ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 8

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External dynamics of the Earth

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EXTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH Weathering

Weathering agentsTypes of weatheringFactors

Shaping the landscapeAgents

WindGlaciersRiversRainwaterGroundwaterOceans

Sedimentary rocks

FormationExamples

Processes

ErosionTransportationSedimentation

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Weathering agents

Types of weathering

Factors which affect weathering

Erosion

Deposition

Transportation

Wind shapes the landscape

Glaciers shape the landscape

Rainwater shapes the landscape

Rivers shape the landscape

Groundwater shapes the landscape

Oceans shape the landscaope

Formation of sedimentary rocks

Examples of sedimentary rocks

Links

The rock cycle

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Weathering agents

Accumulation of rock fragments produced by weathering

Agents: water, wind, ice and ocean movements

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Types of weathering

Mechanical weathering

CLICK TO SEE PROCESS: FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING

Chemical weathering

Biological weathering

plant roots

clay minerals

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Water flows into cracks.The freeze-thaw cycle is repeated, and eventually the rock cracks.

When the water freezes, it expands. The ice acts like a wedge.

Types of weathering

FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING

Mechanical weathering

Chemical weathering

Biological weathering

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clay minerals

plant roots

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Factors which affect the processes of weathering

Mechanical weathering

Chemical weathering

Biological weathering

action of living things

physical forces

Climatic factors: • temperature • humidity

chemical reactions

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energy of the agent water

Erosion

Waterfall

resistance of the rock

Erosion shapes the landscape.

Erosion moves weathered pieces of rocks to a different place.

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Transportation

Rounded fragments have been transported long distances.

Small particles can be transported in suspension.

Transportation moves eroded rock material along surfaces or in suspension.

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Deposition

The wind deposits rock materials (sand).

Glaciers deposit rock material.

Deposition deposits moving rock materials.

Large fragments are deposited before small ones.

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Wind shapes the landscape

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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg

mushroom shaped rocks

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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg

mushroom shaped rocks

Wind shapes the landscape

SAND COLUMNA

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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg

mushroom shaped rocks

Wind shapes the landscape

dunes

ERGB

[close]

barchan

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A B

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sand columns

erg

barchan

reg

mushroom shaped rocks

Wind shapes the landscape

REGC

[close]

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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg

mushroom shaped rocks

Wind shapes the landscape

MUSHROOM SHAPED ROCKSD

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Glaciers shape the landscape

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A B

D

C

steep relief U-shaped

valley

glacial tongue

cirque

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A B

D

C

steep relief U-shaped

valley

glacial tongue

cirque

Glaciers shape the landscape

STEEP RELIEFA

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A B

D

C

steep relief U-shaped

valley

glacial tongue

cirque

Glaciers shape the landscape

CIRQUEB

[close]

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A B

D

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steep relief U-shaped

valley

glacial tongue

cirque

Glaciers shape the landscape

GLACIAL TONGUEC

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A B

D

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steep relief U-shaped

valley

glacial tongue

cirque

Glaciers shape the landscape

U-SHAPED VALLEYD

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Rivers shape the landscape

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A

B

D

C

middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course

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A

B

D

C

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middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course

Rivers shape the landscape

UPPER COURSEA

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A

B

D

C

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middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course

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Rivers shape the landscape

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MIDDLE COURSEB

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B

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C

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middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course

Rivers shape the landscape

MEANDERSC

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B

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C

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middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course

Rivers shape the landscape

LOWER COURSED

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Rainwater shapes the landscape

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A

B

C

alluvial fan

drainage canal

alluvial cone gullies

fairy chimneys

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alluvial fan

drainage canal

alluvial cone gullies

fairy chimneys

Rainwater shapes the landscape

A

B

C

ALLUVIAL CONE WITH GULLIESA

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alluvial fan

drainage canal

alluvial cone gullies

fairy chimneys

Rainwater shapes the landscape

A

B

C

FAIRY CHIMNEYSB

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alluvial fan

drainage canal

alluvial cone gullies

fairy chimneys

Rainwater shapes the landscape

A

B

C

ALLUVIAL FANC

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Groundwater shapes the landscape

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A

B

sinkhole (doline)

caves

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A

B

sinkhole (doline)

caves

Groundwater shapes the landscape

SINKHOLE (DOLINE)A

[close]

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A

B

sinkhole (doline)

caves

Groundwater shapes the landscape

CAVE

STALACTITES AND STALAGMITESB

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Oceans shape the landscape

abrasion platform

cliff

beach

sand bar

spit

arch

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compaction and

cementation (lithification)

Formation of sedimentary rocks

temperaturecirculating

water

pressure

sedimentary rock

sedimentary basin

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Examples of sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks limestone clay minerals

sandstone conglomerate gypsum

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Links

Observe an animation of cave formation.http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1405/es1405page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

How rocks changehttp://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/change3.html

Landforms of glaciationhttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10af.html

Weathering and climatehttp://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module07swf.swf

The rock cyclehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemistry/rock_cycle_intro.shtml

Rivershttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/riverswater/

Breaking rocks apart, sediments, etc.http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/sed_weathering.html&edu=mid

Examine a landscape formed by erosionhttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1205/es1205page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization