types of faults in power staion

7/31/2019 Types of Faults in Power Staion

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Introduction of energy.

Generation of electrical energy.

Importance of electrical energy.

Types of energy.


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Source of electricity

Alternator.

D.C. Generator

Battery.

Thermocouple.


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Source of energy.

The various type energy source.

1. Fuels.

2. Energy storage of water.

3. Nuclear energy.

4. Wind energy.

5. Tidal energy.6. Solar energy.

7. Geothermal energy.

8. Thermo electric power.


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Power Generation system.

Thermal Power Generation system.

Hydro electric Power Generation system.

Nuclear Power Generation system.

Diesel Power Generation system.

Non conventional energy power Generation system.


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Major Thermal power station in Gujarat state.

Place Number of Unit. Total capacity

1. Dhuvaran 463.5 588 MW

2140.0

227 ( Gas Turbine)

2.Vanakbori. 6210 1260 MW.

3.Utran. 13

3 39 MW.4.Ghandhinager. 2120 450 MW.

1210

5.Shikka. 1120 120 MW.


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Major Thermal power station in Gujarat state.

Place Number of Unit. Total capacity

1. Ukai. 2120 850 MW

2200

1210

2.Ahemedabad. 49 410MW.

(Torrent power) 1

20124

3110

Panedhro . 170 70 MW.


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ajor Hydro & nuclear power station in Gujrat stat

Types of power Name of Total

capacity.

Station place. In MW.

Hydro power Kdana 60 MW

station.

Ukai 305 MW

Nuclear power Kakrapar 125 MW

station.


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Thermal power station.


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(2) Exciter

(3)Control

Room.

(1) Alternator.

(4) Switch

Yard.

Electrical equipment in Thermal power station.


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BOILER

ECONOMISER

TURBINE

SUPER HEATER

AIR PREHEATER

CONDENSER

Mechanical equipment in Thermal power station.


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Working diagram Thermal power station.


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Working diagram of thermal power

station.



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Side view Thermal power station.


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TYPES OF HYDRO

ELECTRIC

POWER STATION.

PARTS OF HYDRO

ELECTRIC

POWER STATION.

HIGH HEAD

SCHEME. MEDIUM HEADSCHEME.

LAW HEAD

SCHEME.

ADVANTAGES. DISADVANTAGES.

SITE SILECTION

OF HYDRO

POWER STATION.

Hydro electric power station.


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Classification on operation.

A. Manual plant.

B. Automatic plant.

Classification on type of load.

A. Base load plant.B. Peak load plant.

Classification of Hydro electric power station.


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Element of Hydro power station,

1. Reservoir.

2. Catchments area.

3. Dam.

(a) Earthen dam.

(b) Masonry dam.

(c) Concrete dam.4. Spill ways.

5. Screen.

6. Fore bay or Intake.


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Element of Hydro power station,

7. Tunnel.

8. Penstock or pipe line.

9. Surge tower.

10. Draft tube.

11. Tail race.

12. Fish passes.13. Turbine.


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Different type schemes of Hydro power plant.

1.High head schemes.

2.Medium head schemes.

3.Low head schemes.


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Different type of turbine use in hydro power station

1.High head schemes. (Impulse turbine-pelton wheel)

2.Medium head schemes. (reaction turbine )

3.Low head schemes. (propeller turbine )


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view of penstock &draft tube in Hydro power plant.


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Hydro electric power plant.`

Impulse turbine for Highhead plant.


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Medium head

plant


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Top View of Francis turbine in Hydro power station.


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Propeller turbine for low

head plant.


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construction of penstock in hydro power station.`


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View of penstock in Hydropower station.`


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View of penstock in Hydropower station.`


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View of Draft tube in Hydro electric power plant.`


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Internal view of Hydro electric power plant.`


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Working diagram Hydro electric power plant.`


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Elevation view Hydro electric power plant.`


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Out side view Hydro electric power plant.`


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Advantage of Hydro power station.

1. The plant is simple in construction,rubust and requiredlow maintenance.

2. It can be put in the service instantly.

3. It can respond to changing loads without any difficulty.4. There are no stand by losses.

5. The running charges are very small.

6. No fuels is burnt.

7. The plant is quite neat and clean.

8. The water after running the turbine can be used for

irrigation and other purpose.


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Disadvantage of Hydro power station.

1. The capital cost of generators, civil engineering worketc.

2. High cost of transmission lines.

3. Long dry seasons may effect the delivery of power.


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Selection of site for Hydro electric power station.1. sufficient quantity of water at a reasonable head should

be available.

2. The site should allow for strong foundations withminimum cost.

3. There should be no possibility of future source ofleakage of water.

4. The selected site should be accessible easily.

5. There should be possibility of stream diversion duringconstruction period.

6. The reservoir to be constructed should have largecatchments area, so that the water in it should never fullbelow the minimum level.


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ATOMIC

STRUTURE.

ATOMIC WEIGHT.

NUCLEAR

FISSION &

FUSION. CHAIN REACTION.

CLASSIFICATION

& WORKING OF

NUCLEAR

REACTORS.

LINE DIAGRAM

NUCLEAR POWER

STATION. ADVANTAGES.

DISADVANTAGES.

Nuclear power station.`


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NUCLEAR FUSION NUCLEAR FISSION

Generation of heat in nuclear power reactor.



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URENIUM U235 URENIUM U233

PLUTONIUM

Pu 239

Fuels used in Reactor.



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BOILING WATERREACTOR

PRESURISEDWATER REACTOR

HEAVY WATERCOOLED REACTOR

GAS COOLEDREACTOR

FAST BRIDER

REACTOR


Types of nuclear reactor.


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CORE MODERATOR

CONTROL

RODSREFLECTOR

SHIELDCOOLANT


Main element of nuclear reactor.


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Pressurized water nuclear reactor.


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Working diagram of Nuclear power station.`


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Working diagram of Nuclear power station.`


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View of Kakrapar Nuclear power station.`


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Top view Nuclear power station.`


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comparison between types of power station.`


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comparison between types of power station.`


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SOLARCOLLECTOR

& WATCHES BATTERY CHARGING

COMMUNICATINNAVIGATION,RAIL

WAY, SIGNAL, ETC.

SOLAR TUBE LIGHT

TV,ETC.

DOMESTIC ELCT,

APPLIANCES.

FOR SPACE CRAFT

ELECTRICITY.

Use of Solar energy .

Photovoltaic conservation system.


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Use of solar energy.

Direct method.

Photovoltaic conservation.

Thermal conservation.

a) Solar water heating.

b)Solar air heating.

c) Solar drying.

d)Solar pumping.

e) Solar furnace.

f) Solar space heating.


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Use of solar energy.

Indirect method.

a) Wind energy.

b)Tidal energy.

c) Biomass energy.

d)Geothermal energy.

e) Photosynthesis energy.

f) Hydraulic energy.


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Use of Solar energy system.


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Photovoltaic Solar energy system.


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Solar street light system.


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Wind power energy.

Application of wind mill.

i. For water pumping.

ii. For producing electric power.

iii.For running flour mill.

iv.As stand by energy source.

v. For running domestic appliances & lighting.

vi.For battery charging.

vii.Combining with solar generation system to supplyadditional power.


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View of wind power station.


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Electrical supply system.


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A.C. TRANSMISSION D.C. TRANSMISSION

Element of transmission system.


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Types of transmission line

A.C. transmission line.

i. A.C. three phase three wire system.

ii. A.C. three phase four wire system.

iii.A.C. single phase two wire system.

iv.Mid point earth type A.C.single phase two wire system.

D.C. transmission line.

i. D.C. two wire system.

ii. Mid point earth type D.C. two wire system.


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ELEMENT OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

GENRATING STATION

PRIMARY TRANSMISSION

SECONDRY TRANSMISSION

PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION

SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION

Electrical energy supply system.


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Element of transmission system.

i. Stepup transformer.

ii. Line support.

iii.Line insulator.

iv.Conductor.

v. Step-down transformer.

vi.Protective device.

vii.Regulator.


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Transmission and Distribution supply system.


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Generating station.Transmission system

Distribution system.

Receiving station.

Step-up xmer


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SUBSTANCE OF OVER HEAD

LINE.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLES.

CLASSIFICATION OF

INSULATORS.

CLASSIFICATION OF

CONDUCTING

MATERIALS.

STRING EFFICIENCY.

Over Head line.


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Main components of over head line.

A.Conductor.

B.Line support.

C.Line insulator.

D.Earth wire.


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Characteristic of conductor materials.

High conductivity.

High tensile strength.

Low specific gravity.

Low cost.

Long working life.

Should not be brittle.


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Characteristic of line support .

Low weight.

High mechanical strength.

High accessibility.

Low cost.

Long working life.


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Classification of Poles.

Types of

poles

Wood Pole Steel pole RCC Pole Letasied steel tower

A type

H type

Single pole

Rail pole

Tubular pole

Nero base tower

Brode base tower


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View of tubular Poles.


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Different type mounting arrangement of pole.


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Steel tower use in transmission line.


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Steel tower use in transmission line.


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Type of insulator use in power system.

a. Pin type insulator.

b. Suspension type insulator.c. Strain type insulator.

d. Shackle type insulator.

e. Egg or Stay insulator.


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Different type insulator use in power system.


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REASON OFCORONA.

FACTORS

AFFECTING

CORONA.

SOLUTION

OF

CORONA.

Corona effect in power transmission system.


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Factor affecting in corona losses.

Condition of the corona effect.

Potential difference is two conductor.


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*Use of bundle

Conductor.

*Increase of conductor

Diameter.

Method use in reducing corona losses.


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Factor affecting sag.

i. Weight of conductor.

ii. Span between two poles.

iii.Working tensile strength.iv.Ice- coating.

v. Wind pressure.

vi.Tem pressure.


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Performance of transmission line.


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Inductance.

Capacitance.

Resistance.

Parameters/constants of transmission line.


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Classification of

Transmission line.

(1) Short Line.

( > 80 Km)

(2) Medium line

(80 to 160 Km)

(3) Long line

(< 160 Km)

Classification of transmission line.


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Underground Cable.


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Classification cable.

1. Low voltage (L.T) cable. Operating voltage up to 1 KV.2. High voltage (H.T.) cable. operating voltage up to 11 KV.

3. Super tension (S.T.) cable. Operating voltage up to 33 KV.

i. H-type cable.

ii. S.L. type cable.

iii. H.S.L. type cable.

4. Extra high tension (E.H.T.) cable.opertaing voltage up to 66 KV.

5. Extra super tension voltage cable. Operting voltage up to 132 KV.

Vi f bl


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View of cable.


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Core

Belted paper

Lead sheath

Bedding

Single wire

armoring

Overall Serving

UNDER GROUND CABLE


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Oil filled cables.(A) Single core oil filled cables used up to 132 KV.

(B) Three core oil filled cables used up to 66 KV.

Gas pressure cables.

(A) External pressure cables.

(B) Internal pressure cable.

(a) High pressure gas filled cable.(b) Gas cushion cable.

(c) Impregnated pressure cable

Types of Cable.

V i t i l ti t i l i d i bl


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Various type insulating materials in used in cable.

1. Rubber.

2. Vulcanized India rubber. (V.I.R.).

3. Impregnated paper.4. Varnished cambric.

5. Polyvinyl chloride.

6. Silk and cotton.

7. Enamel insulation.

P ti f i l ti t i l f bl


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High resitivity.

High dielectric strength.

Low thermal co-efficient.

Low water absorption.

Low permittivity.Noninflammable.

Chemical stability.

High mechanical strength.

High viscosity at impregnation temperature.

Capability to with stand high rupturing voltage.

High tensile strength and plasticity.

Properties of insulating materials for cable.

M th d l i f U d d t


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2.Direct laying.

3. Draw-in

System.

1.Solid system.

Method laying of Under ground system.

F lt hi h lik l t i bl


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A. Insulating fail between line and earth.

B. Insulating fail between two core.

C. Open circuit fault.

Fault which are likely to occurs in cable.

S b t ti


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Substation.


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The main functions of sub-station are to receive

energy transmitted at high voltage from the

generating station, reduce to a value appropriatefor local distribution and provide facilities for

switching.

Function of Substation.

Classification Substation


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According to Service

1.Transformer sub-station

2.Industrial sub-station

3.Switching sub-station

4.Synchronous sub-station

5.Frequency sub-station

6.Converting sub-station.

Classification Substation.

Cl ifi i S b i


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According to Design.

1.Indoor typeSub-station.

2.Out door typeSub-station.

(a) Pole mounted

Sub-station.

(b) Foundation mounted

Sub-station.

Classification Substation.

The main equipment for Substation


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The main equipment for Substation.

1. Main bus-bar.2. Isolator.

3. Insulator.

4. Circuit breaker.

5. Load interrupter switches.

6. Fuses.

7. Power transformer.

8. Current transformer and potential transformer.

9. Control cable.

Distribution system


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PARTS OF

DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM.

METHODS OF

DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM.TO CONVERT

THE 2-WIRE D.C.

SYSTEM INTO 3-

WIRE

D.C.SYSTEM.

COMPARITION

BETWEEN OVER

HEAD AND

UNDER GROUND

SYSTEMS.


Distribution system


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2.Secondary distribution1.Primary distribution.


Main parts Distribution system


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Service mains.

Distributor.

Feeder.

Main parts Distribution system.

View of distribution system.


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View of distribution system.

View of L.T. distribution system.


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View of L.T. distribution system.

View of L.T. distribution Distribution transformer.


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View of L.T. distribution Distribution transformer.

Method of feeding a distributor


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1.Redial system.

3.Inter connected grid

Type system .2.Ring mains system.

Method of feeding a distributor.

Introduction of switch gear


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SWITCH

GEAR.

DESIED

CHARACTERISTICS

OF SWITCH GEARS.

INTRODUCTION

OF SWITCH

GEAR

EQUIPEMENTS.BUS-BAR

SYSTEM.

Introduction of switch gear.

Types of switch gear equipment


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Types of switch gear equipment.

I. Circuit breaker.

II. Bus-bar.

III.Fuses.

IV.Protective relay.

Various type of bus-bar arrangement


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I. Single bus bar system used in D.C. and A.C.

power station.

II. Single bus bar system with sectionalisation.

III. Ring bus bar system.

IV. Duplicate bus bar system.

Various type of bus-bar arrangement.

Types of faults in distribution power system


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Types of faults in distribution power system.

Over current.

Under voltage.

Unbalance voltage. Reversed power.

Surges.

Types of faults in distribution power system


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Characteristics of protection system.

1.Reliability

2.Sensitivity.

3.Selectivity.

4.Descrimination.

5.Speed.

6.Simplicity.

7.Economy.

Types of faults in distribution power system.

Function of protective relay


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The relay are used to cut off the power supply,

promptly to any element of power system

which undergoes shortcircuit it starts

operating abnormally.

Function of protective relay.

Main feature of a good protective Relays.


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Main feature of a good protective Relays.

Selectivity.

Sensitivity.

Reliability. Quickness.

Non- interference with future extension.

Types of relays.


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Types of relays.

I. Solenoid relay.II. Attracted armature type relay.

III. Electrodynamics type.

IV. Moving type relay.

V. Induction type relay.

VI. Thermal relay.

VII. Over current relay.

VIII. Over voltage relay.

Following relay are used in protection of


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Types of relay.

1.Over current

Relay.

2.Buchhoelz s

Relay.

3.Earth fault

Relay.

g

transformer.

Circuit breaker.


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CIRCUIT

BREAKERS.

WORKINGPRINCIPAL

OF

CIRCUIT

BRAKER.

PARTS OF

CIRCUIT

BREAKER.

CLASSIFIC

ATION OF

CIRCUIT

BREAKER

S.

ADVANTA

GES.DISADVANTAGES.

M.C.B.

E.L.C.B.

Circuit breaker.

Basic element of circuit breaker.


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1.Contect.

3.Operating

Mechanism.

4.Arc quenches medium.

2.Insulation.

Basic element of circuit breaker.

View of SF6 circuit breaker.


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View of SF6 circuit breaker.

Construction of circuit breaker.


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Construction of circuit breaker.

Method of arc extinction in circuit breaker.


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High resistance interruption.(1) Arc lengthening.

(2) Arc cooling.

(3) Arc splitting.(4) Arc constraining.

Low resistance interruption.

(1) Cooling.

(2) Gap lengthening.

(3) Blast effect.

et od o a c e t ct o c cu t b ea e .

Types of circuit breaker.


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Low voltage air circuit breaker.

Oil circuit breaker.

Air blast circuit breaker.SF6 circuit breaker.

Vacuum circuit breaker.

yp

Fuse.


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Types of material used in Fuse element.


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Copper.

Tin.

Lead.

Silver.

yp



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Rewireable fuse.

Cartridge type fuse.

Drop out fuse.High capacity H.R.C. fuse.

High voltage H.R.C. fuse.


Different type of Fuses.


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Different type of Fuses.

Type of M.C.B.


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Type of M.C.B.

Transformer.


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Transformer.

Types of Transformer


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Power transformer.

Auto transformer.

Transformer for Feeding installation with static

converters.

Testing transformer.

Power transformer for special application.

Types of Transformer.

View of Transformer.


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Various type losses in Transformer


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Various type losses.

Iron & core losses. Copper losses.

Hysterics loss. Eddy current loss.

Various type losses in Transformer


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Its a mineral oil obtained by refine crude

petroleum. It serves the following purpose.

Provide additional insulation.Carries away the heat generated in the core & coils .

Protects the paper from dirt & moisture.

types of faults in power staion

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