A --A2 7 9 118NBS CIRCULAR ,Si61

Thermal Conductivity of Metals and

Alloys at Low Temperatures P y AU4A Review of the Literature

"DTICELECTE

-V F iA LIBRARY COPYFEB 1. 1957.S

0T Is dtc, fet' ha~s boen a~proveod ;,

for public reles.le end soI6 itI

div.tributiot I! umiiile"

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE-

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS ""

94-13744; /ll/]i/]i/lllll/l/lllll/l' 9 4 5 0 .5 1, fa

S!

I i

PERIODICALS OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards is engaged in fundamental and applied research in physics,chemistry, mathematics, and engineering. Projects are conducted in thirteen fields: electricity,optics and metrology, heat and power, atomic and radiation physics, chemistry, mechanics, organicand fibrous materials, metallurgy, mineral products, building technology, applied mathematics,electronics, and radio propagation. The Bureau has custody of the national standards of measure-ment and conducts research leading to the improvement of scientific and engineering standards andof techniques and methods of measurement. Testing methods and instruments are developed; phys-ical constants and properties of materials are determined; and technical processes are investigated.

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

The Journal presents research papers by authorities in the specialized fields of physics, mathe-matics, chemistry, and engineering. Complete details of the work are presented, including labora-tory data, experimental procedures, and theoretical and math, -iatical analysis. Annual subscrip-tion: domestic, $5.50; foreign, $6.75.

TECHNICAL NEWS BULLETIN

-Siimmaries of current research at the National Bureau of SLandards are published each month in* the Technical News Bulletin. The articles are brief, with emphasis on the results of research, chosenon the basis of their scientific or technologic importance. Lists of all Bureau publications during thepreceding month are given, including Research Papers, Handbooks, Applied Mathematics Series,Applied Mathematics Series, Building Materials and Structures Reports, Miscellaneous Publica-tions, and. Circulars. Each issue contains 12 or more two-column pages; illustrated. Annual sub-scription: domestic, $1.00; foreign, $1.35.

BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION PREDICTIONS

The Predictions, provide the information necessary for calculating the best frequencies for commu-nication between any two points in the world at any time during the given month. The data areimportant to all users of long-range radio communications and navigation, including broadcasting,airline, steamship, and wireless services, as well as to investigators of radio propagration and iono-sphere. Each issue, covering a period of one month, is released three months in advance and con-tains 16 large pages, including pertinent charts, drawings, and tables. Annual subscription: domes-tic, $1.00; foreign, $1.25.

0-a-ljuiblic a 'a;i ts5uperintenden , •flcmnsU.ý I. Gov Wf~s, ashi gton 25, D, C.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 0 Sindair Weeks. SecretaryNATIONAL BUSAU OF STANDARDS 0 A. V. Aman, Divector

Thermal Conductivity of Metals andAlloys at Low Temperatures

A Review of the Literature

Robert L. Powell and William A. Blanpied

Accesion For

NTIS CRA&MDTIC TAB )U'lannouticedJuitificatiofi

COW Distibution

4_; Availability Coues

Dit kidil andIorDis't Special

National Bureau of Standards Circular 556Issued September 1, 1954

For We 3' te u tendei i I I el | o

Preface

Accurate data on the thermal conductivity of materials of constructicnat low temperatures are essential in the design of cyrogenic equipment.Such data on pure metals also have important applications in basic physics.

This Circular is issued to satisfy the need for a complete and authori-tative compilation of the useful data on thermal conductivity at low tem-peratures given in the widely scattered and extensive literature on thesubject. Although the Circular is not primarily a critical compilation, thetext indicates a method that might be used in choosing between conflict-ing data.

It will be noted that therE are wide unexplored regions; much experi-mental work remains to be done. It is hoped, therefore, that this Circularwill stimulate additional measurements and indicate the areas in whichdata are most needed.

A. V. ASTIN, Director.

II

Contents

P reface ................................................................................................................. i1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Scope and arrangem ent ..................................................................... 12. Figures an d tables ............................................................................................. 2

2.1. L ist --------------------------------------------------------................................................... 22.2. M etallic elem ents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32.3. Alloys and commercial metals ......................................................... 382.4. D ielectric crystals .................... ......................................................... 56

3. B ibliography -------------------------- --........................................................................... 64

IV

Thermal Conductivity of Metals and

Alloys at Low Temperatures

A Review of the Literature'

Robert L. Powell and William A. Blanpied*

An extensive compilation is given of the measured values of thermal conduc-tivity for metals and alloys from room temperature down to approximately 00 K.The more extensive and important data are plotted in 48 graphs. The tables andgraphs for the metallic elements and alloys are essentially complete for literaturereference from 1900 to early 1954. For comparison, several graphs and tables aregiven for some representative dielectrics.

1. Introduction

1.1. Scope and Arrangement

The thermal conductivity values of three per centimeter degree Kelvin (except for atypes of solids are presented: (1) metallic ele- few, which are in milliwatts per centimeterments, (2) alloys, and (3) dielectrics. Very degree Kelvin). A table of conversion factorslittle discussion is presented on the qualitative is given. Arrows on the bottom of the graphstheories or significance of the various experi- indicate the normal boiling points of helium,mcnts. Recent articles, as indicated under each hydrogen, and nitrogen, and the melting pointmaterial, usually will contain comments on of ice, respectively. A bibliography (nearly allthese aspects of conductivity. Under "metallic dated after 1900) is included at the end of theelements," the materials are arranged by peri- Circular. It is shown in the tables when otherodic groups, beginning with the alkali metals. properties of the samples have been measured,Under "alloys," the materials are arranged in such as electrical resistance, thermal electro-this same manner by major component. In motive force, and specific heat, which are sym-group 3, several dielectrics are included for bolized by R, emf, and Cp, respectively.comparison. A list of the figures and tables is The units in the tables and graphs are usuallygiven in section 2.1. watts per centimeter degree Kelvin. These

The professional abstract and leading re- may be converted to other systems of units bysearch journals were searched for references use of the following factors:dating from 1900 to the spring of 1954. It is feltthat the compilation is complete for the metals To convert to- Multiply by-and essentially complete for the alloys, but onlya few representative references are given forthe dielectrics. Conductivity values were col- Cal/cm deg K 0.239lected for the temperature-range approximately Btu/ft hr deg F 57.800 to 300° K. Many of the references contain Btu in/ft2 hr deg F 693information for room temperature only, andconductivity values from these are given in thetables only. The preparation of this Circular required the

The letters at the left end of the curves are assistance and coopern:-ion of many. Foremosta code to the names of the authors. The sym- among them was Charles A. Meizner, whobols at the right end of the curves indicate the plot o the gaphs An analyed so

mateialtestd, ondctivty alue inthe plotted most of the graphs and analyzed somematerial tested. Conductivity values in the of the original research papers. The coopera-graphs and tables are given in units of watts tion of the many authors and mairufacturers

tThis work was supported by funds from the U. S. Atomic who supplied reprints of their articles and man-Energy commission.

Present address: Yale University, New Haven, Conn. uals for use in this study is acknowledged.

L1

2. Figures and Tables

2.1. List ALLOYS

METALLIC ELEMENTS Figures TablesMaterial - -

Figures Tables Number Page (page)Material [

Number Page (page) Alkali metal 38

Aluminum-----......3, 3a 8,9 8 Aluminum ----- 22 40 39,40,41

Antimony ----------- 20 36 36 Antimony ---------- 29 54 55Beryllium ----------- 2 6 6 Beryllium ............... 38Bismuth -------------- 20 36 36,37 Bismuth ------------ 29, 29a 54,55 55Cadmium--------- 15, 14a 27,26 26 C dmrnium. 29 54 53Carbon (graphite)_. 17 30 30 Chromium--- 42Cerium ------------- 21 37 37 Coppe ------------- 27, 29a 49,55 48, 49,Cobalt -------------- 8,9 16,17 17 50,51Copper -------.------ 11, lla 20,21 20,21 Copper-nickel ------- 28, 29a 51,55 51,52Gallium ------------ 16 29 29 Gold------------- 26 47 52,53Germanium --------- 18,19a 31, 35 31 Indium ------------- 29, 29a 54,55 53Gold --------------- 13, 12a 24,23 24 Iron:Indium ------------- 16 29 29 Carbon steel ------- 23,24 43,44 42Iridium ------------ 10, 10a 18,19 19 Deoxidized steels-- 24 44 45Iron .---------------- 8,9 16, 17 16 Silicon steels ------ 43Lanthanum ----------.. 9 Corrosion resistingLead --------------- 19, 19a 34, 35 34 steels ----------- 23, 24 43, 44 43, 44,

Lithium - - - 1 5 5 45

Magnesium ---------- 2, 2a 6,7 6,7 Lead --------------- 29, 29a 54,55 54

Manganese 7 14 15 Magnesium ---------- 2a 7 38, 39

Mercury ............. 15, 15a 27,28 27 Mercury ------------- _--- 53

Molybdenum 6, 6a 12,13 12 Nick A -------------- 25 46 45,46

Nickel 8,9 16,17 17 Palladium ---------- 26 47 47

Niobium Platinum ----------- 26 47 47, 48

Paladium ----------- 10, 1Oa 18,19 18 Silver -------------- 26 47 52

Platinum ----------- 10, 10a 18, 19 19 Thallium ----------- 29, 29a 54,55 53

Potassium-----51Tin ---------------- 18a, b 32,33 53

Rhodium ------------ 10, 10a 18, 19 18 Titanium ----------- 29 54 41

Silicon -------------------- 30 Tungsten --------------- - 41

Silver-.--- 12,12a 22,23 22 Zinc ----------------- 53

Sodium 1 5 5Tantalum ..... 5 11 11 DIELECTRICSTellurium ----------- 21 37 37Thallium--------_---16 29 29 Beryllia ------------- 32 60 60Tin__ 18, 18a, 18b 31, 32, 33 32 Diamond ------------ 30, 30a 57, 58 57Titanium ------------ 4 10 10 Disordered di-Tungsten--------- 6, 6a 12, 13 12, 13 electrics--------- 33, 33a 62, 63 62Uranium ----------- 21 37 37 Ionic crystals ------- 32, 32a 60, 61 60Vanadium -----------.. 11 11 Miscellaneous __ 56Zinc --------------- 14, 14a 25, 26 25 Quartz -------------- 31, 30a 59, 58 59Zirconium ----------- 4 10 10 Sapphire ------------ 30, 30a, 32 57, 58, 60 57

2

2.2. Metallic Elements

The variations of the thermal conductivities by the lattice vibrations. However, the relativeof metallic elements with temperature are given contribution of this latter mechanism is insig-in figures 1 to 21. The main figures (those nificant except for alloys, impure metals, andwithout a or b) have the higher temperature the semimetals like bismuth. The transfer ofcurves; usually the temperature range 40 to energy by electrons is impeded by several scat-300" K. When there is sufficient data in the tering mechanisms. At temperatures aboveliquid-helium range, there is a supplementary about 201, K the main scattering agent is thegraph for the range from approximately 01 to metallic lattice itself. Below that temperature5ý' or 10" K. The graphs are arranged by peri- the scattering due to impurity centers and lat-odic groups, beginning with the alkali metals. tice defects becomes increasingly more impor-A summary table is included for each graph, tant. In the temperature range from severalgiving for each element a list of references to degrees to about 400 K, the conductivity of aresearch papers on the thermal conductivity of pure metal may be expressed closely by thethe element. The first column contains the equationchemical symbol and the property or composi- 1!k a- aT" I /3T-1.tion identification on the curves if the data for is ate f tha.the uthr rferece re loted o th grph. The term (IT'- is characteristic of the lattice ofthe author reference are plotted on the graph, the metal being investigated; the term fPT-'

Not all the available data are plotted on represents the scattering due to impurities. Thegraphs. If measurements were made at only latter term is related to the residual electrical1 or 2 temperatures, representative conductivity resistance. Experimental values for a and 83values are usually given in the "Remarks" col- are given in the tables when the authors in-umn in the corresponding table. When several dlude these values in their research reports.authors report values that are nearly identical, Several physical and chemical properties ofthe report that was published first is usually the sample affect the conductivity directly. Asrepresented on the graph. There are exceptions the purity of the material is increased, the con-to this when the results of a later author are ductivity maximum rises and is shifted towardmore accurate or more extensive. In most lower temperatures. The thermal resistancegraphs, where there are more than one curve for caused by impurities is not additive-smalla given element, the graph showing the highest changes in purity can cause very large changesconductivity is considered most likely to be rep- in the conductivity near the maximum. Atresentative of that of the pure material. The higher temperatures, however, the effect is nothigher values are associated with the more pure as important. Cold-working and hardening re-material, adequate annealing, and large crystal duce the conductivity and for that reason, othersize. things being equal, the annealed samples will

In the commonly accepted theory for the have a higher conductivity. For some singleconductivity of metals, there are two mechan- crystals the conductivity depends upon theisms for the conduction of heat. In pure metals direction of heat flow. For several metals thatnearly all of the energy transfer is by electrons. are anisotropic, curves are given for variousIn dielectrics, there is also a transport of energy crystal orientations.

3

I--

I4-

30

20 40 60 1 10

LITHIUSODIUMUCuve Smpl soreRmrsWrneCre SMpeorc mrkReree

tubcs;~~~f~llltf cycledfi tInal t~(90.10.A.adK_____6_ 1_______ _________________ 496) 1h41ca an-

TT I jIHIslI .

......----- .. so-outn so. gl .. i M+a ; t. D.t t . C.MT

Al. trac of~l Caan -T.

Na...... . b-h------2--lp~ rc o etdcs n aum;cs nt tria n2 ..... .. aqt ...

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __ __ _____Ag. aftgla;44 . .C.M c

.55

30 T -7 7 I

FIUR 2

t t

20 4

TEPRTR6 0

> I LL i'H i IAGNESIUM

Curve~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L Naoesuc eak eeec uv apesuc eak eeec

0nasy an analysis

Ig: toa im-puiy4%d ~ ~ .2a ". .7a 0K .Muce

(191)a., Ad DgsaC. eiua eitne1 fR23 .Giule" hg uiy. snl rytlwt etfo I.Aeset.........o.0Ba 8C R.......iuh

paallt.eaoa8ai; (98 13)

C.urv d......ae ecept rodm Rearis Rerpendice- CurvejSamenlandopu e RmrsRefeenbergarad axissi incine anaodaxsyys190)

Le.....2Beyliu Co. Phsi al 300;fcton sh ow ed ;R an Eo . d.Lws......"ue........ Equa= . tion T .....8 O .......... .L . Rosen berAm;co m opy n m. 12) (1881a).

Er. 0 . o.....Sm as ...... Ad.........H.D E ugad Sdow .. anga- R. l......C...............E 0. SharkoffFe, Orlnee nee mpui (1952, 9). b

prle tohxgnlai; (19382). tiesa3a2).________ ~ ~ ~ ~ tuie __________ of______________ magnetic___ onigaph

onRadk6.R... onoMt qaina l.XO$8 l .X edlsb

4)7

~ ~:+

6 I 9tTEPRTUE)

MAGNSIU (CoFd

Iitf!I . S. if I , 1o 1Lon Ma - Cld-drw W. R. GI Kemp.i i

Rift H111ti SI .Cu, Ag,Ca6a

L3 :7'

60

4011

40 FIGUR 3IUt.

00.. .....

