u08 external dynamics
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ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 8
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External dynamics of the Earth
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ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 8
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EXTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH Weathering
Weathering agentsTypes of weatheringFactors
Shaping the landscapeAgents
WindGlaciersRiversRainwaterGroundwaterOceans
Sedimentary rocks
FormationExamples
Processes
ErosionTransportationSedimentation
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Weathering agents
Types of weathering
Factors which affect weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Transportation
Wind shapes the landscape
Glaciers shape the landscape
Rainwater shapes the landscape
Rivers shape the landscape
Groundwater shapes the landscape
Oceans shape the landscaope
Formation of sedimentary rocks
Examples of sedimentary rocks
Links
The rock cycle
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Weathering agents
Accumulation of rock fragments produced by weathering
Agents: water, wind, ice and ocean movements
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Types of weathering
Mechanical weathering
CLICK TO SEE PROCESS: FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering
plant roots
clay minerals
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Water flows into cracks.The freeze-thaw cycle is repeated, and eventually the rock cracks.
When the water freezes, it expands. The ice acts like a wedge.
Types of weathering
FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING
Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering
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clay minerals
plant roots
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Factors which affect the processes of weathering
Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering
action of living things
physical forces
Climatic factors: • temperature • humidity
chemical reactions
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energy of the agent water
Erosion
Waterfall
resistance of the rock
Erosion shapes the landscape.
Erosion moves weathered pieces of rocks to a different place.
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Transportation
Rounded fragments have been transported long distances.
Small particles can be transported in suspension.
Transportation moves eroded rock material along surfaces or in suspension.
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Deposition
The wind deposits rock materials (sand).
Glaciers deposit rock material.
Deposition deposits moving rock materials.
Large fragments are deposited before small ones.
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Wind shapes the landscape
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A B
D
C
sand columns
erg
barchan
reg
mushroom shaped rocks
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D
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sand columns
erg
barchan
reg
mushroom shaped rocks
Wind shapes the landscape
SAND COLUMNA
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A B
D
C
sand columns
erg
barchan
reg
mushroom shaped rocks
Wind shapes the landscape
dunes
ERGB
[close]
barchan
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D
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sand columns
erg
barchan
reg
mushroom shaped rocks
Wind shapes the landscape
REGC
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A B
D
C
sand columns
erg
barchan
reg
mushroom shaped rocks
Wind shapes the landscape
MUSHROOM SHAPED ROCKSD
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Glaciers shape the landscape
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A B
D
C
steep relief U-shaped
valley
glacial tongue
cirque
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A B
D
C
steep relief U-shaped
valley
glacial tongue
cirque
Glaciers shape the landscape
STEEP RELIEFA
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A B
D
C
steep relief U-shaped
valley
glacial tongue
cirque
Glaciers shape the landscape
CIRQUEB
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A B
D
C
steep relief U-shaped
valley
glacial tongue
cirque
Glaciers shape the landscape
GLACIAL TONGUEC
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A B
D
C
steep relief U-shaped
valley
glacial tongue
cirque
Glaciers shape the landscape
U-SHAPED VALLEYD
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Rivers shape the landscape
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A
B
D
C
middle course
upper course
meanders
lower course
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A
B
D
C
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middle course
upper course
meanders
lower course
Rivers shape the landscape
UPPER COURSEA
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A
B
D
C
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middle course
upper course
meanders
lower course
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Rivers shape the landscape
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MIDDLE COURSEB
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middle course
upper course
meanders
lower course
Rivers shape the landscape
MEANDERSC
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B
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middle course
upper course
meanders
lower course
Rivers shape the landscape
LOWER COURSED
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Rainwater shapes the landscape
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A
B
C
alluvial fan
drainage canal
alluvial cone gullies
fairy chimneys
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alluvial fan
drainage canal
alluvial cone gullies
fairy chimneys
Rainwater shapes the landscape
A
B
C
ALLUVIAL CONE WITH GULLIESA
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alluvial fan
drainage canal
alluvial cone gullies
fairy chimneys
Rainwater shapes the landscape
A
B
C
FAIRY CHIMNEYSB
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alluvial fan
drainage canal
alluvial cone gullies
fairy chimneys
Rainwater shapes the landscape
A
B
C
ALLUVIAL FANC
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Groundwater shapes the landscape
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A
B
sinkhole (doline)
caves
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A
B
sinkhole (doline)
caves
Groundwater shapes the landscape
SINKHOLE (DOLINE)A
[close]
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A
B
sinkhole (doline)
caves
Groundwater shapes the landscape
CAVE
STALACTITES AND STALAGMITESB
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Oceans shape the landscape
abrasion platform
cliff
beach
sand bar
spit
arch
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compaction and
cementation (lithification)
Formation of sedimentary rocks
temperaturecirculating
water
pressure
sedimentary rock
sedimentary basin
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Examples of sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks limestone clay minerals
sandstone conglomerate gypsum
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Links
Observe an animation of cave formation.http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1405/es1405page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
How rocks changehttp://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/change3.html
Landforms of glaciationhttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10af.html
Weathering and climatehttp://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module07swf.swf
The rock cyclehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemistry/rock_cycle_intro.shtml
Rivershttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/riverswater/
Breaking rocks apart, sediments, etc.http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/sed_weathering.html&edu=mid
Examine a landscape formed by erosionhttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1205/es1205page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization