish

7ap m? yor + um 7apm?yorum I am %o(doi%:>

de mi yor + su%u demiyorsu%u 7ou are %o(

payi%:>

7r m yor mu yu 7rmyor

muyu

're ,e %o(

,al2i%:


37/72

Nations&Countries&Lan,ua,es

Consonant Harmon+6 0art Deu5

$ur2ish has a *ery use-ul su--i. -or -ormi%: la%:ua:es> $his su--i. is -*A> $his su--i. has

s(ri2i%: similari(ies (o (he loca(i*e case 5i% case you do%( remember -DA6> '-(er (he

co%so%a%(s Yp< 3< (< 2< -< h< s< a%d Here are some e.amples0

oot Lan,ua,e En,lish

"acar "acarca Hu%:aria%

$r2 $r23e $ur2ish

i% i%ce Chi%ese

'rap 'rap3a 'rab8'rabic

####Nationality vs. Language vs. Adjective####

$ur2ish< u%li2e E%:lish 5normally6< dis(i%:uishes be(,ee% %a(io%ali(ies a%d la%:ua:es> $ha(

mea%s (ha( T+rkre-ers (o (hi%:s a%d people ,ho are -rom $ur2ey> T+rkere-ers (o (he

la%:ua:e spo2e% by mos( e(h%ically $ur2ish people> $hese are noti%(ercha%:eable>

$his bei%: said< (here are some cases (ha( di--ere%(ia(e be(,ee% (he %a(io%ali(y a%d ad)ec(i*e

-orm>Amerikanre-ers (o (hi%:s -rom 'merica>Amerikal%re-ers (o people -rom 'merica> I-

(here ,ere a such (hi%: a%d a% 'merica% la%:ua:e< i( ,ould be re-erred (oAmerikanca

5ho,e*er< (here is %o such (hi%:6

O2>>>ha*e -u% 9olay :elsi%


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Infiniti)e

Infiniti)es

$he i%-i%i(i*e i% $ur2ish eua(es (o (he J(o verbK -orm i% E%:lish> I( ca% alsosometimes5%o(

al!ays6 be i%(erpre(ed as (he +i%: -orm 5:eru%d6 i% E%:lish> $his is (he -orm (ha( you ,ill

al,ays -i%d i% a $ur2ish dic(io%ary> $he su--i. -or (his -orm is +m'2 a%d obeys (,o ,ay *o,el

harmo%y>

$he mos( commo% place ,here (his is used is a-(er (he *erb istemek< ,hich mea%s Jto wantK>

For e.ample0 5en gitmek istiyorum6& want to go,

Here are some e.amples o- ,ords i% (he i%-i%i(i*e -orm0

oot Infiniti)e En,lish

se* se*me2 (o lo*e

yap yapma2 (o do8ma2e

i3 i3me2 (o dri%2

uyu uyuma2 (o sleep

$his ca% also be used as a :eru%d i% some cases< -or e.ample0

78rk2e konu9mak 2ok kolay6Speaking Turkish is very easy,


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Q

Or$inal Numbers

Or$inal Numbers

O%e mi:h( as2< ,ha( are ordi%al %umbers O%e mi:h( respo%d ,i(h e.amples such as J-irs(K $ur2ish also has (his same :ramma(ical s(ruc(ure< a%d i( uses (he

su--i. -(&)nc&> I- (he %umeral e%ds i% a *o,el< (here is %o %eed (o add (he bu--er *o,el> $his

su--i. does -ollo, +,ay *o,el harmo%y> Here are some e.amples0

Numeral Or$inal Number En,lish

bir biri%ci -irs(

i2i i2i%ci seco%d

al(? al(?%c? si.(h

dRr( dRrd%c -our(h

a@nc

$ur2ish has a ,ord (ha( is pre((y hard (o (ra%sla(e i%(o E%:lish> $his ,ordka%nc%,ould beJ,hichK i% E%:lish< bu( o%ly i% re-ere%ce (o J,hich 5%umber6(h>K $angiis used i% all o(her

si(ua(io%s> For e.ample0

a%nc% kedi!J!hich ca(K 5(he -irs(< seco%d< or (hird6

$angi kedi!J!hich ca(K 5(he bro,%< ,hi(e< or (a% o%e6


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T

0ast Tense

0ast Tense

$he co%cep( o- pas( (e%se is a li((le bi( di--ere%( (ha% E%:lish a%d ma%y o(her Europea%

la%:ua:es i% $ur2ish> !he% (al2i%: abou( pas( i% $ur2ish< you ca% u%ders(a%d i- (he s(ory

(eller sa, (he e*e%(s by his 8 her o,% eyes or heard -rom someo%e else> I- you ,a%( (o (al2

abou( (hi%:s (ha( you ha*e ,i(%essed< (his is (he (e%se you are loo2i%: -or>

The 0ositi)e 4orm

$he co%)u:a(io% -ormula -or (he posi(i*e -orm o- (he Simple &as( $e%se 5S&$6 is :i*e% belo,0

#E@B @OO$ ` $ENSE SAFFI ` &E@SON'L SAFFI

$he $e%se Su--i. -or Simple &as( is +DI 5+d?< +di< +du< +d< +(?< +(i< +(u a%d +(6> Selec(i%: (he

ri:h( su--i. is de(ermi%ed by (he +,ay *o,el harmo%y a%d co%so%a%( harmo%y rules< ,hich

should be *ery simple by %o,>

0ersonal

0ronoun (erb

Tense

%uffi5

0ersonal

%uffi5

Conu,ate$

(erb #eanin,

Be% yapma2 +(? +m yap(?m> I did>

Se% alma2 +d? +% ald?%> 7ou

(oo2 8

bou:h(>

O yeme2 +di N8' yedi> He8she8i(

a(e>

Bi :elme2 +di +2 :eldi2> !e came

8 arri*ed>

Si i3me2 +(i +%i i3(i%i> 7ou

dra%2>

O%lar :i(me2 +(i +ler :i((iler> $hey

,e%(>


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W

The =uestion 4orm

$he co%)u:a(io% -ormula is belo,0

#E@B @OO$ ` $ENSE SAFFI ` &E@SON'L SAFFI ` S&'CE ` /AES$ION SAFFI `

's see% -rom (he -ormula abo*e< (he o%ly di--ere%ce -rom (he posi(i*e -orm is (he ues(io%

su--i. a( (he e%d0 +mI> Some e.amples are pro*ided belo,0

O yedi mi + Did he8she8i( ea( Bi :eldi2 mi + Did ,e come 8 arri*e Si i3(i%i mi + Did

you dri%2

0ast Tense Copula

0O%ITI(E 4O#

I% older $ur2ish< (he simple pas( *ersio% o- (he *erb to be,as idi> Si%ce you do%( see a dash

i% -ro%(< (his should be co%sidered as a separa(e ,ord (ha( comes a-(er (he %ou%> E.ample0

This was a house. Bu bir ev idi. Those were red cars. unlar kr!" arabalar

idi.

Bu(< (o sou%d i( separa(ely ,as ui(e hard i% (he spo2e% la%:ua:e a%d almos( %o o%e

pre-ered i( (o use i( (his ,ay> $ha(s ,hy< idiis a((ached (o (he e%d o- (he %ou% %o,> $hea((achme%( obeys (he rules o- *o,el a%d co%so%a%( harmo%y i% $ur2ish> 7e(< i- (he %ou%

e%ds ,i(h a *o,el< a% i%(eres(i%: (hi%: happe%s ,hich ,e ,ill e.plai% i% (he e.ample0

This was a bi# castle. Bu b$%$k bir kaleydi>

Le(s i%*es(i:a(e kaleydiin pieces& kale-%-idi. here kaleis Jcas(leK< idiis (he pas( (e%se

copula> $o be able a((ach (,o *o,els< you %eed a bu--er le((er 5+y6> Bu( (he i%(eres(i%: (hi%:

is< (he -irs( idisappears a%d (he seco%d o%e should cha%:e accordi%: (o (he las( *o,el o- (he

%ou% be-ore i(> I% (his case i( s(ays asi> '-(er (his co%)u:a(io%< you should add (he perso%alsu--i.> I%*es(i:a(i%: (he (able belo,< you ,ill u%ders(a%d i( be((er>

Noun 7

1$ecti)e

Tense

%uffi5

0ersonal

%uffi5

Conu,ate$

(erb #eanin,

Be% :e%3 +(i +m :e%3(im I ,as you%:>

Se% yal? +5y6d? +% yal?yd?% 7ou ,ere old

5a:e6>


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1

O d% +d N8' d%d I( ,as

yes(erday>

Bi ye%i +5y6di +2 ye%iydi2 !e ,ere %e,>

Si :el +di +%i :eldi%i 7ou ,ere

beau(i-ul>

O%lar es2i+ +5y6di N8' or

+ler

es2iydi 8

es2iydiler

$hey ,ere old

5used (oo

much6>

=FE%TION 4O#

$he $e%se su--i. is added (o (he /ues(io% Su--i. i% (his -orm> Si%ce ues(io% su--i.es al,ays

e%d ,i(h a *o,el< (he bu--er le((er -y-is al,ays i% be(,ee%> $he ues(io% su--i. -ollo,s (he

rules -or *o,el harmo%y>

NOAN ` S&'CE ` /AES$ION SAFFI ` $ENSE SAFFI ` &E@SON'L SAFFI `

E.amples0 Be% :e%3 miydim 5!as I you%:6 Se% yal? m?yd?% 5!ere you old6 Si :el

miydi%i 5!ere you beau(i-ul6


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4

4uture Tense

4uture Tense

$al2i%: abou( -u(ure is really easy i% $ur2ish because you ,o%( ha*e (he J,ill 8 be :oi%: (oK

dilemma li2e i% E%:lish> $here is o%ly o%e Fu(ure $e%se> '%d all you %eed (o remember is a

su--i.0 +5y6'c'2>

The 0ositi)e 4orm

$he co%)u:a(io% -ormula -or (he posi(i*e -orm o- (he -u(ure (e%se is0 #E@B @OO$ ` $ENSE

SAFFI &E@SON'L SAFFI

(o*el in the last s+llable of

the )erb root

4uture Tense

%uffi5 E5ample #eanin,

a< ?< o< u +aca2 9o+

aca2>

He8she8i(

,ill ru%>

e< i< R< +ece2 Gel+

ece2>

He8she8i(

,ill come>

I- (he *erb roo( e%ds ,i(h a co%so%a%(< (he rule abo*e is s(rai:h(-or,ard> O(her,ise< (he

bu--er le((er +++ is used be(,ee% (he roo( a%d (he su--i.> For e.ampleX Be2le+++ece2 5He8she8i(

,ill ,ai(>6 SRyle+++ece2 5He8she8i( ,ill say>6

$he o%ly (hi%: you %eed (o be care-ul abou( is (he perso%al su--i.es s(ar(i%: ,i(h a *o,el>

$hey (ra%s-orm (he le((er J2K a( (he e%d o- (he (e%se su--i. i%(o JUJ> 7ou ,ill see (he e.amples

i% (he (able belo,0

(erb

Tense

%uffi5

0ersonal

%uffi5

Conu,ate$

(erb #eanin,

Be% olma2 +aca2 +?m 5+im6 olacaU?m I ,ill be>

Se% is(eme2 +ece2 +si% 5+s?%6 is(eyece2si% 7ou ,ill

,a%(>

O be2leme2 + N8' be2leyece2 He8she8i(


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5y6ece2 ,ill ,ai(>

Bi deUi(irme2 +ece2 +i 5+?6 deUi(ireceUi !e ,ill

ma2e

cha%:e>

Si deUime2 +ece2 +si%i 5+

s?%?6

deUiece2si%i 7ou ,ill

cha%:e>

O%lar :elme2 +ece2 +ler 5+lar6 :elece2ler $hey ,ill

come>

ECE0TION%>

The 'ollowin# verbs do not obe% the rules above& #it!ek #idecek %e!ek

%i%ecek de!ek di%ecek

The =uestion 4orm

$he co%)u:a(io% -ormula -or (he ues(io% -orm is :i*e% belo,0 #E@B @OO$ ` $ENSE

SAFFI ` S&'CE ` /AES$ION SAFFI `&E@SON'L SAFFI

E.amples are :i*e% i% (he (able belo,0

0ositi)e =uestion #eanin, of the =uestion

Be% is(eyeceUim Be% is(eyece2 miyim !ill I ,a%(

Se% olaca2s?% Se% olaca2 m?s?% !ill you be 5s:>6

O :idece2 O :idece2 mi !ill he 8 she 8 i( :o

Bi yiyeceUi Bi yiyece2 miyi !ill ,e ea(

Si diyece2si%i Si diyece2 misi%i !ill you say 5pl>6

Ne,ation 9

0ast Ne,ati)e for (erbs

$he co%)u:a(io% -ormula -or (he %e:a(i*e -orm is sho,% belo,0

#E@B @OO$ ` NEG'$ION SAFFI ` $ENSE SAFFI ` &E@SON'L SAFFI


45/72

Si%ce (his (he %e:a(io% al,ays e%ds ,i(h a *o,el< ei(her -eor -a< (he selec(io% o- (he $e%se

Su--i. is %arro,ed do,% (o -d%or -dii% (he %e:a(i*e -orm> Si%ce (his is *ery s(rai:h(-or,ard

7aUmur yaUmad?> 5I( did%( rai%6 Be2lemedi2> 5!e did%( ,ai(6 7aamad?m> 5I did%( li*e6

0ast Ne,ati)e Copula

For (he %e:a(io% o- (he %ou% se%(e%ces< (he ,ord de#ilis used> $he $e%se Su--i. is al,ays

-dii% (his case>

NOAN 8 'DEC$I#E ` S&'CE ` DEL ` J+DK ` &E@SON'L SAFFI>

For e.ample0 Be% :e%3 deUildim> 5I ,as%( you%:6 Se% yal? deUildi%> 57ou ,ere%( old6 O

d% deUildi> 5I( ,as%( yes(erday6

4uture Ne,ati)e

$he co%)u:a(io% -ormula -or (he -u(ure (e%se is :i*e% belo,0 #E@B @OO$ ` NEG'$ION

SAFFI ` $ENSE SAFFI ` &E@SON'L SAFFI>

Si%ce (he %e:a(io% su--i. 5+m'6 al,ays e%ds ,i(h a *o,el< (here al,ays is (he bu--er le((er J+

y+K be(,ee% (ha( a%d (he (e%se su--i.> $he res( is (he same as (he posi(i*e -orm>


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M

E.amples0

0ositi)e Ne,ati)e

Be% is(eyeceUim Be% is(emeyeceUim

Se% olaca2s?% Se% olmayaca2s?%

O :idece2 O :i(meyece2

Bi yiyeceUi Bi yemeyeceUi

Si diyece2si%i Si demeyece2si%i


47/72

%u,,estion

%u,,estions6 Declarat)e

$ur2ish o%ce a:ai% uses a special su--i. -or ,ha( is called (he optative> $his su--i. is +

5y6'lIm> $his li(erally (ra%sla(es as let.sor shall> Hope-ully a( (his poi%( i% (ime< you ca% read

(he su--i.es< bu( )us( (o be sa-e< (here is a bu--er -y-used ,he% (he roo( e%ds i% a *o,el< (he

-irs( *o,el ,ill -ollo, 4+,ay *o,el harmo%y< a%d (he seco%d *o,el -ollo,s +,ay *o,el

harmo%y> $his mea%s (ha( (his su--i. o%ly (a2es o% (,o -orms> "(y)al3m"(y)elim


Infiniti)e %u,,estion En,lish

o2uma2 o2uyal?m Le([s read> !e should read>

:i(me2 :idelim Le([s :o> !e should :o>

yeme2 yiyelim Le([s ea(> !e should ea(>

2o%uma2 2o%ual?m Le([s (al2> !e should (al2>

%u,,estions6 =uestions

!he% usi%: (he op(a(i*e i% a ues(io%< (he ues(io% par(icle m&al,ays comesafter(he *erb>

For e.ample0

%u,,estion =uestion En,lish

o2uyal?m O2uyal?m m? Shall ,e read Should ,e read

:idelim Gidelim mi Shall ,e :o Should ,e :o


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ki

i

kiis o%e o- (he mos( i%(eres(i%: (hi%:s i% (he $ur2ish la%:ua:e> I( is ori:i%ally aarsi

co%)u%c(io% (ha( has remai%ed i% (he la%:ua:e -rom (he O((oma% (imes> I( is ho,e*er used i%

very interesting,ays>

0O%%E%%I(E I

kica% a((ach o%(o (he e%ds o- some pro%ou%s (o sho, possessio%> $hese are eui*ale%( (o

,ords li2e minei% E%:lish>

0ronoun *ith ki En,lish

be% be%im2i mi%e

si sii%2i yours

EL1TI(E CL1F%E I

No(ice i% $ur2ish< you ca% say0

9urbaUa has(a> ++ $he -ro: is sic2> Has(a 2urbaUa ++ $he sic2 -ro:

++BA$++

9urbaUa so2a2(a> ++ $he -ro: is o% (he s(ree(> So2a2(a 2urbaUa ++ incorrect

$his is because %ou%s i% $ur2ish ca%%o( really -u%c(io% as ad)ec(i*es 5so2a2(a is (he %ou%

street,i(h (he loca(i*e case6> $o -i. (his problem< you ca% a((ach (he su--i. +2i> $here is %o

*o,el harmo%y o% (his su--i.>

So2a2(a2i 2urbaUa ++ $he -ro: 5,hich is8(ha( is6 o% (he s(ree( iede2i su ++ $he ,a(er 5,hich

is8(ha( is6 i% (he bo((le &ar2(a2i 2ad?% ++ $he ,oma% 5,ho is8(ha( is6 i% (he par2

I 1% 1 CONFNCTION

$his ,ill be a si:h( -or your sore I%do+Europea% eyes> Si%ce (his su--i. ,as ori:i%ally

borro,ed -rom Farsi 5a% I%do+Europea% la%:ua:e rela(ed (o E%:lish6< i( bears some

resembla%ce (o E%:lish :rammar i% o%e ,ay> I( ca% be used as a subordi%a(e co%)u%c(io% (o

combi%e (,o clauses ,i(h (he mea%i%: that5as i% JI said (ha( you ,ere happy6> @ememberthatis optionali% E%:lish< bu( i( is %o( i% $ur2ish>


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Q

Turkish En,lish

'%%em diyor 2i0 PO2ula :i(P> "y mo(her said< PGo (o school>P

Biliyorum 2i o%u se*miyorsu%> I 2%o, 5(ha(6 you do %o( lo*e him8her8i(8

emember$here is a :ramma(ically di--ere%( ,ay (o say (hese (ha( is natively Turkish

i%s(ead o- bei%: borro,ed -rom Farsi> $he o(her ,ay is more commo% -or mos( *erbs> $his

,ill be co*ered la(er i% (he s2ill +5i6di2>

I IN %0ECI1L 0H1%E%

kiis also used i% a lar:e array o- special phrases> Here ,e (each0 ;yi ki,hich mea%s

fortunately

IEGFL1 4O#%$he +2i su--i. is irre:ular i% only t!oi%s(a%ces i% (he e%(ire $ur2ish la%:ua:e> $his is ,he% i(

a((aches (o d+na%d bug+n> I( becomes d+nk+a%d bug+nk+respec(i*ely> $hese mea%

Jyes(erdaysK a%d J(odays>K


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T

efle5i)e 0ronouns

E4LEI(E 0ONOFN%> AENDJ8

$he re-le.i*e pro%ou%s i% $ur2ish is -ormed by (he ,ord JkendiK> 7ou ca% (hi%2 (ha( (his ,ord

is close (o JselfK i% E%:lish< bu( (he usa:e is a li((le bi( more di--ere%(> us( li2e mysel-

E5ample>

Bu%u 2e%di% mi yap(?% 5Did you ma2e (his yoursel-6 'hme( arabay? 2e%disi srer> 5'hme(

dri*es (he car himsel->6

!he% you ,a%( (o say Jby myselfK< Jby yourselfK< e(c> (he% you %eed (o use (he ,ord JkendiK

i% -ro%( o- (he co%)u:a(ed re-le.i*e pro%ou% such as0

$r23eyi 2e%di 2e%dime RUre%iyorum> 5I am lear%i%: $ur2ish by mysel-6>

Gerun$s

GEFND% 1ND IN4INITI(E%> AJ%J# 4JJLLE8


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MW

$his is u%-or(u%a(ely o%e o- (he hardes( (opics i% $ur2ish0 0erunds and &nfinitives>

I% $ur2ish< each phrase has o%ly o%e co%)u:a(ed *erb> $ha(s ,hy< (he o(her ,ords mus( be

(ur%ed i%(o %omi%al ,ords 5%ou%s< ad)ec(i*es< e(c6> Geru%d ; i%-i%i(i*e su--i.es are used -or

(his purpose>

I% E%:lish< you ca% ma2e a :eru%d -rom a *erb addi%: J-ingK (o (he roo( a%d a% i%-i%i(i*e by

pu((i%: JtoK i% -ro%( o- (he *erb roo(> Ho,e*er< i% $ur2ish< (here are (hree se( o- su--i.es -or

(his purpose0

i> +?< +i< +u< + ii> +me< +ma iii> +me2< +ma2

$he -irs( :roups are mos(ly :eru%ds a%d (he las( o%e is mos(ly i%-i%i(i*es> Bu( (he o%e i% (he

middle ca% be used as bo(h :eru%ds a%d i%-i%i(i*es depe%di%: o% (he se%(e%ce>

A%-or(u%a(ely (here are %o dis(i%c( rules (o selec( (he correc( su--i. -or ma2i%: a :eru%d or

i%-i%i(i*e< i( all depe%ds o% e.perie%ce>

NOTE>

$he su--i. J-meK< K-maK is %o( (he same as (he %e:a(io%s su--i.es you ha*e used earlier> '-(er

(he ,erun$ 7 infiniti)esu--i.es< (here usually comes a perso%al su--i.> For e.ample0

:el+me+m 5my comi%:6 yap+ma+% 5your doi%:6 ^%o( youre doi%:_

O% (he o(her ha%d< a-(er (he %e:a(io% su--i.< (here should be a (e%se su--i.>

:el+me+di+m 5I did%( come6 yap+ma+5y6aca2 5he 8 she 8 i( ,ill %o( do6>

Si%ce (he *erbs are (ra%s-ormed i%(o ac(io%s a%d s(a(es< %o, (hey ca% be possessed by (he

pro%ou%s by usi%: (he possessi*e su--i.es> $his -ea(ure allo,s you (o assess (ha( ac(io% or

s(a(e (o (he pro%ou% ,i(h a si%:le su--i.0

Be%im be2le+me+m 5my ,ai(i%:6 Se%i% yama% 5your ,ri(i%:6 O%u% eUle%mesi 5his 8 her 8 i(s

ha*i%: -u%6

'l(hou:h (his does %o( sou%d correc( i% E%:lish< ,he% you (ry (o place i( i% a se%(e%ce< you

,ill u%ders(a%d ho, $ur2ish people co%s(ruc( (heir ra(her comple. se%(e%ces0

Biim 3al?mam? la?m 5li(> 1ur studyingis %ecessary6 ^corr> !e %eed (o s(udy_

Be% se%i% se*me%i is(iyorum> 5li(> I ,a%( your loving / liking6 ^corr> I ,a%( you (o li2e 8 lo*e_

O%lar?% i3meleri R%emli> 5li(> Their drinkingis impor(a%(6 ^corr> I( is impor(a%( -or (hem (o dri%2_


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M1


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M4

(erbs> 1orist

1orist 7 %imple 0resent Tense AGeni aman8

I% $ur2ish< (he aorist(e%se is used -or (al2i%: abou( habi(s< hobbies< %ear -u(ure pla%s a%d

e*e% -or reues(s> I% (his se%se< -or ma%y cases (he aoris( (e%se ca% be (hou:h( as

eui*ale%( (o (he simple present(e%se>

The 0ositi)e 4orm

For (he posi(i*e case (he su--i. depe%ds o% (he roo( o- (he *erb> $he roo( o- a *erb i% $ur2ishis (he par( le-( ,he% you sub(rac( +me28+ma2 -rom (he i%-i%i(i*e s(a(e>

eminderI%-i%i(i*e0 istemek@oo( o- (he #erb0 iste


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Case 3

I- (he roo( o- (he *erb e%ds ,i(h a *o,elX

you )us( %eed (o add +r (o (he e%d o- (he roo(>

0ronoun %tem

Tense

%uffi5

0ersonal

%uffi5

Entire

%entence #eanin,

Be% is(e +r +im Be%

is(erim>

I ,a%(>

Se% is(e +r +si% Se%is(ersi%>

7ou ,a%(>

O is(e +r O is(er> He 8 she 8 i(

,a%(s>

Bi is(e +r +i Bi is(eri> !e ,a%(>

Si is(e +r +si%i Si

is(ersi%i>

7ou ,a%(>

O%lar is(e +r +ler O%lar

is(erler>

$hey ,a%(>

Case 9

I- (he roo( o- (he *erb e%ds ,i(h a co%so%a%( a%d is o%e syllableX

I% harmo%y ,i(h (he las( *o,el o- (he roo(< (he (e%se su--i. may be 'ar or 'er>

(erb oot Tense %uffi5 Conu,ate$ (erb #eanin,

se*+ +er se*er 5He6 lo*es>

ya+ +ar yaar 5He6 ,ri(es


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Case :

i- (he roo( o- (he *erb e%ds ,i(h a co%so%a%( a%d i( more (ha% o%e syllableX

Asi%: +,ay *o,el harmo%y< (he su--i. 'Iris a((ached>

(erb Tense %uffi5 Conu,ate$ (erb #eanin,

cal?+ +?r 3al??r 5She6 ,or2s

u%u(+ +ur u%u(ur 5He6 -or:e(s

:e(ir+ +ir :e(irir 5I(6 bri%:s

Irre,ularities

1> 1 si%:le syllable *erbs (a2e (he (e%se si:% as +ir +?r +r +ur>es6 there

are onl+ 3: irre,ular )erbs6 an$ onl+ in this tense >8$hese *erbs are0

alma2< bilme2< bulma2< durma2< :elme2< :Rrme2< 2alma2< olma2< Rlme2 $here are *erbs e%di%: i% +( ,here +( is mu(a(ed i%(o +d ,he% (he

aoris( su--i. is added> $hese are :i(me2 5(o :o6< e(me2 5(o do6 a%d (a(ma2 5(o

(as(e6>

E.ample0

V Be% :i$erim> 5I :o6V Se% :i$ersi%> 57ou :o6V O :i$er> 5He 8 she 8 i( :oes6

The =uestion 4orm

$he ues(io% -orm o- *erb i% (he aoris( (e%se has (he s(ruc(ure belo,0

@oo( ` $e%se Su--i. ` S&'CE ` /ues(io% Su--i. ` &erso%al Su--i.

Note>

$he Tense %uffi5i% (he 2uestion form-ollo,s (he same rules i% (hepositive form> I% o(her

,ords< (he (e%se su--i. may be 'r6 'ar6 'er6 'ir6 'r6 'uror 'Mrdepe%di%: o% ho, (he roo( o- (he

*erb e%ds>

Le(s (a2e (he *erb gitmek5(o :o6 as a% e.ample>


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MM

0ronoun

oot of

K,itmekK

Tense

%uffi5 %01CE

=uestion

%uffi5

0ersonal

%uffi5

Conu,ate$

(erb

Be% :i(+ +er mi+ +y+im :ider miyim

Se% :i(+ +er mi+ +si% :ider misi%

O :i(+ +er mi+ :ider mi

Bi :i(+ +er mi+ +y+i :ider miyi

Si :i(+ +er mi+ +si%i :ider

misi%i

O%lar] :i(+ +er mi+ :ider mi

$here are a -e, poi%(s (ha( %eeds (o be s(ressed o% -or (his e.ample>

$he e.(ra le((er +y+ i% (he co%)u:a(io% -or JBe%K a%d JBiK is called (he buffer letter,hich is a

(opic o- a%o(her sub)ec(> Bu( i% (he ues(io% -orm< (hey ,ill al,ays be (here> I- you ha*e %o

i%-orma(io% o% bu--er le((ers< you ca% (ry (o lear% i( as (his ,ay>

$here is a% al(er%a(i*e ,ay o- co%)u:a(i%: (he *erbs -or JO%larK such as0

@oo( ` $e%se Su--i. ` &lural Su--i. 5+ler 8 +lar6 ` S&'CE ` /ues(io% Su--i.>

Bo(h co%)u:a(io%s are correc(>


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Ne,ation :

Ne,ati)e 4orm of the 1orist

$o ma2e (he *erb %e:a(i*e i% (he aoris( (e%se< you ca% -ollo, (he s(ruc(ure belo,0

@oo( ` Ne:a(io% Su--i. 5+m'6 ` &erso%al Su--i.

$he (able belo, :i*es some e.amples o% ho, (his is do%e0

0ronoun

0ersonal %uffi5

for Ne,ation istemek se)mek +a-mak

Be% +m is(emem se*mem yamam

Se% +sI% is(emesi% se*mesi% yamas?%

O + is(eme se*me yama

Bi +yI is(emeyi se*meyi yamay?

Si +sI%I is(mesi%i se*mesi%i yamas?%?