00

E

4 6 8 10 2040 60 8070

TEPEATRE T+:

ALU IN. A.U... UM.(....'..

H!~l) pure, .01 reitac ofwr M.9X0 Rtlf.WebrMgt01S, a=.XO.27.4 n .A

.0.5% ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f. Fe 0.4% fit,0 at 18C ,C......Jee n 00%FSoi15)Cu.f U.ie14-os 000- Cur

(10)Z04 a

L . onon MaTLtetre rmlre ape .H es .W . . oSnl rsaR=14 othey 99% densty o 2.7. (108).Rn:;a= 2.

2X1O, 8=.06

pue

A. W.' S. 3. Jono..a- Po.rst.i..o;reiul e o

TEMPEAMgE .001

.......... Measuredrte Remartofkosio o eernc Jurv E.pl Csourre Si.rk .000%Fe,the thermals and elctnalaol(12)..00% su

.5 samples. rang Peaure d ...... o atu 200 4 and VC:K Reslt E.Grenese and P. S. I. Alcoa; 99.996% Conld-drawn.................al .K A. Powerws,ing8a) purom pure% forstnc pues samples- lie3 Res beoT.co ue. Schwart,

to~~~M,00 i technical,' cuveo P=7.04sude.efct (92) and D. L...... grF,.% k-.1ain sie and cryta bound-.. E. Graegsernd .00% FJohns(151)

ar~s.(1927). (1951).a

."Pure.... .ohns ...Mat- Latheturnedfrom atrger Rapl,. H.Staebes M.W . ....Johns ...n .Ma- inneled postlcRys=l 1 =.48 X K- D. Mneuthy 9 est f27.(1929). the;99994 a0, =2.3. IO6 and6H. .

pue.re.ner.d.... ommercial' .kii2 .93 at 0*C, 2.56 at 85*K, also R. Manchett (11).te;99%5itnc2fa.4X)03 21

.............. Measured thKfeto oso n J (13).................Pyrsalie supecondctin K, Mend5%oen

........ 95 7 Twsamples gag esrd at e value a td W C ofslt E. G~euken and P.Selo;99% Cldratewersn tiv values........ w Re a. C. A.oRen-,inp rmpue frprestsamlehliicus below6 H.Warrentru pure.K.osto6 0

K 0 ton (1953)t.all puehia. cuvofP .J;sdideet (1925). atd 03rL.

N. ~ ~ ~ o g.Hdi' . rainn sizeandn cysalbond 17E... .Jd Nobielse Joy3 2

1' 3=.3.... hMRnstonbrafe.(1951). (1951a).

.8...."ue......k=22 tOC .5a K ..J tele .R...Jhsn a- A nae oyrsa;a 22 .M neo b

00

0 0

T4-t40 FIVTEMP3aATURE, 0K

....................................k=T/.. betwee .... 2.an.....~nb2OýK t ... . .. ... . ..

. . . .. .....9

400

300

TIT ITANIU ZITOICurve ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _, "IT Torc Remuk R7ernc Cu1 creReak eeec

.C200ue..Asatol -. 0a 7W.C .lge n 4 . Jhsn a- neld -3X0.87. .Mnesh

ai ur 4V .c (1.) pur .. enb---

land;~Tý 01.T t~ebr (94 a

14.1.2... [am source; Annealed;-. A-.........o9900 0 pufre. TII f 4"

itan froenti U01 to" 10.1 a= (18lilt

10

60

VANADIUM 4M 1LU

NIOBIU 11l soreRmtsRf~c uv ~ pesuc eak eeec

............ NTAU bo1h nIrma anH1endc-11.11"eg...............-.4at1C.......T Braf nFIURE st5. (1HaH.M Wne

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __0(111)

................................ Hsel f99 k-G.M1111 atMIMI.......Cs 14)

;I Ilki34ý1 ii 0Pu 111200...................................Mauedrtoo odcnt nC .Be n

suetnutn and noma 3 1.Dan''"I,. (1949). ý i

E do...........3 1 Hahni;(1949T

I- 1ý -i i j Bi U__ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ .0 . 99%pr...Maue nbohnra n$s- K edlh

pecnutigsa.0ad0 L leCurve~~N UbmPl sourc 1eak eeec

Enaati ____________ HIM____ ItHuer 0.1 PIF~sa e unuisi oldJ .Hl

neti R il. tIS~)

. d.. ..... esu..upronu..gsat...ede~

:kU11

00C7:n

MOLYBENUMTUNGSTEN

k=1.4hatlrC~ ....atan ... ..r.u. k ....O... .......... ee 11)

(12. k..t..............Brat nH.M Wne

Phiist vr neldt00 ~=.4t~C .G anli 12)

.6 %ALG.(13)0pr'

08CU R.onoMt.a4X0.B87....K edlsh

12.

.............E- ----

..... ---

=7

TUTUTNNGSTE)N____

C---ve ----f~ so r e -- rk e e e

+ ... . B . Ta. o

--- (----).

.............................................A 7819~,273K.appI 40:e_. . M-hlirEdsa anli (93. adM c

(19 i)

0~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ A Iaes.o Ytdeeetfagelfedn 1.Gun 7ea

above an#ot4fy MI.f Adnated(19.)

H.-- ----- giecytl rsda essac .Jd lssaof410AmnnasreefIc I. de NTe

of mag nec -el -n -an -(198)

0o a aimp, wit ro 1i a- H dntd

allelý tR 110 xs k=22a1 4#4##14 44

............................Gn Rie. -19a7K 1.8 atKn M+c (93

..............................SaGen s. Nle.... Ektende ath W eC reet to........ 1. deNobe An

..M ... ......n.on..Mat- Annald 79 -1 0r.2 aprx. same W.K. Mendheohothey; so99 Xa-6.9. 193) and Hf. Mox

(19362).

G'I...........a.XO A-5....... .. H SaPdG.Suie feto anei il n .GrieienberW(19M4)

H. .... Phllis ..... agle ryw- esiuaresstnce W.Jdela13a

MI I _ j

TEMERUURE 7K

1404

MANGANESE

Cume Simp Muro@ Remarks Reference

.......................... k-0.06 at 83K for the B phse.. H. Reddemnana(1935).

M.]R ..... Johnso,. Mat- Annealed; a-..1200 ............. K. Mendelssohnthey 99.9wo% ad H. M.pOre. Rosenberg

(1952b).

SUPPLEWMENTARY DATA

Curv Sampe scur.. Remarks Raesecald ansaLe

15

lWILI~I ~ ~ 4 11ll IIIIIII1MR IIIL~L 1jl 1i 1'i7 1

4 11L jjj.111fufl douuil fll

TEMPERATURE,- "I

IRON~ fill(ou'd

CurUM kýfucreRmrsReeec uy aeouo eak eeec

.ili 111' THI k0.0tC........ L ornITchial Tw1111111erdelcto E.Gr7- -en

(IISIa) fuiel Iyick 1.3 In 0.9 at8?K 4. ':I,11e:n!

."Pure",~~.... ....... a 8C........B rlnle.06% Mn,(190) Pre.......Eectolyic~k0.7at1C . It Kiuch

.01% 4etl Alouasrd.C~mlk06 W. tagrad.2%.

f2%it . atI Ir R(13)

3 1 C, .1% 198)Mn,~~0 .1f Si. P. Z.i 3. osn Ma t.W Poes

thy;9999 3 B ielr. Bleetrolylic; ~~~~ ~1 tw rod wihae-A Ece n u n .Lagel Iri sie f1 1tad K itihJhso

6X10 cm; -094and090 1927 (IB~a)

100 2m 1-.8 at Can

0.17a , Fe T.

16 1

0MA

IM

FIMGURERE 9

1IKE.O4LCurv Saple oure Reark Reerene Crve mJ~e surceRemrks efeenc

Eo a--y-s---nlyi

.B3tix~le k=.-'8CRC0rf WJeerad R..........."1J1' -. .. osbr

1. pre ---- ehrs 194)

(1900. _ __------------_ _ _ _

L . JohsonMat- L~theturnd; dnsity8.--C.-H-Lee

they;-----(---8).

pu4e

aZ::ft fA'. K Di-1c

(1927).-444

and ~ ~ ~ an anl.i L. nayi

impure. ~ ~ JHnDestlon s,0 )(1961).

LM. ...... Johnson, Mat- Anneatured; densityr' 8.8 ...... K.. MLeneasothey; 99.9% mesue1u9o08).an . M

ptars.K Ko.enbetri(1952b).

..... ....d ke... .. ................Aneaed R.O.Xl5

W. P..oweers,

4.6; easued u to 0'K. (1951a).

........ 99491 pu .... Frge; 4 rox sam cuve s J.de ob7

00

C4-

ani RHODIU MCurve Sunpr soree Rmark Refie~e Curi Samle surceRemakDReerMc

H.Die.....w . M. Winter.

"pure: (12) (1927). ..

Hieu K. H . .edmn t.y .995 an H. M. ..

(13)Due.Rebr

(152)G.0 . d oddan nelda 6

0 o

forwohursploteditbark a~O.XlO, 81.3......H. . RaenPr

PAure.U RHODIUMr

(1900b).(1 5)

.................... a-0.42 at 81 1.7..........cial M. Brrfan d .....eeacu;pre. An -21et 3K 3. .rgesn

((1952b).

G.R18 . ..d ..... oddan anae t3M o

15 - -p

111 1110r f9_f 1-T ` 1ýT H 11 tHl I-1T _111iTHT

T8I11- ý tIi L447

Vv7r, ..... RV46I tl

50ý, i i

F0Li5 :0l ýt t t

NM4 43.~ l

H HOIU

V 7 t.8ALADU

.7hPLT6U

.95

(496 3. .. . .... ....

...... " ue.i........ k-0.78 at I'C; ............ eu. ff.le r am ! (1.. . ......... *95at)* ......... .arK d

H.dtee=a~ M.R .... Johnonb Mt Aanemded;a-3.OXlfr-*.B-0.7. IL Ucedeboaba(19000).te;8.5 an H. U.

Me...... Hera., ",'ry Drawn; electrically anneale.....W. Mewnne (Igib)pare (1915).

IL...... ................ atSXlO', 8-0.75......... H. M.:HIII

(1915) at 21 WAn 8"; R. (1227)-

......Heram; "less k-2.06#A 21'K................ Do.

.H.... eraes ...... k-4.2 4t217; measued effect IL~ineheaandof nugnoo field ank, R. H. Ademstedi

(low8.

M. I .... John=oMt a-43XlO'. B-0.40 .......... K. Mendeboonlahy;09.09 and H. M.

(l 2b).

..... a-4XlO--. 8-0.35 .......... H.ELM R enbeeg

19

TEMPERIGURE I ICOPPERVT COPM4Cntd

50v apeo~ eab eeec uv l~l suc ~ ak eeec

."Pure".k-3 at V...............p LeI,................eue HI samles ofl vao,u 117 1rjee and(IBS~). cystalstru tue purINTy and 1.uu

..... Oe4ml0a -36a r;j .anaig t2 n 3K 12)

curv -4- 198)

-do-...k37 at -re -. -C ------ .........W. --aeg--- a-----t--an 0K;HH.Rddmn

B....B ........ ..... .... .....................-- d~asn

aue clone tor ftshe Refeenc curve. (193ure6).k elre

...... " =.........lectrolti *cop ... r... ;. va.. ues..W. Dome...e.... M .. ..ohn..n. Mat.. Machined and sanneled of vaiu P. GAlent %and

at~~~K the resandlts are close to (a916 they fre cC Mnoab.t...hePre...... k- .- ia curve ............ . riese crvcW (1947).

..... .Vr pure . Nat..r.. Meanule 14stl diffelen conpe H.m E.ot Pb.esn ncertain.. due. to v...... s-3all ata cC (11) P.S ...... A. Jer ara. "0 Oyen-re hig co'nd uctiity .. W. Poersan

H.Disesehand H134. L

deown to th P'I crv. (1961).

20 .. ........ M crltc e i ; aus W en e LM .. onoM t acie n nfW..... .F le o

30 - COPPER r- -. i: ý4

.20 71'IT

.. . . . .. .. .;$j

li l I 1 t hey; .0001%! a 5.~ in heiu ga . ; H IT fil !1. ila.-E 6 00%Dnl 16)

Ni. .TI0004% Ii

M. ---- I. Johson Mat Aneld Ir32X ' 8- 0.6 -. IM1ende1lu1o 111i1

Pur. I ITer

"Tmm hI. L. P.11 in. g

p uri t y; . (1 9 6 3).

W.1 Jhun a- A oddan .6X1' .K htthey;99.99-% 8=.1 (96c)W.-2do.......Annale 'T vaumat6 o

`421

200

80 Mi SIVE

TEMERt UE FIUR 1

4!85) 21K mealr! efec ofm1-. Ade11n1Ted

pure.l 1ene1L# TonoMt ah-undIcnalre o.. .H es(92)

thy 99.t t10)

CuIb i, smwa higher,0 thanl lhs of (13) th1:999 ne1e at !i'C gri stz (4I ( b .

........ iv rdofsle, vaIed in con-K Oanesns 44-tructure.+Ht tftttttII O 4 1"++4 At 10 an f' pure (1934) 4he (194a4 1

rodIt 1h Iad vaue cl _ to I curv __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I____1______44 d..1 M ;1 1 4 11tW il tI It-t-414 tifil ;ltI I Il H 4 t

22. 111Iffi t4it 4 fII l 41t 111 t lt f11441i '

150 +4ý44ý4--ý

if100

ilýýAo 44-so SILVER60 G= ------

w +

FIGURE 120 if Iiiim

..... ........

0

f i l l I I f i t I IE ..... ..... ..... ...----------

39 . ..... -- -----------1zt:*zt=r=1 M=14 ----- - ---6 --- ------ -------- ---- --------........... ................

4 ...

0

......... .. .. ... .............

------------. .. . .. .-- - - -- -- - - -- - ..........-... ............ A --------............ ....... .. ... .. ......................... ---------- ---------........... ........ .................. .. .. .....

4 ...... ...... ......

A

2w ........

.15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to

TEMPERATURE:K

(See next page for the table m GOLD.)

