PRESENTED BY: Anjali.c

I year M.Pharm, Department of Pharmacy Practice

Grace college of pharmacy

Typhoid fever — also known simply as typhoid

An acute, highly infectious disease caused by a

bacillus (Salmonella typhi)

AGENT FACTORS

AGENT

RESERVOIR OF INFECTION

CASES

CARRIERS

Convalescent carriers

Chronic carriers

SOURCE OF INFECTION

Primary sources -faeces and urine of cases or carriers.

Secondary sources-contaminated water, food,fingers and flies.

HOST FACTORS

o AGE:Highest incidence of this disease occurs in the

5-19 years of age groups.

o SEX:More case are reported among males

o IMMUNITY

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS

Usually 10-14 day, But it may be as short as 3

days or as long as 3 weeks depending upon

the dose of the bacilli ingested.

Typhoid fever is transmitted via

Faecal-oral route

Urine-oral route

Constipation, then diarrhea ,Fevers up to 103° or 104°

Weakness

Headaches

Poor appetite

Generalized aches and pains

Diarrhea

Occasionally a rash of flat, rose-colored spots

Discomfort

Abdominal Tenderness

Bloody Stools

Nosebleed

Chills

Delirium

Confusion

Agitation

Fluctuating moods

Hallucinations

MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

Diagnosis is made by isolation of S.typhi

from bood,bone marrow and stool.

SEROLOGICAL PROCEDURES

The Widal test is commonly used to

diagnose Typhoid.

NEW DIAGNOSTIC TEST

IDL Tubex test:which detect IgM09 antibodies

from patient within a few minutes.

Typhidot:is another rapid serological test

takes three hours to perform,it detect

specific IgM and IgG antibodies against a 50

KD antigen of S.typhi

Typhidot M: a new version of typhidot test

detect specific IgM antibodies only.

There are generally three lines of defence

against typhoid fever

Control of reservoir

Control of sanitation

Immunization

In most cases typhoid fever is not fatal.

Antibiotics such as ampicillin,

chloramphenicol, trimethethoprim-

sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxican.

These antibiotics have been used in most

developed countries.

Chloramphenicol was the original

prescribed drug to patients with Typhoid

Fever.

There are two types of vaccinations available:

Inactive (killed) vaccine in a shot (Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine)Live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine taken orally (Ty21a)

Avoid risky foods or drinks

Get vaccinated

Use only clean water

Ask for drinks without ice unless you know where it’s coming from

Only eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked

Avoid raw fruits and vegetables

Avoid food and drinks from street vendors