O%lar +lar is(emeler se*meler yamalar

0ronoun 0ersonal %uffi5 for Ne,ation $eitirmek ,itmek

Be% +m deUi(irmem :i(mem

Se% +sI% deUi(irmesi% :i(mesi%

O + deUi(irme :i(me

Bi +yI deUi(irmeyi :i(meyi

Si +sI%I deUi(irmesi%i :i(mesi%i

O%lar +lar deUi(irmeler :i(meler

"oul$&Fse$ to A'r$i8


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T1LING 1BOFT OLD H1BIT%> AGENJ 1#1NIN HJ1E%J8

I- you ,a%( (o (al2 abou( old habi(s< i>e> (hi%: used tobe do%e re:ularly bu( %o( a%y more< you

%eed (o combi%e (he aoris( (e%se a%d (he simple pas( (e%se> I( ma2es per-ec( se%se because

(he aoris( (e%se is (he (e%se you %eed (o usecurrenthabi(s a%d you carry (his i%-orma(io% (o

(he pas( by combi%i%: i( ,i(h (he simple pas( (e%se>

0ositi)e 4orm

$he s(ruc(ure -or (al2i%: abou( old habi(s is :i*e% belo,0

#erb @oo( ` 'oris( Su--i. ` &as( $e%se Su--i. ` &erso%al Su--i.


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MQ

Some e.amples are :i*e% i% (he (able>

(erb

oot

1oristT2

%uffi5

0astT2

%uffi5

0ersonal

%uffi5

Conu,ate$

4orm #eanin,

Be% o2u+ +r +du +m o2urdum I used (o

read>

Se% ye+ +r +di +% yerdi% 7ou

used (o

ea(>

O i3+ +er +di N8' i3erdi He 8

she 8 i(

used (o

dri%2

Bi yap+ +ar +d? +2 yapard?2 !e used

(o do>

Si se*+ +er +di +5%6? se*erdi%i 7ouused (o

lo*e>

O%lar] ol+ +ur +du +lar olurdular 8

olurlard?

$hey

used (o

be>

Ne,ati)e 4orm

!he% you ,a%( (o (al2 abou( some(hi%: (ha( you did %o( used (o do bu( s(ar(ed doi%: la(ely

#erb @oo( ` Ne:a(io% Su--i. ` 'oris( Su--i. ` &as( $e%se Su--i. ` &erso%al Su--i.

Ho, (o apply (his -orm is pro*ided i% (he (able belo,0

(erb

oot

Ne,ation

%uffi5

1orist

%uffi5

0ast

T2

0ersonal

%uffi5

Conu,ate$

4orm


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MT

%uffi5

Be% ol+ +ma + +d? +m olmad?%?

Se% o2u+ +ma + +d? +% o2umad?%?

O ye+ +me + +di N8' yemedi

Bi i3+ +me + +di +2 i3medi2

Si yap+ +ma + +d? +5%6? yapmad?%?

O%lar] se*+ +me + +di +ler se*mediler

8

se*melerdi

=uestion 4orm

$he ues(io% -orm -or (his combi%ed (e%se is :i*e% belo,0

#erb @oo( ` 'oris( Su--i. ` S&'CE ` /ues(io% Su--i. ` &as( $e%se Su--i. ` &erso%al Su--i.

`

(erboot

1orist%uffi5

=uestion%uffi5

0ast

T2%uffi5

0ersonal%uffi5

Conu,ate$4orm

Be% se*+ +er mi+ +5y6di +m se*er

miydim

Se% ol+ +ur mu+ +5y6du +% olur

muydu%

O o2u+ +r mu+ +5y6du N8' o2ur

muydu

Bi ye+ +r mi+ +5y6di +2 yer miydi2

Si i3+ +er mi+ +5y6di +5%6? i3er

miydi%i

O%lar] yap+ +ar m?+ +5y6d? +lar se*mediler

8

se*melerdi

&lease %o(e (ha(< i% case o- J1nlarK (he s(ruc(ure is a li((le bi( i%*er(ed>


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"hile&"hen A'iken8

!e use +i2e% -or P,hilePX -or a% ac(io% happe%i%: i% a period or i%(er*al o- (ime> So *erb`i2e%

should be (ra%sla(ed usi%: ,hile< bu( %o( usi%: ,he% 5shor( ac(io% or co%seue%ce< chec2

+i%ce s2ill6>

e2,2>

V I[ll coo2 ,hile you are sleepi%:0 Sen uyurkenben yemek yapaca#%m,

5coo2i%: is a( (he same (ime ,i(h sleepi%:6V I[ll coo2 ,he% you sleep0 Sen uyuyuncaben yemek yapaca#%m,

5coo2i%: s(ar(s ,he% (he o(her perso% -alls asleep6

Ho,e*er< ,he% ,e i%dica(e (he period o- (ime ,i(hou( a *erb< ,e also use +i2e% a%d (his

should be (ra%sla(ed usi%: ,he%0

e2,2>I used (o ea( chocola(e ,he% I ,as a child0 3ocukken ikolata yerdim>


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Can

Can

I% order (o e.press abili(y i% $ur2ish< you mus( use (he su--i. +5y6'bil alo%: ,i(h (he aoris(

(e%se> $his is ac(ually a compou%d o- a *erb< +5y6'< a%d bilmeki% (he aoris(> Here are some

e.amples0

Turkish Infiniti)e Can En,lish

7apma2 7apabilirim I ca% do>

Gi(me2 Gidebilirsi% 7ou ca% :o>

'Ulama2 'Ulayabiliri !e ca% cry>

GRrme2 GRrebilirsi%i 7ou ca% see>

Daya%ma2 Daya%abilir He8She8I( ca% e%dure>

Cant

@emember ho, (he canused bilmek $o %e:a(e (his< you ,ill ha*e (o i%s(ead use (he

%e:a(i*e su--i. +m'> $his mea%s you ,ill use (he *erb< +5y6'< a%d (he %e:a(i*e aoris(

perso%al e%di%:s> Here are some e.amples0

Turkish Infiniti)e Can En,lish

7apma2 7apamam I ca%[( do>

Gi(me2 Gidemesi% 7ou ca%[( :o>

'Ulama2 'Ulayamay? !e ca%[( cry>

GRrme2 GRremesi%i 7ou ca%[( see>

Daya%ma2 Daya%ama He8She8I( ca%[( e%dure>

#ust7%houl$7Ha)e to

#eli7#al


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65/72

Narrati)e past 'mi

eporte$ 0ast Tense

$ur2ish has a u%commo%< bu( %o( u%iue< -ea(ure< ,hich is a reported past tense> $his pas(