23

50

4*0

30

20

2:j

I.t.9t

.7

L-5

(1895) . . y .... and H. M44444+ -- - -T-1 --n-e-g

.'Pue.......k=.93at 8C; les pre sm- . Jeperand(192a)

p:98k17 a r;B p lDmlos.7 10) .12..GretDvd o apeuaneld 2 n .K ht

Me.6 yi;99% C~-rw~neld......M~ne oate; nae.(93)

.5 e(91) 9.%pr

.......r"9 ate Remarks......T BRefratende trre acpe sourc PeaksRfeec

. ................... k-3.14 at 18TC................. .H.MGayu t W.R ...... Johnson, Mat- N.smlod-rw;,an-X0-,8 115......K MeDeao.(18925). they;99.99W. nande Hn Maumat.0C o

pure; trceosen;#5wabergfurh e.......... k-.9i 3 samPes ia laess cnpu e sa- W. (1inanan5ACuafit)ran

"ver pure k-o.7 at 21T an 8' (1927).Fe=Mta

.......... k- .aV...............G.k-2.95uat........................aIXf5

T.-1.13........trMce ofnPit(1921). So.4a)

..............2-.8a44 ........ H aum t .. ,. onoM t o a peel-rw ;*4 n o

16 ....

144

41$ Ha

1 0

:J

I-11 M W

->ti8i

E 0ft.ffM011" R O

0 I M : ' HII I

8z A -ý 1-11 1 1

TE - MPRTR,

I. DW~ha plce At.4 ndH.(1:) lmaher

na(1982a).

4. Pr -ed-s --h~re rmacstsc.. .H o

0..iwl M,,3 andH.

Curvem. k 1.26 Reat RdeeKc aard 1.2= atuw 0... J Saeleo(96

........ "Pn ........ k-11 a IrC HC(1929)......... ...................... 9.1*91 P cyla3 lO',e a- 21 X........... M.eaberg~t(19195k)R

tile" Go..8) Ma.bum ILg cryta. eac wielh rod a2i bad roen and incline __ __ _ to__ _ __ _ Do._

"B.L .. 9.900pure".. Siga ry~allllt o main crysta lyam.A- 3.C.Grlnellend 10- s -I07 -___iclind__

o~th lier samples wit aLc peepeD (1932)., -. 6dacular had.... a coantvt 1.I0%w~d feto anei il. K edlsh

C.C Bdelw,2er.dH.M

(1929) "a-25

.. . . .. . .

(See~~~I previou- pageM for th abeo ZN.)CDIU Cot

Curv -- source RemrW Refe-enceTana7

Go. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fl f.aibnn Tw[igecysa[Iahwth E on n1P ypr" mai cIGRysa a 14o0xejr . rnie

OffIU ---- (9-2)Go I~o . . . . Sn l cryta wih m i cytl D

E u, - a pl sorc -e ak Ree-c --n ro axL epndclQ_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_ _ _ _ . . Hle;9.9% Maue feto antcfed.K edlsh

ure LndiM

. "ur......-O9 at

I I.........

LoeOXoeb

(181) (1951)

.dD-09 atCC ,Cei . .Jerad M . Hgr ati ls;a=10X1-, K edlsh

zLiulos --------- ---. LSi H i(19A0). ----- Roe Irg

L. 'P r reIsfah-undfe aat tc.. .H ea(92)

tilld" 190).................do......Masued efec ofmagnticfied.. . MndemIt

.SeePreioasn Aaefrth2e n 2~ vabluee11 jot ZIN .) CAehott twen nd K aJX d)"eaur".~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~m belowk upererference 196. 0',80.8

Cu26p

20

to.

MEERCURY

Tn lt........C ...............---------. ...... .K.me.rIGnEg1----------(1 --14). --

......................................eaueinhlqwssesdn U.WVho nsoli stae nst mltin. F Neuei"

211)

0n..........Maue .8 igecrsa os H.Rdesfalit orgope o1 o 13)ai0afe ocytlam 2a.6icie 8;#.ae n

z ie 5;#.ae epndic Hr

H.B.........Mesrd.4ohnra ada- WJdlasn

.ec2utn tae.H rm e

4 6 8 0 20 0 60 s (00900 ).

Ms.te..... ......... Measured in othe normds ate and i .Ghhl n.002% Cd auper nduc meting .state.ei

#3, .107%

* m~~dcuar 4.suD.A

Sor(1 95).

007%

~; MERCURY

10

28 --- R 5

6

E

o .8

.2

2 u.HU 4 5~

TEMPERATURE4

(Se prvospg1o.hetbeo ECR.

H28 .

Oi-

LLU

GALLITHALLIUMCurve ~ ~ ~ F +apesuc eak eeec uv apesuc eak eeec

and~~~IGR a1lss6n nayi

10..........Tresn~ rsaso ifrn .M oebrg.......ue .. Aelt auswr o ee- WJd~a n

oretain 6o '6 X (94).mndH me

40 ... ,a= 3 1O 1 9 2 )

B -'0.65; ~, a'+7

X4O1> 22.H .onoMt ll~OB.8....J .Hh

_____ _______ _______________ ________te; 01 15)

.t.................. Di......onoMa-~ l O lOB 04 maue . ed ah

they; 99.99% ure effect of msgntic field, and ...M...............d .... Me urdeecofmgtc i.. .Mnelohile 2Rosenberg1and0H.0 50

P .................. .ured ~ondctiVity b ifereo t P H; anM . A.......g ............ doer.........MeAbsoured coaductiit beelnow deter K.J.MedelssHaw&bretwee I. an -160XK con- u) minnnbewend.? anH.K cn n. A.eme10c-vi, was 7- for in -23XaT- ((5)1u9v3yeua2naa -2 eto ).

20.2 at ....... 0.0ns1n att a 8Xl0 ' Ti 8=1.38 a .. 8.. ... JK.Hh0J¶y .00% at100).K

B........o......a537 lf',BOl........M.osnbrg B............. .....o, at- ingle ' crystal; fosre cnduc- AH.MDoenbierg

(1927,). te;9M0, inbhnomal sttec nductivty. - and Ha. M

purs ducing tate Rosnb2r

.8 CARBON......

I.-.

C.)

TEPRTUE6

CABN(rpie)_1:CRO (rpie Cntd ____

.04y .ap.a.....a eeeceCre SmpesuceRmrs eeec

a02 l~ n nayi

........ PecilIsd; enit of2.1 gcm; T Bmt ~ . 4.1- tomc negy rtficalgrahie ods vry ni R.BomaZ-a tie .M ~ 3. Rs na- stoi;upie ubr o 16)

*~~~~~~~.. .ar.o. .... .-.1 at .'........ .. .~ 1.0 an 1.7 ..m..c a

4 6 a 10k.0 t0 . 6 2000 A;o n00me 3umerr0

Com~~~~~~~prle to plweRmrsRfeec o" E wReferred Refereac

..... .atoa .......... FPassmleadwaithod ax. pll elmý TL.Buerscit per TB. 1-,2 I'm Atoionrifcal CarrDes phesw te1.0 /c rods ver Wi .B yerman dben; A k-0.15t extino dirc!on R.7 (144. bcnffaite axs. wetrx e unrepcived ly erp en- A152. C i

graphite.~~~~lsh ferC totK~o n dcaroade paalelt o the parlee- (193)sample withiroeaf.opupfndic-feired prames

u....r .. cao rp- k 17to ezbW u, k1.72 a t T.r ... 3.. Nanalgap- mo bed; deensityof.0 rods i axm o0'C 176 t K. ts perpendicular to preferre on-

its; gai4 7 TW... Lapac . oded;dnsitye wr repctiv 1.65 7oda9 o

........... MCasmur;d80% duetvat ie oC ...... ph-... S. Wiu.hia...................Astaconl;dat no1 gvn ..77mtperoeu and aHrpo. esxbcua. and 2000 10ada (1954).

cokemre effec o1f) .4 1..Ntrl rp-Dniy25ges crystal se.... S.Do.wiSLIO

______ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fr to_____________ sample... Ipuite wit i ketutrmcytslpurod axis Bul nA10ater1e.t =in umber, direct en; dicul4atr . .Ceal

grapbAshow by WC, 9. at 8VK, 19or a eoddg - attst t . (1954).sample ~~~ ~ al eih odect.apndc-

30rt ,'ok-.3a

4.0 ....

3.0

2.0

"0

7E0RTUE

5See .e..p.ef..tbl... m.

40IAIU

ina 101)

oEM ...r.flnd1...

4 6 10 0 40 so s 100200 300

60

20

~TIN

20

z 4-o - -mi - O - IICT

00Va-I4 -

.8f +i I

67

T.5-

(181) c.in . ecndcig .. .. .an

(1900). STA2% -u-e .nlie .8 to .o a.s (1.949)..L .azam the-urne fromCIN a4o......H e ooMt esre odciiyi h n ) .Dtie

'pure".~~~~~7 (198) -4y9996 te-eit stt - f - .- ai-haSTATE (1r9a - -

Measredthereltiv chage n W J.do assconuct.. t at. lo!epr- SioanJhsoM t igecytltesue h fet K edlsh

tar6 a ....t va.ue no.ie, adH..e-te;o anei il;frzrofed .h.Rme.13)ad5.9% ~ 2. t .',1. t30K br 16)

car"~~~~~r Sapemo eari efrnesuuamlpouc emrcimdcgstt .A Refetenc

am 96%an s hs;bt omlandsi sue-anR. . do . oyrss~elwru o fig-ysis

#2, ~ ~ ~ ~ (88) 0oHmodctn tt eaue.ueing; superconducting. state.aun

.3% H ad-(1964a).

Hg. addedlhrs Rd. 1,-2 ... No.pur 9I .and gl 2, crystalsine h c eryst nal axish t A.. RGodemkes________ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (90) ________ ______________ _____ P uc~pre'; incie to 3 o mm astin s.a (1963).

L ....... KAU ; 7 te-tuned rom arod ....... C H. ~n ........ Jhnso, 0.t% In; rdcnutiiyi h n- D .DtiePt" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ # and8) te;.96, 3% mdaestt.f.A.Fib

..........~~~~~__ .......... Measured___ dorltiecaneiW__oas P~ -(18

codciiya3o2epr- S cý......Jhsn a- Snl rsal esrdteefc .Mnemh

150

T1100 ý4 4 iri__ +so

+ - -I j- 1=41

60

........ ------40 Lj

97

TIN

20 Hu FIGURE 18 b

lam)

-T-r-ý-ý

E 104- - - ---- - 4-4- 1

=V=

-----------

I F -I .. . . ........

- - - - - - - - - -

Z 2

- MORMAL E ZL_

-SUPER CONDUCTING

STATE

d

.3

.2

150 1 2 3 5

TEMPERATUREOK

33

20

toA

to8M 1 411 IU E 1

6la

E 3

I.-A

.7

.3 W

4 6 8 0 0 0 0 00200 300TEMPERATURE ,-K

LEADLEAD (Cont'd)

Curve Sam: esurc Remarks Reference Curve Sample source Remarks Referenceandaayl and analysis

..... Pure ...... k-0.35 at VC.................L. Lorenz H. Ra. ... Hilger.......... Melted under vacuum;je cry*- W. J. de Hass(1881). ttinotnormal sMuper- and H. Rade-

.do =0.3 at18C...........W. J r ~condtmgstaln makera (1940)......... ... d ....... k-O a 19C ........... .DW 1 elho"st Ba. ....... .....do......Two single crystals..............A. Rademakers

(1900). (1949).

.................. k-0.35 at 25'C, 0.45 at 90rK .... P. Macchia M. 0. .... 0.02% Bj.....In both normal and superconduct. K. Mendeleohn(1907). ing states. and J. L. Olsen

L ..... Baxendale; Lathe-turned from a bar ......... C. H. Leas(I )".pure".. (1908). ........ ..... Studied ronductivitv ie intermedi- R. T. Webber

Me .... Ksilbesui; 99.- Cold-drawn.................... W Meismer (19an1). A ph998%. pure. (1915).

...... Kahlbaum; Resulleagreeuwith Meisuner (1915). R.S (1918). M. R ... Tadenac, 99.- Single crystal, measured in both K. Mendelmohn998%. pur. norms! and superconducting and Hi. Mi.

Pane states; normat curve gives Rosenbr................... k-0238 at I2rC. 0.38 at 23-C ... T. P curve on g~r'ph as0. 10;-I

(1917). perimna ponts= mark.;edxb

Bi. Le .. .............. ................................ C. C. Ridwell polled carred.b

and E. J. Lewis(1929). 0. Rn. ... ................ Single crystal.................. J. L. Olsen and

C. A. Renton................ Measured retative temperature W. J. de Rass (1952).

variation, and H. Brem-mer (1931). ...... Tadensc ..... Measured effect of magnetic field.. K. MCIndebsohn

Br. HL.... ................ Measured in bough normal and su- H. Bremmar and Rosenbrpereonducting states. W. J1. de Raan (198V).

(1938). ..... Sasa M.R.. k~=25 at 3.1*¶, 28 at 2.r*K; eon- H. A. Rosenberg......Hilger;99.999% Measured changes in conductivity K. Mendelssohn tinuation of work of Mendels- (94)Pure during superconducting trausi- and I. B. sohn, Rosenberg (1952b);

____ -_______ tion. Pontius(1937). a=29OXlOS, B3-0.10.

34

....... 7 -TT.......... 71 11 ITT IM,20 ........... KRa

t. t71ý4 LEAD

41 GERMANIUMýb

tto -- f 4 44 i IGURE 19a-4+- 4 ý4,

Rd 4tulpfil:6 f-4 I t-tu

ilt

PbL IT Till

M LLtip

L Pbf W_

E PD.711

+4 -4+-- 1--f4- 4 Ibl-, -T I

=m _U IV -4

.6 4il f4 A

F-A _V M-11,

-V tftr, It IVz

.2 ------ .......... ja lt-

---------- .. ............

fill

NORMAL STATE

ý00: ---- SUPER CONDUCTING

STATE

.04

.03 Rrt.025 .... ..............

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

TEMPERATURE,-K

(For GEEXANIM see the table under figure 18, page 31.)

35

1.2'T.IIIIII

I. .,.. > ' ..... ANTIMONY

F:; >V 7 ~j7,:: FIGURE 20

$t T8_~j..................................

0-

.8

.22

20 it6 8 020

TEMPERAURE ,0

ANTIMN BISBIUTH

Cu.4 apesuc eaksRfrneCre Sml suc eak eeec

and~~~ Tnlssadaayi

0. HIMhof 1 Diem bet

4alam Drwn at 810 1940 a4d 70 r- G.0 Ge00 o and

.......... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 02 ........ k 01 a C..... ... .Lrn ............. 004at OT"K 0.....0 at ..... F. N)eusnee

~~~~~G *alam MesrdefcGfmgei il .Rueblof H11b. Deslo"pue. onkad o inl ndpl- (1947).(90)

crstlln rods;. atlbum 80......... ..... .Ghhf and ...K 0 02... Pb....... t Ace 87ge rs, me4% and21Krsured ai trep E. W.b C. 90ay ... eur F.rv Robertloetosdnsup e cre

(1(1923).R........................ H.latn Drwn at 94,asenberg-G Ghlaf n

.......... Kah(lba).....................Measured effect of grain siz;e.m-A. Eucken andpuesl ae7 t Rdn'upr F.N mir""chem. pun". ple with largest rains had a____________ 0. Neumanncuv.(93)condutiviy clse tothe(1924).4)

.......................................... Khbm;Measured effect of magnetic field K. W.sc C.1913b).crysallne ods at80*and90' ........ O.T P trm ongl condutavity inasinged csroystal . W. F. Kiggie

(1923).

36....... .... .... .M oebr

I-

TEMPERATURE 2I

BISMUTH 1 HCntd TELLURIUM Y4 If#uv apesuc eak eeec uv apesuc eak eeec

and~-u anIyi andI analys

Re . KabibsuTE Io axsicie 0t rsa .ednin a 9§9pr..N.1 inl rsa ihrd CRCrwih'pur*. xis stuiedeffct o manetc (~4).axi paalietomincystaaus (l33)

Tild 1t. #2ad#JrT olcytliealomesre11 nf

Rn....................Measured~~~~~~~ -w si-l crsa- on M. T. -oin -_____ - ________ -__-__-_-Eit re xsprle ot Igoa 13) ______ _____________ _____

ref IIf biar.aes

b fe. .mane. fild sen an A.C.isn

. Measured~~~~~~~~~~~~ -bewe 2.3 an -. -hy (1947). . R . so. .tec .n .'6 X ' .19.....K .ende.....

574K .ra .a .n .. ...

an .. Wess........d.................HM.nsnbr(19a50 0) 40 0 o500 00 ) 0

TEMPERTURE37

2.3 Alloys and Commercial Metals

The values for conductivities of experimental bols and manufacturing tempers. The names orand commercial alloys are given in figures 22 numbers and the arrangement within a groupthrough 29a and in the following tables, arranged are based upon the corresponding arrangementsaccording to periodic group of the major com- in Metals Handbook.1 The composition limitsponent. In several instances a particularly large for many of the alloys are also taken from theclass of alloys has been separately presented, Metals Handbook. The tables listed below,i. e., copper-nickel alloys. Many of the experi- which quote "company or trade manuals", aremental results are for a limited temperature all based on room-temperature values.range, so more of the data are presented in In pure metals the greater part of the energytables than in section 2.2 on metals. This sec- transfer is by electrons, whereas in alloys thetion is also not as complete as section 2.2 be- transfer by the lattice vibration is very signifi-cause many of the data were published in now cant and may be the predominant mode. Forunavailable journals or institute reports. As for that reason the conductivity is not as sensitivethe preceding tables the following tables con- to small differences in composition as it is intain columns indicating the curve identifying nearly pure metals. It will be noted in the fol-marks, composition, conductivity, remarks, and lowing graphs that the conductivity curves ofreference. In addition, they occasionally con- alloys with similar compositions are usuallytain information on trade designation or sym- parallel to each other and seldom intersect.

'Metals Handbook, 1948 ed., Am. Soc. for Metals, Cleveland. Ohio.

ALKALI METAL ALLOYS MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (Cont'd)

Nominal NominalComposition Conductivity and remarks Reference Composition Conductivity and Remarks Reference

(%) (%)

w/cm deg K w/em deg K

Sodium-potasium; k=0.29 at -8.9*C. 0.30 at- 0.6°C ..... J. W. Hornbeck 15 Cu ............ k- 1.54 at 273*K, 1.51 at 87°K; chill-cast... W. Mannehen"50-50 by atomic (1913). (1931).percent.

20 Cu, 3 Si ......... k - 1.08 at 273*K, 0.89 at 87°K; chill-eat... Do.

BERYLLIUM 2.2 Ag .. . . . . . . . . . . . k-=1.31 at 25'C a ........................ R. KikuchiBERYLIUM(1932).

Commerciallypue; See figure 2, under "Metallic Elements".. E.J. w4 .0A............ k=1.18 at 27*CI ................ Do.Beryllium Co. of (1929). 2.1 Al ............ k=0.88at27 C ....................... Do.America.

Copper-beryllium See "Copper Alloys ..................... 4.2 Al .............. k=0.69 at 22*C I ........ ............. Do.

_ 6.2A1 .............. k-0.56 at 22'CI ........................ Do.

MAGNESIUM ALILOYS 8.2 Al ............ k-0.51 at 18*C k ........ Do.

10.3 Al ........... k= 0.45 at 19'C 2 ........................ Do.0.5 Mn ............ kf=f1.60 at 273%K, 1.34 at 87'K .......... 3. Staebler

(1929). 12.2 Al ........... k =0.39 at 23*C I ........................ Do.

0.8Mn ............ k-1 8 at 273*K, 1.22 at 87K ........... Do. 2.4Cu ............. kf=f1.39 at 20°C't ........................ Do.

2Mn .............. k- 1.18 at 273K, 0.67 at 87'K' ......... . Do. 6.3Cu ............. k - 1.31 at 24*C2 ........................ Do.

3.4 Mn ........... k- 1.02 at 273*K, 0.7 at 87K ........... Do. 1.9Ni ............. k=i1.36 at 20C I....................... Do.

Al ............... k =0.80 at 273K 0.59 at 87'K ........... Do. 5.8Ni ............. k=1.26 at 24°C ....................... Do.

8A ............... k-0.65 at 273*K, 0.42 at 87K .......... Do. 2.2Sn ........... k= 1.06 at 2l°CI ......................... DO.

12Al .............. k-0J9 at 273K, 0.33 at 87KM ........... Do. 6.4Sn ............. k-0.74 at 22'CI ........................ Do.

0.7S .............. k- 1.48 at 273K, 1.0 at 87K .......... Do. 2.1 Zn ............. k -1.26 at 26* .......................... Do.

1.sSi .............. k - 1.40 at 273*K, 0.95 at 87K ........... Do. 6.1 Zn ............. k -1.09 at 26TCI ..................... Do.

8Ce ............... k- 1.25 at 273*K, 1.06 at 87K .......... Do. 4 Zn, 0.5 Cu ........ "Elektron" k= 1.14 at 26° C2 ............. Do.

12-C ..C............ k - 1.0 at 273K, 0.81 at 87% .......... Do. 4 A, 1Zn, 1Cd, ISn. k=0.56 at 22C' ....................... Do.

CCu ........... k- 1.25 at 27K, 0.8 at 8TK .......... DO. 6AI, 3Zn, 0.4Cu... "Dow metal" k=0.61 at 29rC' ........... Do.

szn ............... k = 1.19 at 27K 0.S9 at SK ............ Do. 4 _.5 o•• 2 Cd, k-0.63 at 22C ........................ Do.

8Cd ............. k- 1.42 at 273K, 1.30 at 87K .......... Do.4 A 3 Cd, S k0.9 at2 .................... Do.

25N, Al .......... k-0.69 at 273K, 0.48 at 87K ........... Do. 4Al2Cd,2Sn k-0.6at30'...................... Do.

2 if, 8Al .......... k-0.61 at 273K 0.38 at 87K .......... Do.

2L 10 Al ......... k-0AS at 273@K 0.29 at SK .......... Do. Vacuum-mnealed.

25, 12 Al ......... k-044 at 273K, 0.28 at 8K' .......... Do.

'Chilla-t; also measured P.

38

MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (Cost'd) ALUNMINUM ALLOYS (0ont'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS

_____ _ __ ___ __ __ __ -Cc-polition (%/) 1 Conductivity' state'I

AETM Nominaldesigaaam Tft&devdignatione compatibon Conductivity w,'cm deg X

(%)0U.3Cu.,0.5 i,0.8 Fe,0.5Mn,. 1.18 ..... ........ Cast.

w/mdgK 1.2MUs. 1 M.52 ............. Annealed.4.3 Cu,0.4 W4 0.9 Fe, 0.0 Mn. 1.22 ............... Cast.

AS3 ....... Dowasmtal A; Maslo AM 241Bn3rt- 8 AL 0.2 Mn... 0.75 0.4 Mg.' 1.52,.............. Annealed.ubh DTD 59A. DTD 289. lek-'trom AS, Elektron ASK. 2.5 Cu. 0.4 Si, 0.9 Fe. 1.8 Ni, 1.44 ............... Cast.

A 10......Dowmetul G; Maalo AN240;AM- 10 AI,0.1 Mn.. .71 0.9 Mg., 1.63 ............-. Annealed.C598 British DTD 250; Elek- 4.4 Cu. 0.5 Si, 0.7 Fe, 2.1 Ni. 13..............CUsttroo 1. 0.9 Mg., 1.47 ........................ Annealed.

AM 80Aý .. ................ SeeA 8........... 3.8 Cu, 6.lSi, 0.9 Fe, 0.6 Mo. 1.00 ........................ Cast.

2.7OO Cu 0.4~l S1 06 eM1.0Zn2 1.328........................ AneLed.AZ 31X, A, B. Dowunetal Ml-; Maulo AM-C528; 3 AL, I Zn, 0.3 .06 2. u . i . e 20Z .1.32 ......................... Ct. An"

Whitelight 85-1; British DT!; Mn.1.3..........Aneld120A; Elektrom AZ 31. 2.6 Cu. 0.4Si, 0.6 Fe. 20.3 Zn'2. 1.07............... ......... Cast.

AZSI1X ... Dowmetal J8.1..................5MA,lIZu, 0.25 .88 1.08..................... ... Annealed.Mo. 2.5 Cu 0.3Si, 0.8Fe, 0. Mo. 1.25.............. ......... Cost.

AZ SI X, A, B. Dowunetal J-1; Mail* AM.C57S; 6 Al, 1 Zn, 0.2 .80 2.6 in., 1.456................. ...... Anneale.

WhitelightJ-1; British DTD 88B, Mn. 1.9 Cu, 0.18 Si1 Fe, 1.5 Mg'.. 1.57........... *....... ...... CastDTD 120A. DTD 259; Elektron 1.655........................ AnnealdAZM.

A.63A ow~eai;Ms~A 26;Bit 61,Zn0. .51.8 Cu. 0.4 Si, 0.9 Fe, 0. Cr'2.. 1.06 ....................... Cast.Lish DTD 39A, DTD 289; Elek- Mn.1.9..........Aneldtram AZO. 1.8 Cu. 0.3 8i,0.6 Fe, IN4 1.6 1.48 ........................ CAst.

AZ SO X, A.. Downietal 0-1; Masto AM-C58S; 8.5 AL, 0.5 Zn, .75 Mg. 1.65 ........................ Anneale.Whiteligbt0-1;Bnitiah DTD 88B; .15 Mn. 11.9 Si, 0.8 Fet2............. 11.31 ....................... cast.Elektron AZ S5. 1.78 ........................ Annealed.

AZ9 ,B ,Dowunetal Pl, RC;Maulo AM 263; 9 A4 0.7Zo, 0.2 .71 0.1 Si. 0.6 Fe 2.............. 1.86 ........................ Cast.AZIA .. British Dli) 136A; Elektron AZ Mn. 2.00 ........................ Annealed.

01.

AZ92 A Dointa ; auo M 00 0 l2 n,0. .1I. Co., 0.4 Si, 0.6 Fe'I.....1.33........................ Quenched.MZ9,A...Dwea :M~oA 5 ... IA n. . 7 1.32 .......................... Aged.

M I , B... . Dwmeal ; MaloAM43 AM 1.5Mn ...... .25 52 Cu, 0.5 Si, 0.8 Fe, 0.5Ma, 1.2..................... Quenched.MIB Don'taM;asoA 4O A 1S~ 1261.2 Mg.& 1.23................. ....... Aged.

38; WhitefightM; British VTD142, 118, 140A; Elektron AM 503. 2.5 Cu. 0.4 Si, 0.9 Fe, 1.8 N4. 1.38 ............. .......... Quenched.

........Ma~o AM 244.................. 4AL 0.2 Ma... 0.96 0.9 Mg.4 1J..38 ...................... .Aged.DowneajK3A......... ~ entua3.8 Cu, 6.1 Si. 0.9 Fe, 0.6 Mn, 1.16 ........................ Quenced.

......... DomealRK30A...........3 ar eath, 271.8 Mg.' 1.14 ........................ Aged.0.36 Zr, 0.3Zn. LIS6Cu. 0.4 S, 0.6 Fe, 202 Zo 8. 0.98.........................hechd

___________________________0.98 ........................ Aged.

2.5 Cu, 0.3 K 0.9 FeO. 05MN, 1.32 ........................ Quenched.ALUMINUM ALLOYS 2.6 Zn.'

________-1.9 Cu, 0.1SEkI Fe, 1.5 Mg 0... 1.59 ........................ Quenchsed,Composition Conductivity and remarks Rteference 1.8 Cu, 0.3 Si. 0.6 Fe. 1.0 Ni, 1.45 ........................ Quenocahed.

1.6 Mg.'w/cm degl K5UCu. 0.5 Ek0.8 Fe, 0.6 Mn, 1.36 ........................ Drawn.

0.5 Ft, 0.4 Cu .............. k-2.01 at Ir C .............. W. Jae D 1.2 Mg.4 1.60. ....................... Annealed.H.Dieinelhornt

(90.4.3 Cu, 0.4 8i. 0.9 Fe, 0.4 Mn, 1.48 ........................ Drawn.0.6 Mg.4 1.73 ........................ Annealed.

Comercial ................ k-1.03#at0C,1.90at8M¶1J9 ESchott(1916). 1oi05'. .................. )anatl4K1.81 ........................ Annealed.

Couipi~tim(90)' Conductivity'I State'1 0.184 0.5 Fe 4.............. 2.06 ........................ Drawn.________________ __________________ ________1 2.07......................... Annealed.

v/an deg K 'BResults by H. Masutneto (1926) at 27T.'T1he samnples were chill east in an iro, mold, then annealed for 30 mninutes at 450TC.12.2 Co, 0.3 81,0.6'F . ... 1.24 ........................ Cast 'Chill-cAt in an iron mold annealed, then heated for 30 minutes at ahout 5OVC,

1.48 ........................ Annealed, quenched in water, and later aged two weeks.12.2Cc,~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 08106F,1M'.09.......... . .'Chill-cast in an iron mOld forged, then cold-drawn to 60% of original diammeter.

12. C. .2Hi 0. F. M 1. 033..........................ACast and ldae annealed for 30 MinutO at WMO.

10.5 ",0.3 F4 0.8 Fe,1IN4, 1.35 ........................ Cast3 Sn '. 149.5 ........................ Anneale.

&.4Cu, 028i, 0.7 Fe, 0.7 Mn I.. 1A.02 ....................... Cast1M..35...................... Annealed

8. Cuo.4 Si.K 0.6 . .3.................Cast.1.67..::............A~nneale.

6J9Cu. 0.3 fi, 01 Fe, 1.2 go .. 1.47 ........................ Cast1.466........................ Annealed.

39

1a

...8 . . . . . .

6 ........

A ..

... .6 ..... ..

E

0

.4

.2

TEMPERATURE ,-K

ALUMINUM ALLOYS (Oont'd) ALUMINUM ALLOYS (Cont'd)

Nominal composition () Conductivity and remarks Reference Car"e composition MOD Remarks Reference

w/cm deg K N.-"Dural"... 0.57 Mt.0.42 Fe, 410 Cu, As stamped; "Dur- J. de Nobel

8 Ca ..................... k-1.32 at 273*K; 0.88 at rK ... W. Mannohen940 .auu;;ý(11)(1931). P. Z. J.461... 0.29Cu 0.56Mg,0.02 Mn,. .... .............. R. W. Powers,

0.56 Fe 0.30 Si. 0.01 Cr, J. B. Ziegler,Do.................... k-1.31 at 273*K; 0.90 at 8"K ... Do. o0 'riaidH.L15Cu...............k-148at73'K;9OJthnstonDo15 C ................. k -1.48at 73';.9 atSM ... DO.(1951).

8 Mg ..................... k-l.00&t273*K; .73 at WEX..- Do. P...S.. .0.16 Cu,lA gl2M 1.02......... oDo.................... k=1.06 at 273*K; 77 at Sri; Do. 0.52 Fe,o0.13 S 0.2OCn,. ......... D.

thermally treate. 0.0271.Cr12 Mg .................... k-0.77 at 2W3K; Aat SM.... D)o. P. Z. J.758 ... 1.5 Cu, 5.5 Zn, 24Mg, 0.2..................... Do.14 Mg .................... k-0.9 at 273*K; .44 a" 8M; Do. Mn, 0.3 Cr.

thermallyv treated. P. Z. J.-248 ... 4.49 Cu, 0.01 Zn, 1.47 Mg ...................... DO.20 Si...................... k-ISO at 273% 1.21 at 8?K; Do. 0.66 Mn, 0.34 Fe, 0.13

"Alusir. Si, 0.01 Cr, 0.02 71.4 Co, 2 Ni, 1.5Mg; "Y" Alloy". k-1.62 at 273'K; 1.12 at Sri... Do.

Do.................... k- 1.63 at 27WK; 1.38 at V*I; Do.-brial trested.Mg, Mn, 8b; K-S Alloy 245 .. k -1.07 at 27%; 1.00 at SriK... Do.

Mn, Mg. Sb; 1.8 Alloy 280 .. k-l1.0 at 273K; 0.80 at 8rK ... Do.

Mn, Mg, Sb; K-SAlloy Special. k-139 at 273%; 1.14 at V*i... Do.

Co, Mn, Mg; Nehon-Kolbien k-1-60at 27%; 1.2 atBrK ... Do.10.

Cu; Nelsan-Kolben Va I....k- 1.43 at 273*K; 1.18 at 87*K... Do.

Cu; Nehon-Kolben........... k -I1S at 27WK; 1.30Oat W'K ... DO.

3-6 Cu, 0A Mg ............. Ik-1.40 at 273K;0.89 at87K ... Do,

40

ALUMINUM ALLOYS (Cont'd) ALUMINUM ALLOYS (Cont'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS

ASTM Nominal ASTM Nominaldesigna- Trade designation compositions (%) Conductivity State designs- Trade designation compoitions (%1) Conductivity State

tion tion

w/cm des K w/em deg K

EC ........... ... 99.45 Al ........... 2.34 Annealed SC 41 .... A 132 ............... 12 Si, 2.5Ni, 1.2 Mg, 1.17 T 551A1:2..* 2S; Britsh BS 2 .... 9L A .............. 2.22 0.8 Cu.

2.18 H 1812 .... D12. 9 Si, 3.5 Cu, 0.8 Mg, 1.09 T50.8 Ni.

S.......-138 ................. 10 Cu, 4 Si, 0.3 M g.. 1.05 ..........WROUGHT ALLOYS CN 21.... 142 .............. 4 Cu, 2 Ni, 1.5 Mg.. 1.67 T 21

1.34 T 5711.51 T 77

M I ... .. 38 .................. 1.2 Mn ............. 1.93 0 !.30 T 611.63 H 12 C I... 195 ................. 4.5 Cu ............. 1.38 T 41.59 H 14 1.47 T 621.55 H 18 CS 4 ..... B 195 ............. 4.5 Cu, 2.5 Si ....... 1.38 T 4

......... 1 48 ............... ... 1.2 M n, I Mg...... 1.63 0 1.42 to 1.88 T 561.63 H 38 ........ 212 ................. 8 Cu, 1.2 Si ........ 1 7 ..........

CP21 .... 11;BritishBSL... 5.5Cu.0.5Pb,0.5 i. 1.63 1138 G 1.... 214; British DTD 165. 3.8 Mg ............. 1.38

CS41 ... 14S; British DTD M4. 4.4Cu,0.85i,0.8Mn, 1.93 0 1.8 Annealed0.4 Mg. 1.55 T0 A 214 ............. 3.8 Mg, 1.8 Zn ...... 1.34 ..........

1.21 T4 B214.............3.8Mg,1.8Si 1.47CM 21 . 17S; British BS 6L1... 4Cu,0.5Mg,0.5Mn. 1.72 0 F214 ............... 3.8 Mg, 0.5 Si ....... 1.42 ..........

1.21 T4 218 ............ M . ............. 0.96......... A17 ............. 2.5 Cu, 0.3 Mg ...... 1.55 T4 ...... 220 ................. 10Mg..... . .. 88 T 4

...... 185; British BS 4L,25, 4 Cu, 2 Ni, 0.5 Mg.. 1.93 0 SC 8. 319 ................. 6 Si, 3.5 Cu......... 1.13 ..........BS 2L42. 1.55 T 61 3........ i83 ................. 9 Si, 3.8 Cu ......... .1.05 F

......... B185 ............. 4 Cu, 1.5 Mg, 2.0 Ni. 1.93 0 1.21 T51.72 T 72 1.17 T 6

CG 21 .... 248; British B82140, 4.5 Cu, 1.5 Mg, 0.6 1.88 0 1.42 T 7DTD 273. Mn. 1.21 T 4 SC 21 .... 355 ............... 5 Si, 1.3 Cu, 0.5 Mg.. 1.67 T51

S258 ............... 4.5 Cu, 0.8 Mn, 0.8 1.65 T 6 1.42 T OSi. 1.93 0 1.47 T81

......... 328 ................. 12.5 Si, 1.0 Mg, 0.9 1.55 0 1.63 T 7Cu, 0.9 Ni. 1.38 TO6 1.51 ChillT6 .

........ 56 ............... 1.2Mg ............. 1.93 0 SGI. 356...............7Si,0.3 Mg...... . .67 T511.93 H 38 1.55 T 6

S ........ . CSOS ............... 1.3M .............. 1.55 .......... 1.59 T7SA 515 ............. 0 Si, 0.0 Mg, 0.25 2.09 0 .. 63 Chil T6.

Cr. 1.72 T 4 3....... ,60, A360 .......... 9.5 Si S............. 1.13 to 1.47 .........So .. 528...............2.5Mg,0.25Cr 1.38 0 380,A380 .......... 9 Si, 3.5 Cu ......... 0.96 to 1.09 ........

1.38 H 38 384...............12 Si 3.8 Cu........ 0.96 .......S53S.................1.3 Mg, 0.7 , 0.25 1.72 O A612 ................ Z.5.n, 0.7 Mg, 0.5 .6 ..........

Cr. 1.55 T4 u612 ............... 6.5 n. 0.5 Cu, 0.4......... 56S; British DTD 303. 5.2 Mg, 0.1 Mn, 0.1 1.17 0 C 1.9

Cr. 1.09 H 18 Mg.G821 .... 618 ............... IMg,0.6Si,0.25Cu, 1.72 0 750 ............. 6.6Sn, I Cu, 10 Ni.. 1.80 ..........

0.25 Cr. 1.55 T 4......... 628 ................. OZ Cu, 0.6Si, Mg. 1.72 0

1.55 T 4......... 638 ................. O4 Cu, 0.7 Mg ...... 1.93 T 42 TITANIUM ALLOYS

2.09 TSZG 42 ... 758 ................. 5-5 Zn, 2.5 Mg, 1.5 1.21 T 6

Cu,0.3Cr,0.2Mn. Curve Composition (%) Conductivity and Remarks Reference......... I R 301 ............... I Mg, 0.7 Si, 0.5 Mn.. 1.93 0

1.21 T 41.56 T 6 w/cm deg K

S ......... R317 ............... 4 Cu,0.5 Mn,0.5Mg, 1.72 0Pb, 0.5 Bi. 1.21 T4 ........ 2.8Cr, lFe .......... Abstract only; k -0.13 at C.J. Rigneyand

273*X0.10 at 19J', 0.06 L.I. BockAdoerat WK. (1951).

CASTING ALLOYS Fig. 29; Rem-C Titanium, RC R, emf ..... ...... W. W. Tyler a_ _-T.W.- 130-B; 4.7 Mn, 3.99 A. C. Wiho

85 ....... 13 .................. 12Si .............. 155 to 1.21 .......... Ti. Al, 014 C. (1952).

54 ....... 43 .................. 58 . ........... 1.471.67 Annealed.

5e 2 ..... 85 .................. 5 i, 4 Cu .......... 1.17......... 108 ................. 4 Cu, 3 Si .......... 1.21 Cat TUNOGSTEN

1.47 Annealed.

SC8 ..... Alledt .............. Si, 3 Cu.......... 1.08 Cast Compktiou Cenduetivity sand remarks Rdfence1.17 Relieved.1.13 Agd" w/.degK1.38 T 7 we e

501 ... A108............... 5.58Si,4.5 Cu.... 142 ..... "Impore ......... Snl &mecryub;k-1.83 at RI,1.80 t 2rK.. &.Giainehsen and......... 112 ................. 7 Cu, 1.7 Zn ........ 1.17 ......... & Goe.

1.47 nealed. (192).C822 ... 113 ............... 7 Cu, 2 Si, 1.7 Z... 1.17 ..........

1.47 Annealed.CS22... C113 ............... 7 Cu,3. Si.......... 1.09 ......

G0I .... 12= ................. 10 Cu,0.2 Mg ..... 1.9 T1.30 T 611.34

41

CHROMIUM CARBON STEELS (Cost'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS

Composition (%), Conductivity' State ICompostion Conductivity

w/cm deg KC/.... k-0.0m at "C. w/er deg K 2.53 C, 0.06 Si, 0.02 Mo, 0.01 P, 0.03 9 ... 31 As eMt."" a2.67 C, 0.11 Si, 0.02 Mn, 0.03 P, 0.0S ... .30 Do.

.32 1,020°C annealed, 2 hr..32 6 hr..32 8 hr.

3.12 C, 0.06 Si. 0.06 Mn, 0.02 P 0.06 8 ... .32 As st.3.14 C, 0.01 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.03 8 ... .26 Do.

IRON 3.17 C, 0.21 Si, 0.08 Mn, 0.04 P, 0.0. 8.... .25 Do..26 Annealed 1,000'C, 2 hr.

See figures 8 and 9 under "METALLIC ELEMENTS" .26 6 h 1..27 8 hr.

3.53 C, 0.04 Si, 0.06 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.06 8.. .23 As h t.3.64 C, 0.16 Si, 0.04 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.02 8... .231 Do.

.3 Annealed 1,000T, 2 hr.STEELS .3 6 hr.

.23 8 hr.The tables for steels are arranged into groups where 3.93 C, 0.16 Si, 0.04 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.05 S .... .20 As cast.

the principal alloying metals are as follows: carbon; 3.210Annealed01P002'C..2 hr..21 Annealed 1,020(C, 2 hr,silicon; copper, chromium, cobalt, manganese, molyb- .26 6hr.denum, nickel, tungsten, vanadium; and aluminum. 4.13 , 0.10, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P 0.028 .. 8h.

4.1 C,0.0 S, .03Mn 0.2 , 002S ... .18 An ecut..20 Annealed 1,0300C, 2 hr,

4.26 C, 0.10 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.02 S .... .17 As ceat.,19 Aneld10 ,2hrCARBON STEELS 4.35 C, 0.35 Si, 0.08 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.02 8 .... :15 Aneed L

.57 Annealed 1,000C, 2 hr.Gwnpeaptin (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference 4.40 C, 0.34 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.08 8 .... .15 An catComposition (70) Conductivity and remarks Referenc.17 Annealed 1,08VC, 2 hr.

4.61 C, 0.37 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.04 8 ... .13 As east..15 Annealed 1,000'C, 2 hrw/cm deg K 4.63 C, 0.54 Si, 0.08 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.07 8 .... .13 As cast..56 Annealed 1,000C, 2 hr.0.1 C ............. k=0.67 at I1C; wrougit iron ............ W. Jaeger and 3.82 C, 1.24 Si, 0.09 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.06 8 .... .13 As east.

H.Dieuelhoet .20 Annealed 800VC, 1 hr.(1900). 3.81 C, 1.96 Si, 0.05 Mn, 0.05 S............ .13 As east.

I C ........... k=0.45 at ISTC, wrought iron............. Do. z Annealed SVC, 1 hr..40 Add. annealed 1,00"C0.1C 0.06Mn, 0.06 k-0.72 at 18C .......................... E. Gr~nensen 3.84 C, 1.98 Si, 0.06 Mn, 0.01 hr.... . 43 1 hr.

Cu, 0.02 8i, , (190o). • .......0.03 P. .2 Annealed 80C, 1 hr.

0.57 C. 0.2 0.1 k-0J2 at 18'C ....................... . Do.Mo. 0.04 M8 0.08 1 Results by H. Maumoto (19M at 26*C.Cu, 001 P.

0.J0C,0.1Mk,0.06 k-0.l at"C ......................... Do.5, .0. 8,• cu. CARBON STEELS (40,ont'd)

1.5 C, 0.2 Mn, 0.06 k=0.50 at 18i .......................... Do.si, 0.03 C.. c, Composition (%/0) Remarks Referene0.01 P.

IC; "ahwsteel".. See fhure 23, curve with initialL .......... C. H. Lw Fig. 24; Mild.. 0.14C,0.08Si,0.07Mn... "Mild stee"; heated J. deNobel(1908). to 108' and fur- (1961).

Fi 23; 0.33 Mn, 0.18 C, 0.014 Si................. I W. Powea,J. B. Ziegler,

SA? 1020. H. L. JoIstisCARBON STEELS (Contd) 10().

c ic..,c. 0.93 C, 0.34 Mn, 0.26 Si..................... Do.Composiion (%/), Conductivity I Otatel .1 01N O,00 oUAE 1025.

w/em deg K

0.1 C, 0.4 Mn, 0.0 P, 0.02 8 ............. 0.60 ......................0.4 , 0.3 a, 0.4 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.02 8 ....... .44 .................... A..0.7 C, 02 Ek 0.2 Mo, 0.03P,0.0 8 ....... .46 . CARBON STEELS (4und)0 C,03, 0.2 Mn, 0.03 P, 0 ....... .42 ................ .COMPANY AND TRADE MANUAIS.0 Q, 0.3 ", Mn,'0 P, 0.0258 .... .42 ......................

1 C, 0.3 , 03 OM,0 P, 0.02 8 .40 .....................1.6 C 0.2 Mn, 0.03 P. 0.02 S . ...................... Compotion (%) Conductivity2.41t 0.12 o•0O , 0.04 P, 0. a ..... .32 Ascant.

.33 Annealed 1,000-C, 2 hr.

.33 hr. w/cm deg K.3 8 hr.0.08 C, 0.045 Cr, 0.07 Ni, 0.31 Mn, 0.02 Mo .................... 0.0.23 C trace Cr, 0.074 Ni 0.35 Mn, 0.13 Cu ................... 520.415 6. trace Cr, 0.063 Ni, 0.643 Mn, 0.12 Cu2................. 520.80 C, 0.11 Cr, 0.13 Ni, 0.32 Mn, 0.07 Cu, 0.01 Mo .491.22 C, 0.11 Cr, 0.13 Ni, 0. Mn, 0.01 M%, 0.08 Cu .............. .45

42

1000 FI UR 23-4 H 4ý 4 1ý lý 44i44fM 1++444 lý4 41 tiI I 4 Jj~j

SIO ALONY TES COROIO RESITIN STEL VCn'

Cotpoaao C..odciiyadrmrk eeec uv oicito % eak eese

w/cmdegK ~ 11+ Wig. 24 2%19 N..2n,.11 Haeto0Cn Jd:400 0.14R C. fuac..ood (191)

0.2Si 0. C 01 k0.0 t 1C...............W.Jaeeran

200aef,,HDeulos 4 i 2.O~,.6n11C.Hetdc,6~n oand u. (900)wate-queched

27% Ni 273 Ni 46 e . W etetlOO'm o1.6 Si,1.4 M+ .4 C. wa+-1++-ced

0.1

Stjtag... ......... mwc d. K K. .i W kin 3% 1 1.6M,127C0.2 S.. ead o, rad D.

at 10-41a 6' adJ ika U n ae-unhd o

44

01

(3C4

E 02 0 60 8 0 0 0

TEMPERATUR WER

Specific ~ ~ ~ ~~ MNE reeene ca-e-ondude-hetpeo-sel

13% r . 135 C, 0.6 C 0.2 Si Heaed o 80'C nd J deNobe P.ZJ.-47... 1.88 r, 0.28NNo1.24l. . Poer,

to~t 75C i ir-i H

0,24fi Mnfrece 9.12 Ce fountuner hetpefhseel

13% Ni. 2.6.. 13. Ni, 0.75 Mo, 0.49 Cr, Heated to 801C oild Do. deNoelP.nle37... S17.18 C. 1but0.01N,12 .......... Rm W. Powers

0.4 M, .2 C 01181 quenched, reheated D.(91)0.03 P0.015to 450'C, ater-

coonced. PigZ.2J.30..E. 18Cr, 9&8 Ni, 0 .15 C n .I......... . Doer.nan

0.2430 In, E.1 Z.immer.enceFl1.~ ~ 23; 0.99 Cr, 0.52 Mu, 0.33 C....... ....... ... B W. PoweBem an(1 5 )

3 i.......A 0.2 S1 N i, and5 Mo, eac.4 .. Betdt 5T i- D. Zie01g.abut0lerm (1,1)

quenced.)F T. 2316E. 17SCr, 12 Ni, 2.15 M,01C 25%.. cold.. reduct...on.W. W. T lermn andL-303.A. C. Zimmeo _

P-. Z. J.-4 0... 2. Cr, 0.526Mo, 0.32 M. .................... L W..Do, es a (1952).0.12. ai, 0.0 C, 0.06-37.. CuN,.5 b0.8 .___ _ .................. DO.__ _ __ _ __

0.03 N, 0.01 P.

CORROSION RESISTING STEELS (Cont'd) NICKEL ALLOYSCOMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS

AISI No. Nominal compmsition (%) Conductivity Trade Nominal composition (%) ConductivityDesigut;xv

w/cmrdei Kw/cm deg K

........... 0.08 C, .045 Cr, .07 Ni, .31 Mn, .02 Mo ............ 0.59

S0.23 C trae Cr 074Ni ,635 Mn, .13 Cu .......... .52 A Nickel ....... 99.4 Ni+Co. 0.2 Mn, .15Fe,.1 Lu,., IC ...... 0.61. ........... 415 6, trace Cr. .063 i4, .643 Mn, .12 Cu ......... .52 D Nickel ...... 95 Ni, 4.5 Mn ...... ................... .48

......... 0.325 C,.17 Cr, 3.47 Ni, 0.55 Mn, .09 Cu, .04 Mo ..... .37 Mozel ......... 67 Ni, 30 Cu, 1.4 Fe, 1 Mn, 0.15 C, .I Si ..... . .20...........34 C 0.78 Cr 3 53 Ni, 0.55 Mn, .39 Mo, .05 Cu .... .33 K Monel ...... 66 Ni, 29 Cu, 2.75 At. 0.9 Fe,.75 M, .5 Si,.15 C .19

............ 0.3156,1.09 Cr,0.073 Ni,.69Mn,.02 Mo,.07 Cu ..... .48 Hastelloy A ..... 57 Nj, 20 Mo, 20 Fe .. ........... ...... .17

. .......... 0.35 C,.88 Cr,.26 Ni, .59 Mn, .2 Mo, .12 Cu ....... ..43 Hastelloy B ..... 62 Ni, 30 Mo, 5 Fe ... . . ...... . . .11

........... 5 Cr, 0.5 M o. ...... ...................... 37 Hastelloy C .... 68 Ni, 17 M o, 15 Cr, 5 W , 5 Fe ............ . 13.......... 1.22 C, 0.03 Cr .07 Ni 13.0 Mn, 0.22 Si, .07 Cu .- .13 Hastelloy D ..... 85 Ni, 10 Si, 3 Cu .......................... .21........... 0.28 C, trace Cr, 28.37 i, 0.89 Mn,.15 Si. .03 Cu. ... .13 Inconel ........ 80 Ni, 14 Cr, 6 Fe ........................ 15............ 0.08 C, 19.11 Cr, 8.14 Ni, 0.37 Mn, .68 Si, .6 W, .16 Illium G ...... 58 Ni, 22 Cr, 6 Cu, Mo, Fe each ............ . 12

.03 Cu................... 80 N i,20 Cr .............................. .56........... 0.13 C 12.95 Cr, 0.14 Ni, .25 M n, .17 Si, .06 Cu, .27 ............. . 60 Ni, 24 Fe, 16 Cr .. .. ... .............. . .14

.01 . 35 Ni, 50 Fe, 15Cr. .13..... 0.27C 13.69Cr, O.21Ni,.28Mn,.25W,.02V ..... .26 C4oCtan.tan. • i C 45i, ..Cu.. . .23

... .... 0.715 6, 4.26 Cr, 0.067 Ni, .25 Mn, 18.45 W, 1.08 V .. . 25302 0.14 C, 18 Cr, 9 Ni, 2 Mn........................ .22303 0.15 C, 18 Cr, 9 Ni, 0.07 P, S,Se each, .6 Zr, Moeach.. .22309 0.20 C, 23 Cr., 13 Ni, 2 Mn ....................... . 19410 0.15 C, 12.5 Cr.... ....................... .40418 0.15 C, 13 Cr, 0.07 P, S, ie each, .6 Zr, Mo each.. .40420 0.15 C or more, 13 Cr ............................ .33430 0.12 C, 16 Cr ........... ......... ............. .30440 0.7 C, 17 Cr, 0.75 M o ...................... ..... .25

............ 15 Cr, 35 N i ............ ....................... .13

DEOXIDIZEID STEELS(Aluminum)

Curve Composition (%) Remarks Reference

F1g.24;4%AI. 4.11 Al, 0.13 Si, 0.08 Mn, Heated to 80WCand J. de Nobel0.03 C, 0.01 S. furnace-cooled. (1951).

45

TEMPEATUR 25

100LALY Cotd IKLALOS(otd

Cusoonotc % odciit n eeec uv opnton() Cnutvt n eeec

Fe.~~ ~~ --- .iseios .ab .ne .'e .1. )

(10)20Uc lnet"

Fig.....24 % . 7..... .3.. .3 , Asfue........ o

Fag.5;Kr 60i~l5r~lFe,7 o................. Kawel and Fag 21;Es.Incoel............arddraw........an

Johs5o .......... o. ... .. ... .. ot.....Do4A95c) neL0#0402 8 0020 0

P.Z...one.. 67 N,30 Cu.4Co Fe, 1.0 Hot-roiled...........D. Jaeger_ and_ __ __ _ ............ Comrca___4__....__ Sn ice J e oe

P.Z..Mn, d...............Cold18-ro1lle....... ......aov rom Do. .l8resM 0eptepeatr.ldo. 0

F12 5 Kr 80N4 5 C, 1 Fe 7 o . ............... J.Kareiland Fi 5; a. ncoel .... ........ Had-d wzk...... 1.F~eman an

46 nr cfe .Inoe .S imr

8f:UTITT T1M IIIIIf41HTf TUT 47 T- IT T-T461R ; iýj It i T

2j - Jf

8 KIU EA WJff1T1

IT.MT

4 LOSC)T IM It' l ,tIMMN.

1 7 ý -q . 0 4 A

FIU- 2G0x itI Jt

zm----...oR .08 4

201 i 4.0I6T

fl04

Ji2

At0t.0A,0%

.ee also thSabeolvnudedSIVRALOS

v/cu de'

_(152A)

t~ ~~ vC de -

85.5Pd,14. Cu.. Plycystalin; se Fi. 2. "d-15 Cu...E. G~inise an90~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ý5c Pd, 10A+-H8a 5C...........P . cus 1 edmn

(1911) (1934).u80 Pd, 2O~~~g. .k=----- atPo........ ...... o 0P,5 u Anae;seFg 6 P4%C......o

7O~,3A 1 k=032t2'C.................Do 5Pd,5A . AneledhratOO'~se~g.2,'d- Do

5O~dO~g~kO.32a28'C..................Do90 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~Z Pd 0A7=.2a "............o LTNMALY

8Od2.0=.2t5............o Ipre.....056tr...........agrn70Pd 3 A ~ k0.0a2~C..............D.-44emhos.008O

4Od ln k-36at8 ................ D0 6OtlOd k0 so 100...........F..00 uz

Compdosition .s0.3/0tConducivit ...d.em..s.R...en..Co..Do.a 5 t .6 d....k=.0.427at 17C.... ..................... T..Do.#an

90 Pd, 10 Pt.... k=0.48 at 26T....................... .A..Do. z . eidmn

(1911. (19 4 7.

PLATINUM ALLOYS (Cont'd) COPPER ALLOYS (Cont'd)

Composition (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference Curve Composition (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference

w/c, deg K v/cm deg K

90 Pt, 10 Ir ...... k-0.31 at 17C .......................... T. Barrett and Eu. Di.-Cu- 70 Cu, 30 Me ...... About 48 crystals per oc.- A. Eucken andR. M. Winter a0% Mra, timeter. K. Dittrich(I1n). I. (1027).

8.P6 16 Ir ....... k-0.23 at 17"C .......................... Do Eu. Di.-Cu- do.............. About 112 crystals per Do.80 Mn, centimeter.

80 Pt. 20 Ir ...... k-0.18 at 17*C .......................... Do. 2.

00 Pt. 10 Rh ...... k-0.3Osat "C .......................... Do ............ 3Ag ...............A Unannealed; k-3.67 at E.Grineiaenand83 and•21K. E. Gam

06 atomic % Pft 4 k-0.46 at IC ......................... C. H. Johaaman (1927).atomic % Au. and J. 0. Linde

(1030)................... do ............. Annealed 3 hr at 3 C; Do.k-4.06 . 8K, 6.19 at90 atomic % Pt. 10 k-0.35 at ISTC ....... ...... I.. ...... Do. 2I'1L

atomic % Au.Fig. 27; G. 95.5 Cu, 4.5 Au ...... Polyerystalliue; uain- E. Grilaeien and

76 atomic % Pt, 25 k-0.24 at 18C .......................... Do. Re.- 4% nealed. H. Reddeman.atomic % Au. Au. (1934).

5 atomicoPt, 45 k-0.21 at 1C .......................... Do. G. Re.-10% 90.3 Cu, 9.7 Au ...... Polyerystalline; unas- Do.atomic % Au. Au. nealed.

.......... 75.1 Cu, 24.9 Au ..... Quenched from 800'C; Do.k-0.34 at 83%K.

COPPER ALLOYS do............ Anealed 20 hr st 400"C; Do.

See also the "COPPER-NICKEL ALLOY" graph and k-0.61 at 83"K.and tables. ................. do .............. Annealed 32 hr at 380C; Do.

k-0.63 at 83%K.Curve Composition Conductivity and remarks Reference. ............ ..... do ............ Same as above except later Do.

"annealed 2 hr at 820*C,w/cm deg K then quenched; k -0.23

About 62 Cu, 16 Ni, "Neusilber"; k-0.29 at L. Lorenz (1881).22 Zn. 0"C. G. Re.-25%o ..... do ... .......... Same ws above except later DO.Au. annealed S months at

About 82 Cu, 18 Zn... "Red brass"; k-1.03 at Do. room temperature.9C. G. Re.-25% ... do............. Same as above except ad- DO.

About 65 Cu, 38 Zn... "Yellow brass"; k-0.85 Do. A &an- ditionally annealed 30it eC. e. hr at 320C.

0.34 P .... k-0.95 at 1°C .......... A. Rietuch G. Re.-Cu- 49.9 Cu, 50.1 An .... Anneaued 30 hr at 320C... Do.(1900). 50% Au.

. 0.87 P ............. k=0.61 at I8'C .......... Do. G. Re.-Cu- 49.9 Cu, 60.1 Pd .... Annealed............... Do..0o Pd.

....... 1.79 P ............. k-0.53 at S°C ........... Do. . Re.-6% 93.6 Cu, 6.4 Pd ...... Polycrystalline; unan- Do.

............ 2.08 P ............. k-0.34 at 15C .......... Do. Pd. afled.

............ 2.36P ........... k-0.27 at IC. .......... 6 Cu. 46 Pd .......D Annealed;k-0.67&at8K. Do.

.5.25P .............. k-0.16at I5C .......... Do. G. R1.-45% ..... do ............. Annealed 2 hr at 800"C.... Do.Pd.

...... 1.04 Am ........... k =1.14 atlS'C............ Do. 0. Re.-45% ..... do ............. Further annealed 30 hr at Do... 1.30 As.......... k-0.82 at 15C.......... Do. nl,(n- 320*C.

......... 2.66 As ............. k-0.54 at 1C ........... Do.

............ 3.00 As ............. k-0.5 at 1ST .......... Do.

S5.02 ....... ... k -0.20 at 15"C .......... Do...OPPER ALLOYS (Contd)

........... 87 Cu, 7.15 Z,. 6.39 "'%d bras."; k-0.0 at W. Jae-, and Composition (%) 1 Conductivity,814 0.6 Ni 8lir. H.Diselhorst

(1900).

............ 84 Cu, 12 Mn, 4 Ni... k-0.2 at 1rC .......... Do. w/em deg X

99.986 Cu, 0.01lSFe, .02 0 ................................... 3.90 3Fi. 27;L.- .................................. C.H.L 99.80 Cu, 0.19Si, .0 ..................................... 2.13"Bra (1908). 99.78 Cu, 0.23 Sý, .02•Fe ...................................... 1.92 '

99.65 Cu, 022 Si, A2 Fe ..................................... 1.65 'S27;L.- 62 Cu, 22 Zn, 15 Ni... "G e siver............ Do. 9:53 Cu, 0.45 Si .03 Fe..................................... 1.29

Ger. any. 09.06 Cu, 1.00 Si, 0.0 Fe .................................... 0.82 *98.09 Cu, 1.98 i, 0.05 Fe ..................................... 0.51

L.-Pbt ...... SAa. sme as "Platinod".............. Do. 96.00 Cu, 3.91 Si 0.02 Fe ..................................... 0..4 2

L,-Macenia. 84Cu, I2Mn, 4Ni... *'Manpnine".......... .. Do. 'Them value were determined by C. S. Smith (1935) at 20*C. Sometimes the eom-position percentages add up to Caere than 100.

............ 8 Cu, 18 Za ......... "Red brm"; "fins" cr,,- A. Eucken and 2 The cop• on als were hot-rKed, wn sad annealed at 700"C andids; k--127 at 27;3", 0. Neuman wZe in the I gm om a sild soution.0.6 at 90L (1924).

............ do .............. "Rd .wb _,a." 're" Do.tale; k-lJ0 aM 27R0A6 at 9ML

48

1.2

.6

.4Tt

.4 --------

.21

20T 010 0 0TEPRTUEt

COPE ALOY 1Cntd COPE AllY 11111n1t'"-Co Asto 1 %) L CodciiyTCmoiin % odciiy Sae

w/em~~~~ -4 wcn e

999>u: .7A,.1F..................36 096C,002le 2,399977Cu 022Al 01Fe......................2.1 0.4 u,3.7 £. .0 P, 0 le,.0'Re12

90.5 C,93Al0.7e............ ........ 0.6 - dra-wn-.--89.8 --u,- 9.0A,02 e..................69.49. ,00.e 2 i 22 i 8 eetd

8776Cu 1.1 A. .9 e.......................5 8.1 C. 2.7 n,188Pb 006Fe16499.9 Cu 0.7 M, .1 F. .2 M.......................622 6.85Cu, 4.7 Zn 3.9 P, 007 e I08I

9.88C,0 .1 Mn, .01 Fe, .01 MT..............32 159 Cu 91 Z,40 P,00 e.......

99.56~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Cu 0.4 Mn, fill FI .0 Ig...............628.7Cu .0Z.37 n .8P,00 e0999.0 Cu 1.0 Mn 0.1 Fe .0 Mg.....................50 88O8Cu4.OZn.3765,3.O1l,010Hill.25'1056

0.25C,95 n .8F,.2M,.2 ...........0.2 2L 560 Cu 2591Zn0.1 1nn 170 i 0.0 Fe 0.30l

poito prcnasdCu o mporeithan Coduti.t 597 Cu 2.8 n, 0.15 Mn, Co0.13vit Ii 0.0tFt.2e

9olid souo 0 e.4t7 he12 Al,2F ......... whic........ wa35 2) 964.04 Cu, 30.604 Zn, .1N, 0.02 Fe................. 2.689 2992 T ue 0.71 -lA1_09eFe ....loys .. were....... d..id.e wit nig75sum 95.2led and an-7 Z.n__0.02____ e.____ .......__ .... -.~. ____ _ 2,4 2 ______

98seal1ed ] O e.................... at3 97.49. Cu 0.06 v lues ee, 2 deerin.2 ed yC....... _mt 1 9 ) at8 20 . So uetinchedc. n

92*~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 15h Ciuelneu alloy wer e.xtensi.......ely....worked.... anneal.9eud,0 le, 27and224 slow.....0y4 cooledcld90,56 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ecp wher r.7Aioted..................... 06 2dan

898 u .0A ,02 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 74 u .6le 2 i .4fe.. . . . ..SR e e td

97 76Cu 1 .1 A , .0 le ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 0.4 8 .10Cu 1 .9 Z , .9 P , 005le ... .. .. 1409

COPPER ALLOYS (Cont'd) COPPER ALLOYS (Cont'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS

Composition (%) I Conductivity I StateIName Nominal Comlpmtion (%) Conductivity

w/cm deg K

5A7 Cu.17.35 Zn, 13.24 Ni, 0.10 Fe, 2.23 So, .31 1 Sand-cst. Leaded Brass: w/cm deg K

89.06 Cu, 4.98 Ni, 0.08 Fe, 5.11 Al, 0.74 Si. .45 ' Quenched. Leaded commercial bronze ... 90 Cu, 9.5 Zn. 0.5 Pb ..... 1.8089.08 Cu. 4.98 NW, 0.08 Fe, 5.11 Al, 0.74 Si .... .57 LdReheated. Lpaed commercial bronze ...... 89 Cu, 0.25 Zn. 1.75 Pb,. 1.80so.08 Cu. 4.98 Ni, 0.08 Fe. 5.11 Al, 0.74 Si .... .66 Furnace-cooled. Commercial bronze ............. 90.25 Cu, 6.9 Zn. 1.75 Pb, I Ni 1.4056.13 Cu. 42.34 Zn, 1.02 Ni, 0.49 Fe .......... 1.14 3 Low leaded brass .............. 64.5 Cu, 35 Zn, 0.5 Pb.... 1.17890.38 Cu, 0.31 Ni, 0.52 Fe, .38 Sn, 9.41 Al ... 0.60 2 Low leaded braw .............. 67 Cu, 32.5 Zn, 0.5 Pb 1.1876.79 Cu. 22.22 Zn. 0.01 Fe. 1.98 Al .......... 1.00 Medium leaded braw ........... 64.5 Cu, 34.5 Zn, 1.0 Pb ..... 1.1780.35 Cu, 38.36 Zu. 0.12 Mn, 1.06 Fe, 0.98 Sn, 1.01 2 High leaded brua ............. 62.5 Cu, 35.75 Zn, 1.75 Pb 1.17

.13 Pb. High leaded brass ............ 64 Cu, 34 Zn. 2.0 Pb .......... 1.1599 .64 Cu. 0.03 Fe, .32 Si .................... 1.65 2 Extra high leaded bran ......... 62.! Cu, 35 Zn. 2.5 Pb........ 1.1708.01 Cu, 4.51 Mn, 0.11 Fe .................. . 0.46 2 Free cutting bran ..... .... . 61.5 Cu, 35.5 Zn, 3 Pb ........ 1.1790.21 CU, 0.01 Fe, .01 Si. .88 Cd .............. 3.45 Leaded Monts metal ........ 60 Cu, 39.5 Zn, 0.5 Pb ..... 1.2198.41 Cu, 0.02 Fe, .59 Sn, .02 SL 1.07 Cd ...... 2.33' Free cuting Muntz m-it. ....t. . 90.5 Cu, 38.4 Zn, 1.1Pb ....... 1.1772.49 Cu, 17.76 Zn, 3.34 Mn, 1.78 Fe, 4,44 Al. 0.50 Foing braes ................ 60 Cu, 38 Zn, 2 Pb ........... 1.1794.00 Cu. 1.03 Mo, 0.08 Fe, 4.68 Si ............ 025 I Sand-cast. A tCtural bonze ............ 57 Cu, 40 Zn, 3 Pb .......... 1.2195.89 Cu, 0.99 Mn, 0.16 Fe, 3.23 Si ........... _ 0.33 2 Leaded naval bras ............. 60 Cu, 37.5 Zn, 0.7 to 1.75 Pb, 1.1798.10 Cu, 0.30 Mn, 0.06 Fe, 1.50 Si ............ 0.54 1 0.75 Sn.81.88 Cu, 14.21 Zn, 0.20 Mu, 0.04 Fe, 4.00 Si.. 0.28 2 Chill-cnt. Leaded tin bearing bronze. 87 Cu, 4 Zn, 8 Sn, I Pb ....... 0.4796.83 Cu, 1.12 Zn, 0.02 Fe, 3.11 Si ............ 0.37 High leaded tin bronze (bushing). 80 Cu, 10 Sn, 10 Pb .......... 0.4778.30 Cu. 0.20 Ni, 8.04 Su, 13.32 Pb, 0.1 P... 0.42 1 Sand-cast. Dairy bronze .................. 64 Cu, 8 Zn, 20 Ni, 4 Pb, 4 Sn.. 0.2387.86 Cu, 3.06 Zn, 0.03 Fe 8.87 Sn........... 0.84 2 5 cat. Leaded nickel brai ............ 60 Cu, 16 Zn, 16 Ni, 5 Pb, 3 So. 0.2788.36 Cu, 1.90 Zn, 0.07 Fe. 1.85 Sn............. 0.50 2 Sand-cast.K084 Cu 36.46 Zn, 0.21 M., 0.73 Fe, 1.48 So, 0.96' Snd-cut. Special Braum:

. A Admiralty metal ............... 71 Cu, 28 Zn, I Sn ........... 1.0999.04 Cu, 0.07 Fe, .9 Cd .................. 2.76 Naval bras ................... 60 Cu, 39.25 Za, 0.75 Sn ...... 1.1750.75 Cu, 0.47 Mn, 48.69 Fe, 0.05 Si, .02 C .... 0.99 2 Manganese brone ............. 58.5 Cu, 39 Zn, 1.4 Fe, I Sn, 1.09

0.1 Mn.Aluminum bras ............... 76 Cu, 22 Zo, 2 A ........ 1.00

STheme values were determined by C. S. Smith (1935) at 20*C. Sometimes the com- "Ambronze-474" ............... 94.97 Cu, 4.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn, 0.03 P. 1.64position percentages add up to more than 100. "Ambronze-421" .............. 88.00 Cu, 10.0 Zn, 2.0 Sn ...... 1.19

' The miscellaneous alloys were extensively worked, annealed, and slowly cooled Manganese red bran ........... 85.0 Cu, 14.0 Zn, 1.0 Mn ...... 0.99except where noted. Sion red braw ............. 82.0 Cu, .'.0 Za, 1.0 Si ....... 0.67

Trumpet bras ................. 81.0 Cu, 18.0 Zn, 1,0 Sn ....... 1.21Arsenical admiralty ........... 71.0 Cu, 28.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn, 0.04 As. 1.11

COPPER ALLOYS (•Mntd) manganese brus ............. 70.0 Cu, 29.0 Zn, 1.0 Mn ..... 0.74Nickel silver 18

0/-B ........... 55 Cu, 27 Z, 18 Ni.......... 0.29

Nickel silver 15M .......... 68 Cu, 19 Zo, 15 Ni .......... 0.35Curve Compesition (%) lemaris Reference Leaded nickel silver 12% ... 65 Cu, 20.7 Zn, 12 Ni, 2 Pb, 0.400.3 Mn.

Phesphor broze 5%-A ......... 95 Cu, 5 Sn, trace P .......... 0.80Phesphor bronze 8%-C ........ 92 Cu, 8 So, trae P .......... 0.63

F. 27; Kr. 64 Cu, 20 Zn, 16 Ni... "Neusilber".............. J. Karweil and Phesphor bronoem -D ..... 90 Cu, 10 Sno, traceP .......... 0.50•.er. K. Schlfer Phosphor bronze 1.25%-E .... 98.75 Cu, 1.25 Son trace P ..... 2.05

silv. (1939). Ph ephor bronze .............. 98.7 Cu, 1.25 So, 0.05 P ....... 2.18

7 C......... . ............ 98.24 Cu, 1.75 Sn, 0.01 P ...... 1.47Fig.27; Kr.• 46 Cu, 41 Zn, 13 Ni... "8ilbebrone". ............. Do. Do ....................... 95.95 Cu, 4.0 Sn. 0.05 P ....... 0.81g e. Do ....................... 96.75 Cu, 4.0 SO, 0.25 P ....... 0.81Do ...................... 95.17 Cu, 4.0 Sn, 048 P, 0.5 Fe. 0.76

k.8 eAL 45.9Cu42.1Zn, 0.8 "Germanailver";datafits J.F. Alland Do ................... 94.75 Cu, 5.0 So, 0.25 P ....... 0.81Ii-6er. Ni, 2.0 Pb. 0.15 Fe, equation k=5.3X1O-4 E. Mendosa Do ....................... 93.9 Cu, 5.0 Sn, 0.1 P. IPh .... 0.83aily. 0.05 Mn. Ts. (1948). Do ....................... 93.7 Cu% 6.0 Sn, 0.3 P.......... 0.57

Do ................... 91.75 Cu, 8.0 Sn, 0.25 P ....... .62Fig.27Fig. 47 Cu, 41 Zn, 9 N, 2 Mean diameter of crystal R. Berman Do ................... 89.75 Cu, 10.0 So, 0.25 P...... 0.50

s; h. Pb. was 0.02 mam. (1951b). Do ................... 87.90 Cu, 4.0 So, 4 Zn, 4 Pb, 0.55(Gar. slv. 0.1 P.

Special Brnz.:Silicon bron e A ............... 96 Cu. 3 Si .................. 0.38Silicon broze B ............. 97 Cu. 1.5 i ................. 0.9

COPPER ALLOYS (Cont'd) "Eveedur-1010" ................ 95.8 Cu, 3.1 S, 1,1 Mn .......... 0.33

COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS "Eveedur-1012".............. 95.6 Cu, 3.0 Si, 1.0 Mn, 0.4 Pb. 0.33"Everdur-1015 ............... 98.25 Cu, 1.5 Si, 0.25 Mn ...... 0.54"Everdur-1014 .............. 90.75 Cu, 2.0 Si, 7.25 A ....... 045

Name Nominal Compostion (%) Conductivity 5% Aluminum brooz ......... 95 Cu, 5 Al.................. 0.83..__._ _..__.__._.._ _..._ _..... 9_ _Cu, 8 Al .................. 0.7110i Aluminu, bronze.........86 Cu, 10 Al.......... ....... 0.60

/cm. deg K. ..... ............... 82.5 Cu, 10 Al, 5 Ni, 2.5,Fe.. 0.38w/cm TehPthAluminum siicon brone ........ 91 Cu, 7 AL 2 Si ............. 08

C=;*w Tough Pitch ........ 99.92 Cu, 0.04 Os ............. 3.91 "Calnun .................... 95.5 Cu, 2.5 AL, 2.0 Sn ....... 0.87Deonidised .................... 9.94 Cu, 0.02 P ............. 3.39 Chromium po~per .............. 99.05 Cu, 0 35 Cr ............ 3.20Oxygen-fee high coa ......... 99.92 Cu ................... 3.93 "Hitenso-91 ............... 99.0 Cu, .1 Cd............... 3.44Silver bearing .................. 99.9 Cu. tre AS ............. 3.93 "Hitenso-9655................ 98.6 Cu, 0.8 Cd, 0.6 So ....... 2.3Arsenical phesphorised .......... 90.45 Cu, O As, 0.03 P ....... 1.76 Aluminum bronse 89-1-10 .... 89 Cu. 10 Al, I Fe ............ 0.55Free ca t .................. 99.4 Cu 0.6 Te .............. 3.55 Aluminum bronze 86-4-10 ....... 86 Cu, 10 Al, 4 Fe ........... 0.59Boron deosidized ............... 99.98 Cu, 0.02 B ............. 3.88 Aluminum bronse .............. 87.5 Cu, 9 AL, 3.5 Fe .......... 0.59Selnium copper ............... 99.4 Cu, 0.6 Se ............... 3.84Leaded copper ................. 90.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb .............. 3.84Chromium copper .............. 99.06 Cu, 0.85 Cr ............. 3.24Cadmium copper ............... 99.00 Cu, 1.00 Cd ............ 3.44

