Turn in:

1.Reading Questions

2.Map Questions

3.Charts

4.Opinion Matters

5.Poster

France

Charles de Gaulle

• 1946: Fourth Republic

• changes:1958- 5th

Republic

– strong president

– nukes

– increased economy

• outcome

– Student protests & labor strikes

– de Gaulle leaves office

France

• Francois Mitterrand (1981)

–aid workers

–nationalized industries

–economic decline continues

• Jacques Chirac (1995)

–conservative

West Germany to Germany

• Conrad Adenauer

• Economic miracle

– Unemployment fell

• Social Democrats

– Willy Brandt

• Treaty with East Germany (1972)

• Helmut Kohl (1980s and 90s)

– economic boom

• Reunification (1990)

• problems

– weak east

– unemployment

– attacks on foreigners

Great Britain

• Weakened by WWII

• creates a welfare state

– passes: National Insurance and Health

Service Act

– outcome: leads to breakup of British

Empire

• Northern Ireland

– Catholics vs. Protestants

• Margaret Thatcher (1980s)

– conservative reforms

– response: strikes & demonstrations =

Thatcher resigns

• Tony Blair (1997) = Labour Party, 9-11,

War on Terror

Unity between Western Europe

• Rome Treaty

– European Economic Community

– created: Free trade for members but tariff

on others

– impact: became largest exporter and

purchaser of raw materials

• EEC

– Added GB, Ireland, Denmark

– economic union

• European Union (1994)

– common currency

United States

1960s

• JFK

– importance: youngest president

– happened: assassinated

United States

Johnson

– Civil Rights Act of 1964

• prior = separate but equal

• leaders = Martin Luther King Jr

• stated = no segregation or

discrimination

– Voting Rights Act

• impact: no more grandfather clause,

literacy test, etc

– race riots in North

– Vietnam protests

– Nixon comes to office

United States

1970s

• Nixon

– “law and order”

– Watergate

• Carter

– economic inflation

– Iran

United States

1980s and 90s

• Reagan

– cut social programs

– military buildup

– budget deficit

• Bush

– economic downturn

– end of Cold War

• Clinton

– “new kind” of Democrat

– extracurricular

• Bush II & Obama

– “War on Terror”

Canada

• Economic success

– resources

– manufacturing

– US investment

• Pierre Trudeau

– rule for 2 decades

– 2 official languages

• Unity problems

– French vs. English

– separation vote in Quebec

Détente

• When? 1970s

• What? Improved relations between US and USSR

• Signs that things were better: trade between two

• Setbacks:

– USSR invades Afghanistan

• US reaction:

– US not involved in Olympics

– Embargo on grain

– Reagan

• Calls USSR evil empire

• Military increase

• Military aid to Afghan rebels

Brezhnev

Ideas/Changes:

• Brezhnev Doctrine – stated that USSR had

right to intervene in another Communist

state

• Allowed more access to Western culture

Problems:

• Government too big and corrupt

• Farmers had no incentive to work

• Rise in infant mortality

• Decline in economy

• Rise in alcoholism

• Poor working conditions

Gorbachev

• Policies

– Glasnost – openness to discussion of USSR

problems

– Perestroika – restructuring

• Economic Plan:

–Create market economy

Gorbachev

• Political change

– Created Congress of People’s Deputies

• Elected parliament

• First time since 1918

– Allowed for political parties to form

– Communist party no longer the lead

role

– Created position of president – he was

first and only president of USSR

Gorbachev

• Changes allowed for hidden problems to show

– Problem: several ethnic groups in area

• Led to calls for independence

• Ukraine – first to get independence

•October 3, 1990 – Germany reunites

•Dec. 25, 1991 – USSR dissolved

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

• First President of Russia - Boris Yeltsin

– Economy – free market

– Problems:

