TWO UNRECORDED INCUNABLES: ROUEN,

CIRCA 1497, AND LYONS, CIRCA 1500

DAVID J.SHAW

F O R a number of years, I have been re-examining the British Library's books printedin France between 1501 and 1520 for a typographical catalogue of the Library's Frenchpost-incunables. This catalogue is a revision of the unpublished manuscript of Col.Frank Isaac's Index to the British [Museum] Library's books printed in France between1501 and 1520 which remained incomplete at his death in 1943. The Indexes of booksprinted between 1501 and 1520 were started by Robert Proctor, who pubUshed thevolume for Germany in 1903 as an outgrowth from his incunable catalogue, and werecontinued by Isaac for Italy (published in 1938)^ and for France (unpublished).^ As withthe incunable catalogues, these Indexes are arranged according to Proctor's methodology- by place of printing, then by printer, and for each printer the books are hsted inchronological order. The main function of the work is to attribute unsigned books totheir printer when possible and to order the production of each workshop chronologically,assigning dates where necessary. As with the incunable catalogues, a large part of thistask involves the identification and classification of each printer's typographical material.I have tried to extend this aspect of the work, so that the finished catalogue shouldpresent important new evidence on the supply of type in France in the early sixteenthcentury and on its use in the printing-houses of the time.

The undated books pose problems at both ends of the chronological span.Incunabulists are familiar with undated books which could have been printed around1500 plus or minus five years: should they be excluded from an incunable catalogue, orincluded with a suitably cautious note.-* A similar problem arises with this catalogue inrespect of both the beginning and end dates (1501 and 1520) and with much the sameclasses of books. As a result of re-examination of several undated Parisian incunablcs, Ihave tentatively re-assigned them to the sixteenth century and included them in thecatalogue. In the case of the two books considered here, previously catalogued as beingof the sixteenth century, I have decided to exclude them from the catalogue, on thegrounds that they are more likely to have been printed in or before the year 1500. Theyare therefore documented here as additions to the Library's collection of incunables.

I. Le coustumier de Normendie, Rouen, Martin Morin, c. 1497

This book was acquired in 1951 and consequently does not appear in the original FrenchShort-Title Catalogue of 1924. It was entered in the General Catalogue of Printed Booksand in the Supplement to the French STC, where it is given the date of [r. 1505]. Thereis no doubt as to the printer or printing town. The book has on its final verso the printer'sdevice and name of Martin Morin, probably the most famous of the early sixteenth-century Rouen printers. The printer's device is illustrated in Polain.^ The book itself islisted as part of Morin's output (also with the date [1505?]) in Pierre Aquilon'sbibliography of sixteenth-century Rouen printing.* This edition was not known to Frere,Morin's earliest bibliographer,^ nor is it found in A. Gouron and O. Terrin, Bibliographielies Coutumes de France.^

The publishing history of the Coustumier de Normendie is outlined in Gouron andTerrin. Three Rouen editions of the fifteenth century are recorded in a recent article byAlain Girard on Rouen incunable printing, which has a list of the 151 books known tohave been printed there in the fifteenth century."^ The three Coustumiers are Usted herein a modified and expanded form (using Girard's numbers):

41. IRouen, Guillaume Le Talleur, before 1490], 8°, a-y^, 176 leaves, 22 lines, BMC viii, 391.(British Library; Paris, Bibliotheque nationale; Rouen, Bibliotheque municipale.)

42. Rouen, Jacques Le Forestier, [c. 1497], 8°, a b-t^; A-K^, 232 leaves, 24 lines. BMC viii,399-400. (British Library; Paris, Bibliotheque nationale; Harvard, Law School Library.)

43. [Rouen, Guillaume Le Talleur?, before 1500], 8**, a-z^, 184 leaves, 22 lines. Pellechet 4026,Le Verdier \xviii, p. 147. (Cherbourg, Bibliotheque municipale; Paris, Bibliothequenationaie.)

These Coustumiers are not untypical of Morin's output. Girard lists customs of two otherprovinces which he printed: Coutumes d'Anjou ^ du Maine in 1491 and 1493 (nos. 145Aand 146A), and the Coutumes de Bretagne in 1492 (no. 40). Much of the rest of Morin'ssurviving output consists of liturgical works and other devotional or theological material.

There are three types found in the book under discussion:i ioT found in 1497-1509 +83B 1492

130T 1499-1509 +(The datings for the fifteenth century are given from BMC, those for the sixteenthcentury from my work on Isaac's Index.) There are no initial letters. Thus, the bookcould have been printed in the fifteenth century, but of course these types remained inuse after 1500: Morin's career extended from 1491 to 1522. He continued to use the twotextura types until at least 1509. The woodcut of the Crucifixion on the title-page versohas not so far been traced to any other book. The piece of evidence which shows that theCoutumes de Normandie was printed before 1500 is the state of Morin's printer's device(fig. i). Polain illustrates the device in its original state, as found in 1489. It was still

intact in 1496/7 but in sixteenth-century books it shows damage at several points. In theCoutumes, the device is undamaged. The question is, did the device become damagedduring the incunable period or not until the sixteenth century.? In the 1503 GuillermusParisiensis, Posttlla siue expositio epystolarum et evangeliorum dominicalium (Aquilon no.4), the device has (inter alia) a nick in the top outer rule near the top right-hand corner.This blemish can in fact be traced to a fifteenth-century book: Girard illustrates the title-page of the 1499 Missale rothomagense which shows the same nick (though without someof the other damage which the device had suffered by 1503).^ It can therefore be assumedthat the Coutumes de Normandie was printed not later than 1499 and can be added toAlain Girard's list, bringing the number of known Rouen incunables to 152.

BMC viii, 398 lists as a probable incunable another Morin book which also has theflaw in the top right-hand corner of the device: a Sarum Missal (IC.43967). BMC notesthat 'the present book thus probably belongs to the turn of the century and may be later'.In fact the break in the rule in the device is not complete and this would tend to confirmthat this Missal is correctly listed as an incunable and that its date could be givenas [1500.?]. It is unlikely to be earlier, as one of the types is the 150T which is nototherwise found in the fifteenth century.

A description of the Coustumier follows:

COUTUMIER. Coutuntier de Normandie.[Rouen], Martin Morin, [not later than 1499]

ai''\ Le coustumier de normendie. ; ai^: [woodcut of crucifixion, 94x71 mm]; az":[ f Our ce que nostre intencion est | ... ; 2^-5": La table. ; on as'': Ensuit Ie prologue. ;ai)": [chapter i:] De droit. i. ; t9'' ends: lesd de luniuersite: lesdictes lettres de citacios/

; tio*""" missing [end of first text, and colophon?]; A i^ Ensuiuent les vsaiges etla formequon I a acoustume vser...; on Kio ' : Finis. ; K io ' : [device of M. Morin, Polain 189]

Maistre martin morin.

8^ ab-s^ t'"; A-I«K^^ 236 leaves, bi^ 100(108) x 64 mm; 24 lines ( +headline + directionline). $1'" only signed [ + t4 signed tii; K4 signed Kii]. No catchwords.

Type: 130T (colophon); i ioT (title); 82B (text). Spaces for initials left blank.

Lacks leaf tio.

Device undamaged: before 1499.

Crucifixion woodcut: not the same as the one in the two Missals recorded in BMC viii.

IA.43974

2. Le Puy-en-Velay, La fondacion de la saincte eglise de Nostre Dame Du Puy.[Lyons?, c. 1500]

This very rare little quarto pamphlet relates the legends and miracles associated with thefoundation of the diocese of Le Puy and its principal church. It was no doubt produced

's.w;---.-'-s-'3-

to encourage pilgrimage to the shrine of St Mary in the town of Le Puy-en-Velay, nowthe chief town of the department of Haute-Loire to the south-west of Lyons.

Le Puy was celebrated for its 'black virgin', an ebony statue brought, according topopular tradition, from the East in the thirteenth century by St Louis.^ It was a veryimportant centre of Marian pilgrimage in the later Middle Ages. The shrine had its ownspecial pardon or indulgence, and attracted very large crowds in the years of its Jubileesor other years when there were special processions. Some of these legends and historicalfacts are recounted by a sixteenth-century local chronicler, Estienne Medicis, who tellsfor example of the large number of people killed by the crush of the crowds at the 1502Jubilee. ^ A seventeenth-century account of the history of the shrine by Odo de Gissey,Discours historiques de la devotion a Notre Dame Du Puy^ went through three editions. ^The statue of the black virgin was ceremonially burned by the revolutionaries in 1793and replaced by a replica in 1856. ^

Our pamphlet tells a more amazing account of the shrine and its statue. We first ofall learn of the christianization of the Velay by St George who was sent from Rome bySt Peter, together with St Front. St George died on the way but his body was returnedto Rome where he resuscitated and set out on his way again. The foundation of theChurch of Le Puy by his (historical) successor St Vonzi or Vosy (in Latin, Evodius) isthen related.^^

We are told that the image of Mary, which stood on the altar of the church, was madein Jerusalem by the prophet Jeremiah and was taken away by Nebuchadnessar at thetime of the destruction of the Temple and the Babylonian captivity. It remained formany centuries in the royal treasury in Babylon until a French king (unspecified, butafter the time of Clovis), while visiting the Holy Land, was given it by his friend theSultan of Babylon. The king promised to deposit it in the first church he should visit onhis return to France and thus it found its way to Le Puy.

There appears to have been a Latin version of this legend, of which our pamphlet isin part a French translation. The act of translation is referred to several times in the verseprologue and end-piece. The central section in prose is presumably the part which isbased on a Latin source. I have not yet been able to trace the Latin original, which maynot have had a wide circulation outside Le Puy.^*

The French text (or variant versions of it) seems to survive in three forms: onemanuscript and two printed. There is a further early sixteenth-century printed accountof the same legends, which is not textually related to the version under discussion.

{i) The manuscript version

The Bibliotheque nationale in Paris has a late fifteenth-century manuscript whichcontains as its second item essentially the same text as the British Library printed versionunder discussion here.^^ This text starts:

Sensuit listoire translatee de latin en francois de la fondation et du lieu miraculeux de ceste sainte

5

eglise et singulier oratoire de nostre dame du puy et de linuention de son deuot ymage fait parIeremie le prophete long temps deuant lincarnation de ihesucrist. (f. 9 )

The text ends:

avec les sains en gloire pardurable. Amen. (f. 29 )

It will be seen that the incipit of the manuscript version corresponds closely to the startof the text of the British Library pamphlet (on f. 2a'") and that the explicit is identical(except for spelling). The text is essentially the same as in the two printed versions butis independent of them in several points of detail. ^ From the accompanying items in themanuscript, the original composition of the text can be dated to c. 1470. It was probablywritten by a member of the cathedral chapter of Le

(ii) Two printed editions listed by Brunei

Brunet records two printed editions of a Fondation de Peglise de Nostre Dame du Puy,neither of which is identical to the British Library copy.^^ The first is a later reprint ofthe text found in the British Library:

Sensuyt la fondatio de la saincte eglise et singulier oratoire de nostre dame du puy. Translate delatin en fracoys. Et coment le deuot ymage fut trouue par hieremye Ie prophete. On les vend a parisen la rue neufue nostre dame A lenseigne de lescu de France, [veuve Trepperel?, c. 1520?]. Small 8°:A-B^ C , 20 leaves, unnumbered. Paris, Bibliotheque nationale. Res. Lk'. 3831. ®

The other edition listed by Brunet proves to be a later, independent account of the samelegends, written by another member of the cathedral chapter in 1519:

La fondation et erection de la saTcte deuote & miraculeuse eglise de nostre dame du Puy, bastiepar reuelatios diuines. Imprimee nouuellement a Lyon, par Claude nourry dit le Prince, ij Februaryj^2j 1= 1524 n.s.?j. 4": a-d^e^; 36 leaves. Paris, Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal (4° BL 3141,misbound). Baudrier xii, 127.

(Hi) The British Library edition

The British Library edition (described in full at the end of this article) has the samecontents as the other Parisian edition described above. One might guess that the latter(small 8°, 20 leaves, two and a half sheets) was later than the larger format British Librarycopy with 18 leaves (4* , 18 leaves, four and a half sheets), on the principle thatpublishers tend progressively to squeeze books into fewer sheets in order to save costs.The book is variously localized and dated by the catalogues of the British Library: theGeneral Catalogue suggests the date [Paris, c. 1530]; the French Short-Title Cataloguesuggests [Paris, c. 1520]; Frank Isaac was intending to ascribe the book to the Lyonspress of Jean de Vingle with the date [c. 1505.^]. It will be seen that I want to move thedate even further back to the end of the fifteenth century.

There are no Parisian editions of this text recorded in vols. 1-3 (i501-1530) of theInventaire chronologique des editions parisiennes du XVIe siecle, and just the one Lyonsedition (of a different text) listed by Baudrier. The La Valliere catalogue (no. 4643) listsa *Recueil de pieces, in-8, goth.' whose first item is probably the Bibliotheque nationalecopy. (It cannot be the Arsenal copy, as that is clearly signed and dated as indicatedabove.) The catalogue attributes it to Alain Lotrian (who was the successor to the widowTrepperel). *' Two other items in the volume were also published by Lotrian. Noincunable editions have been found in the obvious sources. ^ Finally, another manuscriptversion of the text survives, in the municipal library at Le Puy, but it is apparently a late-sixteenth-century copy of one of the printed editions. ^

It is unlikely that the British Library copy was printed in Le Puy. No book printersare recorded there in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, though there were printers ofplaying cards (a separate trade).^^ There are a number of booksellers listed as workingin Le Puy from 1511 but their books seem to have been printed in Lyons. ^ One localauthor, the lawyer Jacques David, had his books printed in Avignon in 1516 and 1520. ^I have been unable so far to consult a copy of Germain Martin, Les plus anciens librairesdu Puy (1514-1^44)}^ The earliest book printer in Le Puy seems to be Etienne Andre,who started work there in about 1611 to serve the needs of the new Jesuit college,working until about 1628. " He was followed by Francois Varolles and then by theDelagarde dynasty.

The task of identifying and dating the printer of the British Library edition of theFondacion is a difficult one since there is little typographical material to investigate: onlyone typeface and a single woodcut. The edition under examination is set in a distinctivebdtarde type measuring 97 mm with an unusual upper-case M with a half crossbar. InKonrad Haebler's Typenrepertorium der Wiegendrucke, this M is listed as M* .Haebler's classification shows only four incunable printers with such a bdtarde ofapproximately 97 mm.^^ From my work on Isaac's Index, I have been able to add detailsof sixteenth-century printers using this unusual type. They are (with sizes and usagedates):

Jean de Vingle Lyons, 1493, 1494; 96BClaude Dayne Lyons, 1496, 1497; 97B with M*^ and M^^Nicole de La Barre Paris, undated; 98/99BJean Bouyer Poitiers, used from 1493; c. 95-iooBClaude Nourry Lyons, 1501-1504; 1505-1506 with M^^ and M^^; 97BNoel Abraham Lyons, c. i^oo-c. 1505?; 97B

These types are all variants of the same face, no doubt cast from one or more sets ofmatrices struck from the same punches, but showing variants in individual letters, as istypical in printers' type of this period. This set of related types is discussed by Claudin.^®

The version of this face found in the present book does not exactly match any of thesetypes. The closest match seems to be the version used by Jean de Vingle of Lyons.Unfortunately the British Library does not have an example of this type from de Vingle's

press in the incunable period,^" but it is discussed in the context of Dayne's 97B (BMCvn, 317) and another 97B found in an undated edition of La belle dame qui eut merciattributed (tentatively) by BMC to an unknown Lyonese press (section 13 of the Lyoneseadespota: BMC viii, 347-8 where it is also stated that the type is identical to La Barre's98B used in Paris).

The title-page carries a woodcut showing a Madonna and Child (see fig. 2). Thequality of the woodcut is not very high, with rather coarse hatching for shading on therobes. The figures are unusual in being more or less face-on and are not particularlyhandsome. The tiled floor recedes with a perspective effect and the throne has rathercoarse decoration of an early renaissance type. I have been unable to trace this woodcutin any of the usual sources for French printing of the period. Brigitte Moreau haschecked inventories of woodcuts at the Bibliotheque nationale in Paris without success.In my searches, I have found one or two examples with stylistic similarities whichsuggest that this is Lyonese work.

It will be seen that the question of assigning a date to this book is problematic. It islikely to be quite a lot earher than the Parisian edition. The bdtarde type with M^^ isfound, mainly in Lyons, for several years before and after 1500. All of the other printersusing the type have a good range of initial letters, whereas the Fondacion has none.Although this may only mean that the type was in the hands of a poorly equipped printer,it could also indicate an early date of production. With its spaces and guide-letters forinitials it has a more archaic appearance. I am therefore inclined, on balance, to date thebook to the end of the incunable period. The bdtarde is ultimately of Parisian origin,where it was used (with the standard Parisian M^^) by many printers in the fifteenth andearly sixteenth centuries. The version with M*^ was used especially in Lyons and so Iwould propose that the Fondacion should be added to the 'Lyons books printed inUnassigned types' in BMC viii.

In summary, the three versions of the text can be listed: ^

(i) Manuscript version, c. 1470. Bibliotheque nationale.(ii) [Lyons, unknown printer, c. 1500.] British Library,

(iii) [Paris, veuve Trepperel, c. 1520.] Bibliotheque nationale.

It is more than possible that other printed versions existed which have failed to survive.A description of the British Library copy follows:

Mary, the Blessed Virgin. Church of Notre Dame du Puy.[Lyons?, c. 1500]

a i ' C La fondacion de la saincte eglise & singulier oratoire de | nostre dame du puy/& commet Ie deuot ymage fut trouue | p Ieremie le prophete. | [we of the Virgin Maryenthroned and crowned, holding naked child: 109 x 92 mm] ; a r blank; 32' C Cysensuyt listoire translatee de latin en | francois de la fondacion du lieu miracu = |leux dela saincte eglise et singulier oratoy = |re de nostre dame du puy/ et de la inuencion '

8

du deuot ymage fait par Ieremie le prophe= |te long teps deuat lincarnation de iesu cristPrologue du translateur | [G]lorieuse et prudente | Aupres de dieu presidente | ...; a5'

C Sensuyt la prose de lexposicion du latin en ceste for = |me. | ; C4'" C Coment ces chosesont este manifestees | [in verse];c6 blank?

Auec les sainctz en gloire pardurable. | Amen.

4°: b* c^ 18 leaves. 29/30 lines. No catchwords. $ - $iiij.

Type: 97B. No initials (spaces and guide letters).

Title-page inscription: 'Historia de la Virgen del Puy en francia'.

I A.42390 (lacks c6, blank?)

Catalogued under: Mary, the Blessed Virgin. Church of Notre Dame Du Puy.

General Catalogue: [Paris, 1530?] (with the collation wrongly given as a-o). FrenchSTC: [Paris, 1520?]. Isaac: [Lyons, Jean de Vingle, 1505?]

1 Robert Proctor, An Index to the Early PrintedBooks in the British Museum, Part II, MDI~MDXXy Section L Germany (London, 1903).Frank Isaac, An Index to the Early Printed Booksm the British Museum, Part II, MDI-MDXX^Section II: Italy; Section III: Switzerland andEastern Europe (London, 1938).

2 The manuscript of most of the work, togetherwith uncorrected galleys of part of Paris, are heldby the French Section of the British Library. Iwas encouraged to work on them by Dr DennisRhodes and the late John Joiliffe.

3 M.-Louis Polain, Marques des imprimeurs etlibraires en France au XV^ siecle (Paris, 1926), no.189.

4 Repertoire bibliographique des livres tmprimes enFrance au seizieme siecle., 14 livraison (Biblio-theca bibliographica aureliana, IL): Rouen parPierre Aquilon (Baden-Baden, 1973), p. 40, no.62.

5 E. Frere, De Pimprimerie et de la librairie aRouen, dans les xv^ et xvi* siecles, et de MartinMorin, celebre imprimeur Rouennais (Rouen,1893)-

6 A. Gouron and O. Terrin, Bibliographie desCoutumes de France: editions anterieures a laRevolution (Geneva, 1975).

7 A. Girard, 'Les incunables rouennais: impri-merie et culture au XVe siecle'. Revue franfaisede Phistoire du livre, nouvelle serie, no. 53 (1986),PP- 463-525-

8 Ibid., p. 477.9 La Grande encyclope'die, vol. xxvii, s.v. Le Puy.

Another version of the legend attributes thisdeed to King Dagobert.

10 A. Chassaign (ed.), Chronigues de Estienne Me'd-icis, bourgeois du Puy (Le Puy, 1869), vol. i, pp.194-8.

11 Lyons, 1620; Toulouse, 1627; Le Puy, 1644,1646. A facsimile reprint was published in LePuy in 1986.

12 Le Puy et ses environs: histoire de Notre-Dame duPuy (Le Puy, Librairie catholique, 1897), p. 17.

13 F. Chabrol & H. Leclercq, Dictionnaire (Tarche-ologie chre'tienne et de liturgie, vol. ix (1930), co!.1399 gives information about the early history ofthe town and its saints. The holders of ecclesi-astical office in the period can be found in GalliaChristiana (nova), vol. ii (1720), pp. 685-752.

14 U. Chevalier, Re'pertoire des sources historiques dumoyen dge: topo-bibliographie (reprint 1975), liststhe manuscript and printed versions cited belowbut gives no sources which seem to refer to aLatin version. The library of the Cathedral at LePuy was destroyed by fire in 1791 (see A.Chassaign's introduction to 'Les manuscHts dela bibliotheque du Puy' in Catalogue general desmanuscrits des bibliotheques publiques de France,vol. xiii (Paris, 1891), p. 338.

15 Bibliotheque imperiale, Departement des manu-scrits. Catalogue des manuscrits fran^ais, vol. i(Paris, 1868), 2222, 2°. The manuscript, on

i 6

21

vellum, with illuminated titles, is the author'spresentation copy to Queen Charlotte of France,wife of Louis XI, on the occasion of the birth ofthe dauphin, the future King Charles VIII, in1470.

The manuscript omits (by error?) a sectionfound in printed versions, which both omit a lineof verse given in the manuscript. The manuscriptalso has variant wording or phrasing at a numberof points.

17 I hope to publish a fuller account of the textualhistory ot the Fondacion and of its significance.

18 Jacques-Charles Brunet, Manuel du libraire et deFamateur de livres, 5th ed. (Paris, 1860-4), ^^1. ii,pp. 1322-3.

19 I am grateful to Mile Brigitte Moreau forlocating this (apparently unique) copy for meand for suggesting that it was printed by theveuve Trepperel. Although Brunet suggests thedate [1530], it seems likely that it is earlier, sinceanother, more modern guide to the church of LePuy had been in existence since about 1520.

20 Catalogue des livres de la bibliotheque de feu M. ledue de La Valliere (Paris, 1783-8), vol. iii, p. 69,no. 4634:'Recueil de pieces, in-8 goth. m.r.I. La fondation de la sainte Eglise & singulier

Oratoire de Notre-Dame du Puy; translateede latin en francois, & comment le devotimage fut trouve par Hieremie le Prophete.Pans. (Alain Lotrian.)'

The ISTC database at the British Library(searched for me by John Goldfinch); M.Pellechet/M. L. Polain, Catalogue des incunablesdes hibliotheques publiques de la France (reprint,Liechtenstein, 1970); Bibliotheque nationale.Catalogue des incunables (Paris, 1981-); Incun-ables des bibliotheques publiques de France,vols. i-vi (Bordeaux, 1979-89).

22 Chassaign, 'Les manuscrits de la bibliothequedu Puy', p. 349: ' "La fondation de la saincteeglize et singulier oratoire de Nostre Dame duPuy.. ." Copie de la fin du XVP siecle, d'uneimpression gothique dont on ne connait quel'exemplaire de la Bibliotheque nationale...etcelui de la Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal...'.

23 A. Kolb, Bibliographie desfranzosischen Buches in16. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden, 1966), p. 304.

24 Repertoire bibliographique des livres imprime's enFrance au seizieme siecle, i8e livraison (Biblio-theca bibliographica aureliana, LIV): Le Puypar Louis Desgraves (Baden-Baden, 1974), p.105. There are books with Lyons imprints in1511 (Etienne Baland), 1527 (Gilbert de Villiers),1543 (Jean Crespin, Thibaud Payen), and 1590(Jean Pillehote).

25 Repertoire bibliographique des livres imprime's enFrance au seizieme siecle, 6e livraison (Bibliothecabibliographica aureliana, LIV): Avignon parJacques Betz (Baden-Baden, 1970), p. 20. Nosurviving copies of either of these books arerecorded.

26 Germain Martin, Les plus anciens libraires du Puy(^5^4-1544) (Le-Puy-en-Velay, 1897).

27 Paul Le Blanc, Les debuts de Pimprimerie au Puy-en-Velay (Le Puy, 1894), p. 5.

28 Konrad Haebler, Typenrepertorium der Wiegen-drucke (Halle, 1905-9), vol. iii, pp. 136-7.

29 A. Claudin, Histoire de Pimprimerie en Fratice, 4vols. [fifteenth-century Paris and Lyons] (Paris,1900-5), vols. i, 484; ii, 299; iv, 231-3.Abraham's material can be seen in an illustrationin Baudrier, iii, p. 5. Ursula Bauermeister of theBibliotheque nationale, Paris, gave valuable helpwith dates for use of this type by incunableprinters.

30 Vingle's 96B is Proctor's type 5 (BMC viii, 310).

10