(e%se is used -or (hi%:s (ha( o%e did not experience4 see4 or witnesso%esel-> $his co%cep(

does note.is( i% E%:lish< a%d is %ormally prese%(ed i% di--ere%( ,ays 5e>:> appare%(ly< i(

seems< (hey say (ha(\6> $his mea%s< (he lesso% (ha( you ha*e already lear%ed 5+DI6 is used

-or (hi%:s (ha( (he spea2er has seen or witnessed> I% (his lesso%< you should (ra%sla(e

se%(e%ces usi%: (he simple past tenseorpresent perfect>

$he repor(ed pas( (e%se is -ormed ,i(h0 (he *erb roo( ` +mI ` perso%al e%di%:s> I( has +,ay

*o,el harmo%y>


Turkish

Infiniti)e

eporte$ 0ast

Tense En,lish

yapma2 yapm??m I did>

Rleme2 Rlemisi% 7ou missed>

byme2 bym He8She8I( :re,>

bilme2 biliyormu He8She8I( 2%o,s> 5,i(h

u%cer(ai%(y6

*urma2 *urmuu !e hi(8sho(

silme2 silmisi%i 7ou ,iped8dele(ed


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If ACon$itional&%ubuncti)e8

$he ,ri(i%: o- (his $ips a%d No(es has bee% hea*ily i%spired by

h((p088,,,>(ur2ishla%:ua:e>co>u28co%di(io%al>h(m> Chec2 i( ou(>

$he co%di(io%al8sub)u%c(i*e *oice is -ormed by addi%: (he su--i. -sA> I( ca% a((ach (o basically

a%y (e%se< ,i(h ha*i%: (,o *ersio%s i% (he pas(> $hese areoptionallyi%(roduced ,i(h (he ,ord

e#er> Here is a% e.pla%a(io%< (e%se by (e%se0

16> ==Simple 'c(ual Co%di(io%al=== $his has (he mea%i%: o- Ji- 5,ere (o6verb\K> I( is

-ormed by addi%: -(y)sA,i(h (he perso%al e%di%:s -or (he pas( (e%se 5(his mea%s< youshould use "k-or bi'6>

Turkish En,lish

yapsam i- I 5,ere (o6 do8ma2e

:else2 i- ,e 5,ere (o6 come

46> ===&rese%( Co%(i%uous===

Turkish En,lish

yap?yorsa% i- you ,ere doi%:8ma2i%:

:eliyorsa%? i- you ,ere comi%:

6> ===Simple Habi(ual===

Turkish En,lish

yaparsa i- he8she8i( does8ma2es

:elirseler i- (hey come

6> ===Fu(ure I%(e%(io%===

Turkish En,lish

yapaca2sam i- I 5,ill6 do8ma2e

:elece2se% i- you 5,ill6 come

M6> ===&as( @eali(y===


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Turkish En,lish

yap(?ysa2 i- ,e did8made

:eldeyse%i i- you came

0ast Fnrealit+

$he pas( reali(y is o-(e% preceded ,i(h (he ,ord ke5ke< ,hich mea%s if only>

Turkish En,lish

yapsayd?2 i- o%ly ,e had do%e8made

:elseydi% i- o%ly you had come


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Non'4uture Obect 0art2

'DIk

+DI2 or (he ob6ect participleis o%e o- (he mos( di--ere%( (hi%:s -rom E%:lish (ha( you ,ill -i%d

i% $ur2ish> $his bei%: said< i- you are able (o mas(er i(< $ur2ish people ,ill %ormally be ui(e

impressed> I( has a %o%+-u(ure (e%se 5mea%i%: (ha( i( ca% be (ra%sla(ed as pas( or prese%(

(e%se6> $his par(iciple has (hree mai% -u%c(io%s i% $ur2ish>

$o -orm (his par(iciple< you ,ill use (he -ollo,i%: -ormula0

#erb @oo( ` 5I6DI2 ` &ossessi*e E%di%:s ` 5(he 'ppropria(e Case< i- %eeded6

I( -ollo,s bo(h co%so%a%( harmo%y a%d +,ay *o,el harmo%y> Here are some e.amples o-

(he par(iciple i% (he %omi%a(i*e case0

Turkish

oot

Turkish *ith Ob2

0art2 En,lish

ya yad?U?m 2i(ap $he boo2 5(ha(6 I ,ro(e8am ,ri(i%:8,ri(e

pi?r piirdiUi%i yeme2 $he -ood 5(ha(6 you coo2ed8are

coo2i%:8coo2

:i( :i((iUi res(ora% $he res(aura%( 5(ha(6 he8she8i( ,e%(8is

:oi%:8:oes (o

THE OBECT 01TICI0LE 1% 1N 1DECTI(E

Li2e (he e.amples see% abo*e< ,he% (hese par(iciples are used as a% ad)ec(i*e< (hey are

(ra%sla(ed as rela(i*e clauses i% E%:lish> $his par(iciple ca% be used (o describe (hi%:s as a

rela(i*e clause ,he% (hey are not te subjecto- (ha( rela(i*e clause> $he par(iciple used -or

rela(i*es clauses i% ,hich (he re-ere%ce %ou% is (he sub)ec( ,ill be described la(er i% (he (ree>