• Chechens – used force to keep

them from revolting

Russia

• Putin

– Changes

• Land reform

• Tax cuts

• Moved to join WTO

Poland

• workers’ protests

• Lech Walesa

– Solidarity

–President

• Pope John Paul II

Czechoslovakia

• mass demonstrations

• Vaclav Havel

• Avoid ethnic conflicts

– split in 1993

Romania

• Nicolae Ceausescu

–harsh rule

–economic policies

• Revolt

–Ceausescu’s executed

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia

• Tito dies (1980)

• Independence (1990-91)

– Slovenia, Macedonia, BH, Croatia

• Slobodan Milosevic

– Serbia

– attacks Muslims in Bosnia (1995)

– attacks ethnic Albanians in Kosovo (1998)

– NATO response to both

Yugoslavia

Economic Problems

• Military dictatorships

–encouraged multinational

corporations – Banana Republics

– increased dependence on wealthy

nations

–massive loans

Mexico

• 50s & 60s

– PRI- Institutional Rev. Party

• Single party rule

– steady growth – gains, wages

– Protests

• Mexico City, 1968: police killed 100s

• 70s

– new oil reserves = increased exports

– dependence on oil exports: oil prices

drop

• Vicente Fox (2000)

– 1st

non-PRI candidate elected president

Cuba Since the Crisis

Castro

• some reforms

• relied on Soviet aid

– Gone after 1991

• Helms-Burton Act

– US law: embargo on Cuba

• stepped down

– Health issues

– Brother (Raul) to transition to

political reforms

Central America

El Salvador

• military dictatorships

• early 1990s: civil war

–Marxist rebels vs. US-funded army

–75,000 dead

Central America

Panama

• Manuel Noriega

– Military leader

– Drug trade

– CIA asset

• US invasion (1989)

• Panama Canal (1999)

Argentina

Juan Peron

• descamisados (workers)

– “shirtless ones”

Peron as president

• nationalized industries

• Authoritarian – fascist gangs

• overthrown but returned

• military took over after he died

(1976)

Falkland Islands

• aka Malvinas

• war against UK -

1982

– defeat!!

• opened door for

democracy

Argentina

Chile

Salvador Allende (1970)

• increased wages

• nationalized industries

– Foreign corps pushed out

• angered wealthy landlords and American

mining companies – copper

• 1973- assassinated

– After reelection – Sept 11th

General Augusto Pinochet

• military dictatorship

• brutal regime

• defeated in 1989

– Arrested as human rights abuser

Peru

• mostly poor, landless

peasants

• General Juan Velasco

Alvarado

– attempted reforms

– peasant cooperatives

– nationalized industries

– removed in 1975

• Shining Path

– killed and tortured

– goal: classless society

Colombia

• coffee plantations

– Owners dominated gov’t

• violent response to Marxist

groups

– 200,000 killed stopping

attempts to organize

peasants

• drug production

– Cocaine

– Cartels

– Violence “aerial

eradication”

– American troops - 2003

Independence

• Ghana: 1st

• 1960: 17 nations

– Last: Angola, Mozambique

(from Portugal) – 1970s

• Algeria: French settlers

– independence in 1962

Challenges

• Civil war: Nigeria (1960s)

–Economy worsened when

oil prices dropped

Challenges

• Ethiopia and Somalia: drought and war

–civil war and war between each other

Challenges

• Dictatorships: Idi Amin in Uganda (1970s)

–Others:

• Liberia

• Zimbabwe

Challenges • Genocide: Hutus vs. Tutsis in Rwanda (1994)

– 800,000 killed in 100 days

South Africa

• Apartheid – gov’t segregation

• Nelson Mandela (ANC leader)

– imprisoned in 1962

– released in 1990

• Movement led by Bishop

Desmond Tutu

• 1993: full suffrage elections

– Mandela elected

President

Apartheid_s_Legacy.asf

Egypt

Nasser

• Actions:

– Took Suez Canal

• Britain, France, and Israel

Reaction: attacked (Suez War

of 1956)

• US and USSR reaction: made

them stop

Egypt

Pan-Arabism

• Idea: Arab unity

• First step: united with Syria to form

United Arab Republic

– Would have strength from OIL

– Oil nations never join

• Outcome: Syria eventually withdraws

from union

Israel & Palestine

Background after WWII

• Most of Middle East independent

and mostly Muslim

• Holocaust made people look to

give Jews a homeland

• 1948 = Palestine divided into a

Jewish and Arab state

– Arab reaction: several countries

invaded and refused to

recognize Israel.

Israel & Palestine

Arab – Israeli Dispute

• Problem: Egypt stopped Israel from

using Gulf of Aqaba

• Reaction from Israel:

– attacks Egypt and others (aka: Six

Day War)

– Takes Sinai Peninsula

– Took area of West Bank and Golan

Heights

Israel & Palestine

Arab – Israeli Dispute

• 1973 – Egypt attacks Israel

– Outcome: UN forced ceasefire

– Other issue in area – formation of

OPEC

• Why? Control oil prices

• What did they do? Cut production and

raised prices

– Impact – oil shortages

• Led to: Camp David Accords

– Leaders: Sadat, Carter, and Begin

– Stated: ended war between Egypt and Israel

Israel & Palestine

PLO formed

• What is it: Palestinian

Liberation Organization

• Purpose: called for

Palestine to be created

• Leader: Yasir Arafat

Israel & Palestine

• Al-Fatah

– What is it? Guerilla movement

– Leader – Yasir Arafat

• Actions taken by both – intifada –

uprising against Israel

– Outcome: PLO was given control

of semi-independent area and

they had to recognize Israel

Iraq

• 1980 – dispute with Iraq over

boundaries

– Actions by Saddam- used children

to clear minefields; used chemical

weapons against minorities

– Outcome: cease-fire

• 1990 – invaded Kuwait

– Outcome: UN attacked and pushed

them out

• 2003 – invaded by US and

Coalition forces

– Outcome: Hussein captured

– 10 yrs later??

Afghanistan

• Background after WWII –

taken over by USSR

• US action: helped push USSR

out

• 1998- Taliban takes control

– Problem: shelter to Bin Laden

– Outcome: UN ask for Bin Laden

and when denied war is

declared

– 10 yrs later??

Deng Xiaoping

• Policy - four modernizations

– changes:

• foreign investors

• sent students to study abroad

• farming - allowed land to be leased

and anything produced could be sold

for profit

• make goods to sell

– problem:

• people wanted democracy

• outcome of demand: Tiananmen

Square protest

– gov't response: sent in troops

Society

• Changes brought to China by

Communism

– women

• given equality

– family

• not as important as society

• Great Leap Forward and Cultural

Revolution - children were expected to

report on parents

• Today: more economic and

religious freedoms

– still human rights violations

India

• Division

– Hindus: India

– Muslims: Pakistan

– Sikhs: Punjab not

independent

• assassinated PM Indira Gandhi

(1984)

• conflict with Pakistan over

Kashmir

• both nuclear powers

Southeast Asia

• Vietnam

– communism

– unified after Vietnam War

• Cambodia

– Khmer Rouge

• Philippines

– Ferdinand Marcos

– Corazon Aquino

– Terrorism

• East Timor

– Invaded 1974 by Indonesia

– Independence 2002

The Japanese Miracle

• new constitution after WWII

• “state capitalism”

– active gov’t

– efficiency

• zaibatsu

• society

– work ethic and family honor

Asian Tigers

• South Korea

– struggle for democracy

– industrial growth

– large corporations

• Taiwan

– Republic of China

– concentrated on economic growth

– recent democracy

• Singapore

– British colony

– ships, oil refineries, electronics

• Hong Kong

– British rule until 1997

– very high standard of living

Asian Tigers

Asian Tigers

Asian Tigers

Asian Tigers

Shanghai, China