Turn in the following items from your homework:Answers from video reading

Keep your chapter 1 notes or reading guide. I will walk around and check them as you work

Pick up the papers on the tableBegin to work individually on the ½ sheet on

the Jared Diamond reading

• Homo Erectus• Homo Sapiens Sapiens= wise beings• Characteristics of Homo Sapiens

o Simple tool useo Use of fireo Development of culture- system of beliefs to

explain environment and social behavior

Push Factor- Reasons people to move from the region they live inExamples: water source dries up, natural

disaster, war, no economic opportunity, political repression

Pull Factor- Attracts people to move to a certain placeExamples: better farm land, better jobs, stable

government

• Major developments- development of Agriculture and cities

• Why did Agriculture develop?o Need- population increase from end of ice age

meant people had to be more creative about finding food

o Hunting yield declined with end of ice age

NomadicLimited to what could be carriedYields less food, no surplusMore variety in diet; healthierChildren spaced four years apartLess disease from sparse populations and no

domesticated animalsNo formal government or social structureEgalitarian- no social structure, gender

inequalityLess development of technology

• Ability to settle in one place and focus on economic, political, and religious goals

• Population increase• Domesticated animals could be used for food

and clothing• Greater wealth led to specialization and in turn

inventions• Note- hunting-and-gathering people couldn’t

compete and often died off from diseases from agricultural societies

Began around 11,000 BCEAbility to farm and domesticate animalsHad food surpluses which could be storedMore dependent on crops, less biodiversity, less

healthyShorter birth intervalDense populationMore disease due to contact with domesticated

animalsHumans begin to claim territories and not shareEventually leads to cities

Need for authority; governments, armies, laws

Need for priestsSpecialization in jobsWritingSocial stratification and social statusInequality between men and womenFewer people live the good lifeMore technologyProduced “civilizations”

Time World Population10,000 BCE 4 million5,000 BCE 5 million3,000 BCE 14 million2,000 BCE 27 million1,000 BCE 50 million500 BCE 100 million

• Began in the Middle East about 4000 BCE

• Metal tools allowed farmers to work more efficiently

• Allowed for more specialization• Better weapons• Increased knowledge of metals and

metalworking

• "society with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and social heirarchy"

• could have more complex political structure•  writing • could have cities• Civilizations really date only to 3500 BCE

  • Characteristics of early civilizations

o writingo formal codes of lawo city planningo institutions for trade (incl. money)

• Catal Huyuk- Neolithic village in southern Turkey around 7000 BCE. o religious structureso stable economy and

tradeo some specialization in

trade

• Middle East• developed from scratch  -  did not imitate• Sumerians developed cuneiform (first known case of writing)• made developments in math and science to better farm• developed complex religious rituals and towers of worship

called ziggurats• politcal organization- city-state ruled by a king who claimed

divine authority• evolution of slavery• region was difficult to defend and eventually succombed to

the Akkadians and then the Babylonians• Babylonians extended the civilization and the famous King

Hammurabi introduced the first early code of law, Hammurabi's code

• invasions of hunting and herding groups common

• formed by 3000 BCE in northern Africa

• Egypt able to maintain unified state because of location

• Pharoah had immense power• Government directed economy

more• architecture- pyramids• While science and writing not

as developed as in the Tigris-Euphrates civilization, math and art more advanced

• 2500 BCE along the Indus River-  Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro

• developed distinctive writing and art

• some trading contacts with Mesopotamia

• architecture- houses had running water

• 2500-2000 BCE• developed in considerable

isolation• carefully organized state• regulated flooding of the

yellow river• advanced technology• elaborate intellectual life,

including writing and astronomy

• By 1500, Shang ruled the region 

2500s BCE- 400s CENot in a river valleyExceptional wealth,

technical efficiencyArtistic creativity

(colossal heads, jade carvings)

Little evidence of war/violence

Laid foundations for calendars, writing, systems, math

900 BCE – 250 BCENot in a river valley, but in

a mountain and diffused over large area (pol. Organized)

Had llama to help with food and transport

Metallurgy, high quality textiles

Religion spread to Mesoamerica (jaguars, snakes, hawks, eagles)

architectureartwheelbasic mathematics conceptsdivisions of timealphabets and writing