Here are some e.amples i% -ull se%(e%ce -orm0

Turkish *ith Ob2 0art2 En,lish

7ad?U?m 2i(ab? o2udu% mu Did you read (he boo2 (ha( I ,ro(e

&iirdiUi%i yemeUi

yiyeceUi>

!e ,ill ea( (he -ood (ha( you made>


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Q

Gi((iUi res(ora% hi3 :el

deUildi>

$he res(aura%( (ha( she ,e%( (o ,as %o( :ood

a( all>

THE OBECT 01TICI0LE 1% 1 NOFN

Similar (o o(her la%:ua:es< you ca% some(imes drop %ou%s a%d o%ly use ad)ec(i*es (ha(-u%c(io% as %ou%s i% $ur2ish> $his also s(a%ds (rue i% $ur2ish> 'lso< do you remember (he ki

s2ill< ,here i( ,as me%(io%ed (ha( $ur2ish had a more Turkish,ay (o use thatas a

subordi%a(e co%)u%c(io% $his is i(> 7ou ,ill %eed (o use (he appropria(e cases depe%di%: o%

(he use o- (he par(iciple i% (he se%(e%ce> For e.ample0

Turkish *ith Ob2 0art2 En,lish

5Be%6 5se%i%6 :eldiUi%i duymad?m> I did %o( hear 5(ha(6 you came>

Selce% 5be%im6 yad?U?m? se*memi Selce% did %o( li2e ,ha( I ,ro(e8am

,ri(i%:>

5Be%6 5sii%6 si%emaya :i((iUi%ii

d%yorum>

I (hi%2 (ha( you ,e%(8are :oi%: (o (he

ci%ema>

Se%i :RrdUm i3i% mu(lu oldum I became happy because I sa, you

THE OBECT 01TICI0LE 1% 1N 1D(EB

!he% you use (he ob)ec( par(iciple ,i(h (he loca(i*e or abla(i*e cases< (hey (a2e o% a specialmea%i%:> !he% used ,i(h (he loca(i*e 5+D'6< i( has (he mea%i%: o- J,he%


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T

$he passi*e *oice is used ,he% you do %o( ,a%( (o e.plici(ly s(a(e (he a:e%( 5or (he

(hi%:8perso% doing(he ac(io% o- (he *erb6> $his is -ormed ,i(h a su--i. a((ached (o (he *erb

roo(> $his su--i. is a((ached be-ore (e%se a%d perso%al e%di%:s> $here are (hree di--ere%(

su--i.es used< depe%di%: o% (he -i%al sou%d o- (he *erb roo(>

(erb oots En$in, in Consonants E5cept for L

#erb roo(s (ha% e%d i% a%y co%so%a%( except for >,ill :e( (he su--i. -&l> $his su--i. has +

,ay *o,el harmo%y> Here are some e.amples0

Infiniti)e 0assi)e Infiniti)e En,lish

yapma2 yap?lma2 (o be made

*erme2 *erilme2 (o be :i*e%

d%me2 d%lme2 (o be (hou:h(

==#erb @oo(s E%di%: i% L==

#erb roo(s (ha( e%d i% L ,ill :e( (he su--i. -&n> $his su--i. has +,ay *o,el harmo%y> Here are

some e.amples0

Infiniti)e 0assi)e Infiniti)e En,lishbilme2 bili%me2 (o be 2%o,%

bulma2 bulu%ma2 (o be -ou%d

(erb oots En$in, in (o*els

#erb roo(s (ha% e%d i% *o,els :e( (he su--i. -n> $here is ob*iously %o *o,el harmo%y -or (he

su--i.< as (here is %o *o,el> $here are some e.amples0


is(eme2 is(e%me2 (o be ,a%(ed

sRyleme2 sRyle%me2 (o be said

"hen A'ince8


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W

!e use +i2e% -or P,hilePX -or a% ac(io% happe%i%: i% a period or i%(er*al o- (ime 5chec2

,hile;,he% s2ill6> So *erb`i2e% should be (ra%sla(ed usi%: ,hile< bu( %o( usi%: ,he% 5shor(

ac(io% or co%seue%ce6>

e2,2>

V I[ll coo2 ,hile you are sleepi%:0 Sen uyurkenben yemek yapaca#%m,

5coo2i%: is a( (he same (ime ,i(h sleepi%:6V I[ll coo2 ,he% you sleep0 Sen uyuyuncaben yemek yapaca#%m,

5coo2i%: s(ar(s ,he% (he o(her perso% -alls asleep6

Ho,e*er< ,he% ,e i%dica(e (he period o- (ime ,i(hou( a *erb< ,e also use +i2e% a%d (his

should be (ra%sla(ed usi%: ,he%0

e2,2>I used (o ea( chocola(e ,he% I ,as a child0 3ocukken ikolata yerdim>


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1

elati)e 0ronouns 'A+81n

elati)e 0ronouns

$ur2ish i(sel- does %o( co%(ai% rela(i*e pro%ou%s i% (he same ,ay (ha( E%:lish has (hem> '

participleis used i%s(ead o- a pro%ou% proper> $his is called (herelative participleor (he

ob6ect participle> $he su--i. has (he -orm ]+5y6'% a%d i( is a((ached (o (he *erb roo(< u%less (he

*erb is %e:a(ed> I% (his case< i( ,ill ha*e (he -orm J*erb roo( ` m' ` y'%K> Here are some

e.amples o- ho, (o -rom (he rela(i*e par(iciple0


o2uma2 o2uya% 5,ho8(ha(8,hich6 is readi%:8reads

:i(me2 :ide% 5,ho8(ha(8,hich6 is :oi%:8:oes

yama2 yaa% 5,ho8(ha(8,hich6 is ,ri(i%:8,ri(es

(ercih e(me2 (ercih ede% 5,ho8(ha(8,hich6 pre-ers

!he% (his is used< (he same SO# ,ord order is preser*ed> For e.ample0

Turkish En,lish

Saa( be(e par2aya :ide%

adam

$he ma% 5,ho is6 :oi%: (o (he par2 a( -i*e

o[cloc2

9i(ab? yaa% 2ad?% $he ,oma% 5,ho is6 ,ri(i%: (he boo2

7e%i 3e*rile% 2i(ap $he boo2 ,hich8(ha( ,as rece%(ly (ra%sla(ed

?5ir vurmakla aa2 devrilmez6?

turkish grammar tips hints

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