Gilding .................... 955Cu,5Zn ................. 2.34Commercialbronse...........90 Cu, 10 Zn................. 1.88Besing brne................90 Cu, 9.5 Zo, 0.5 SO ......... 1.73Commercial brone........... 7J Cu, 12.5 Zn ............ 1.73Red s ...................... 85Cu,15Z. ................. 1.59Lxow bra ..................... 80 Cu. 20 Zn ................. 1.38Cmarkidge bran.............. 70 Cu, 30 Zn ................. 1.21Yellow a ............... 55 Cu, 35 Zn ................. 1.17Monte metal .................. 50 Cu, 40 Zn ................ 1.21

50

50..

ALOY

FIUR

20

+4

TEtTALE j I i<

0/0 deg Kw i/c deffl IK f14 U W j 4eoy~u Cops

tratd 15N.60 18)3uenhed

1.0 - sbv -Ou4~ . Cntna'k02a -W-J-- - rand

plu cold (1900).t-

told

Beryllium~~~~~~~~~ alo 2-.. 2 Be 0. Co baac C-. -.2 ...... at+" .Wne

B 4ylu alo a0..04H,15 o 10 A.al 22 2 0 40.8;E 60 u 0 Ni .o crytal 20r cm3ls0.0uk nance Cu~EMERTUE Di-on-mauekape il .Dtrc

Beylimloy2COPPE 2. LOY He . o.blneCu.. ' 1.05RNIKE stna te sALsieO 197)

Beylim e alloya 275C.o 2.7utiit ste. 0.rv Co.oito balantivit Cu.. 0.96s efrec

B'eryllium aloype ..... 97Cu 2Be 0.25oblac u. 2.13 Souto Ni..... . . ...... cl0 atu62 u22 n "Nu 3r , k 062i at L.Goriniens n

1.05 ~ ~ ig 27; Krv....... 64 Cu, 16 Nj ..20.Zn.. "onustanber.. =....... ...1 aegrweand

hardeneK.d.hfe

splus (1939).1Ikdnd

0.7 Sluio Fg.27 L- 2 u,22Zn I N.. "eransive ....... C I. 5ea

COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS (Cont'd) COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS (Cont'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS

Curve Composition (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference

Name Nominal composition (%) Conductivityw/m deg K

% !g.%2eAL, 45.9 Cu, 42.1 Zn, 9.8 "German silver"; data fits J. F. Allen and w/cm deg Ker. Ni, 2.0 Pb, 0.15 Fe, equation k -5.3 X 10-4 E. Mendota

SilV. 0.05 Mn. Ts. (1948). Cupro-nickel 30%.. 70 Cu, 30 Ni .......................... 0.29Cupro-nickel 10%.. 88.5 Cu, 10 Ni, 1.5 Fe .................. 0.47

............ 63 Cu, 20 Ni, 17 Zn... "Nickel-silver"; k - 25.5 K. R. Wilkinson Nickel dilver 18%-A 65 Cu, 18 Ni, 17Z ....................Z 0.33mw/cm deg at 10%K, ad J. Wilks Nickel silver 18%-B. 55 Cu, 18 Ni, 27Zo .................... 0.2548.5 at 15VK, 71.1 at (1949). Nickel silver 15%.. 66 Cu, 15 Ni. 19 Zn.. 0.3520%K. Constantan ........ 55 Cu, 45 Ni ........................... 0.23

Dairy bronze ...... 64 Cu, 20 Ni, 8 Zn, 4 Pb, 4 Sn ............ 0.23............ 70 Cu, 30 Ni ....... "Cupro-nickel"; k=20.9 Do. Leaded nickel brae. 60 Cu, 16 Ni, 16 Zn, 5 Pb, 3Sn ........... 0.27

mw/cm deg at 10K. Leaded nickel silver 65 Cu, 12 Ni, 20.7 Zn, 2 Pb, 0.3 Mn . 0.4035.6 at 15'K, 50.2 at 12%.20*K.

FI..28; 55 Cu, 46 Ni................................ R. W. Powers,Zj.- J. B. Ziegler,

costan- and H. L. SILVER ALLOYStan. Johnston

(1951c). Curve Composition (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference

Fit 29s 90 0Cu,20Ni ........ Aloobtained k= 127 mw/ J.K.Hulmem deg at 21.9-K and (1951). w/cm deg K

20% Ni. 79.9 at 16.3%K.2F 8; B.- 80 Cu, 40 Ni.... ......................... R. Berman . 90 Ag, 10 Pd ........ k-.41 at 25°C ......... F. A. Schulze

% anstan- ............... ... (1951b). (1911).

tan. ............ 80 AS, 20 Pd ......... k=0.84 at 25C. .......... Do.

Figs.27,29a; 47 Cu, 41 Zn, 9 Ni, 2 Mean diameter of crystals Do. 70 Ag, 30 Pd ........ k=0.57 at 25°C .......... Do.V.- Ger. Pb. was 0.02 mim. . ...siav. ......... 60 Ag, 40 Pd ....... k=0.45 at 25°C .......... Do.

Fig. 27; Es. 90 Cu, 10 Ni ......... Two samples which were 1. EstermannZi. - CU - annealed, one a single and J. E. .......... Ag, 50 Pd. k=0.32 at 25C...........Do.10% Ni, crystal. Zimmermann 90 Ag 10 Pt .. k=0.98 at 250C ....... Do.annealed. (1952). .......... , .. a.....

Rs.Zi.-Cu- . .... do .............. Two samples which were Do. ........... 75Ag, 25Pt ........ k=0.38at25°C .......... Do.10% Ni, cold-worked. .......... 70 Ag, 30 Pt ........ k=0.31 at25°C .......... Do.

............ 67 Ag, 33 Pt ......... k=0.30 at 25°C .......... Do.

Fg.. 26; 99.63 Ag, 0.37 Au ......................... •. GrUneisen andCOPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS (Cant'd) .Re.- H. Reddemann

Ag-0.4% (1934).Au.

Composition (%) ConductivityG.5Re-Ag- 75 Ag, 25 Au ....... Single crystal ............ Do.

w/cm deg K 25% Au.GJ. R.-Aa 50 Ag,50 Au. ...... Single crystal .............. Do.

99.73 Cu, 0.28 Ni, .01 Fe, .03 Mg .............................. 3.22 G. 0 50% Ag.

"99.47 Cu, 0.54 Ni, .02 Fe, .04 Mg .............................. 2.92 ,97.94 Cu, 1.97 Ni, 0.02 Fe, .04 Mg ............................ 1.72 10 Po.-Ag 50 Ag, 15.5 Cu, 16.5 "Easy-flo"; flameannealed: R. L. Powell94.92 Co, 5.09 Ni 0.01 Fe, .03 Mg ............................. 1.00 1,2 Solder. Zn, 18 Cd. (1953).89.90 Cu, 10.07 Ai, 0.02 Fe, .03 Mg, .02 C ...................... 0.62 1, 184.85 Cu, 15.07 Ni, 0.06 Fe, .01 Mg, .03 Mn .................... 0.47 i,279.68 Cu, 19.79 Ni, 0.23 Fe, .30 Mg ............................ 0.3669.54 Cu, 30.23 Ni, 0.05 Fe, .05 Mg, .13 Mn .................... 0.29 , LD ALLOYS

Composition (%) Conductivity ,tate ............ 90 Au, 10 Pd ....... k =0.98 at 250C .......... F.A. Schulae(1911).

w/cm deg K ............ 80 Au, 20 Pd ....... k=0.59 at 25*0C .......... Do.

64,14 Cu, 188 Ni, 0.19 Fe, 17,06 Zn, 0.3 Mn, 0.33 41, ............ 70 Au, 30 Pd ....... k=0.4 at 25°C .......... Do..02 C.

63.37 Ca, 19.89 Ni, 0.14 Fe, 8.22 Zn, 3,31 Sn, 5.4 0.28 I, ' Sand-cast.Pb, 0.23 Mn. ............ 60 An, 40 Pd ....... k=0.40 at 25*C .......... Do.

96,06 Cu, 3.01 Ni, 0.004 Fe, .88 Si ............. 0.76 1,3 Quenched. 50 Au, 50 Pd. k=0.56at25"C..... . Do96.06 Cu, 3.01 Ni, 0.04 Fe, .88 Si .............. .1.58 ,, 5 Reheated. ................96.06 Cu, 3.01 Ni 0.04 Fe, 88 Si .............. 1.69 1., Furnace-cooled. 90 Au, 10 Pt.. =0.76 at 25°0..Do.74.07 Cu, 19.96 Ni, 0.09 Fe, 5.31 Zn ............ 0.39 4, ...........................64.5 Cu, 29.44 Ni, 0.07 Fe, 5.69 Zn ............. 0.28 1- 1 ............ 80 Au, 20 Pt ......... k=0.41 at 25°C .......... Do.

' The values were determined by C. S. Smith, E. W. Palmer (1935) at 20°C. Some- ........... 70 Au, 30 Pt ......... k=0.30 at 250C .......... Do.times the composition percentages add up to more than 100.

*The copper-nickel alloys were deoxidised with magnesium, cold-rolled, and an- ............ 60 Au, 40 Pt ......... k =0.26 at 25°C .......... Do.

Dealled at 8V0C. _____

I The Miscellaneous alloys were extensively worked, annealed, and slowly cooledexcept where noted.

5

52. . . .a I I

GOLD ALLOYS (Cont'd) ZINC ALLOYS

Curve Composition (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference Trade Nominal Composition (') ConductivityDesignation

w/cm deg K w/era deg K

92 atomic % Au, 8 k-0.80 at 18C ......... C. It. Johanssonatomic % Pt. and J. 0. Linde "Zarnak-3. 96 Zn, 4 A), 0.04 Mg ..... ......... 1.13

(1930). "Zaniak-5". ..... 95 Zn, 4 Al, I Cu, 0.04 MR ............... 1.09"Zainak-2 ........ 3 Zns, 4 Al, 3 Cu, 0.03 Mg ..... .......... 1.05

84 Au, 16 Pt ........ k 0. 18 at 18°C .......... Do. ('omm . rolled ... 99.8 Zn, 0.09 PC .............. ............ 1.09Do .. . ... 99.8 ZU , 0.06 Pb, 0.06 Cd ................... . 1.09

68 Au, 32 Pt ...... k=0.23 at 18°C ........ Do. Rolled zin•e alloy, 98.7 Zn, I Cu, 0.01 Mg .......... 1.05

5 5 A u , 4 5 P t . . . . . . . . k = 0 .2 1 a t 1 8 0C . . . . . . . . . . D o . _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Fig. 26; 50 An, 50 Ag ....... Single crystal ........... E, (rllneisen ndG. Re.- II. ReddemnanDAu-% (1934). CADMIUM ALLOYSAg.

G. Re.-Au- 75 Au. 25 Ag ...... Single crystal ........... Do. Curve Composition (%) Remarks Reference25'% Ag.

G. Re.-Au- 73.7 An, 26.4 Cu ..... Polycrystalline........... Do. Fig. 2q; 66.7 Cd, 33.3 Sb ............................. A. Eueken and26%'* Cu. .... E'u. (;P.- G;. (;ehlhoff

Cd-33% (1912).G. Re.-Au- 91 Au, 9 Cu ......... Polycrystalline ........... Do. Sb.

9% Cu, Eu. Ge.-Cd- 50 Cd, 50 Sb ........................... Do.

S50.1 Au, 49.9 Cu ..... Quenched from 800°C; Do. 50% Sb.k=0.193 at 86°K.

.. .... do ............ Same as above except an- Do.

nealed 22 hr at 3600C; MERCURY ALLOYSk - 1.28 at 85WK.

............ ... do ............. Requenched from 800°C; Do. Composition (%) Remarks Referencek=0.23 at 83°K.

G. Re.-Au ..... do ............. Annealed 30 hr at 320°C... Do. 98. Hg, 1.19 In.... Measured ratio of conductivities in normal J. K. Hulm50% Cu. and superconducting states. (1950).

G. Re.-Au- 91.2 Au, 8.8Pd ..... Tempered at 800°C for 2 Do. See aso the grajph and table under "Metal-9% Pd. hr. lie Elements'.

S83 Au, 17 Pd ... Annealed 2 hr at 8000C; Do.approx. same curve as"Ag-25% Au".

............ 69 Au, 25 Ag, 6 Pt.... k=0.53 at room tempera- Trade Manual.tore.

I I Curve Composition Remarks Reference

INDIUM, THALLIUM ALLOYS Figs. 18a, b. Up to 4% mercury... SeetableunderFigs.18a,b, J.K. HulmIND UM TH LLUM LL YS"Metallic Elements". (1950).

........ 66 TI, 34 Pb ......... For a sample with "large" A. Eucken and Do. Up to 3% indium. do................B.B. Goodmancrystals. k=0.22 at 2730 K. Dittrich (1983).K, 0.13 at 80WK; for a (1927).sample with "small"crystals, k=0.23 at 273TK, 0.14 at 80WK. TIN ALLOYS (Con'd)

S67 TI,34Pb byatomic Measured relative change W. J. de Hass COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALSpercent. of thermal conddctivity and H. Brem-

when the alloy became mer (1932). Name Nominal Composition (%) Conductivitysuperconductive. ___ deg.__

Fig. 29, 29a; 91.4 In, 8.6 Pb by Became superconducting H. Bremmer and w/er deg KBr.- H.-In- atomic percent. at 4.2*K. W. J. de Haas Euteetie soft solder.. 63 Sn, 37 Pb ............................ 0.509% Pb. (1936). Tin foil ............ 92 Sn, 8 Zn ............................ 0.59

Br.H.-Pb- 50 In, 50 Pb by Became superconducting Do.50% In. atomic percent. at 64°K.

F. 9a; 90 In, 10 TI by atomic Single crystal; measured J. K. Hulm

In- percent. both in the normal and (1952b).10% TI. superconducting state;

transition temperatureabout 3.4K.

53

S.. . ... limami a g l mi • N Il lil i il I i i

LEAD ALLOYS LEAD ALLOYS (ot

H.-P. W. .. de .H....

20% a -tio--a ld. 99P.Sb.............03

nei field (197..an .m........9 b b............02905sf odr....5P,5 n............03

Do.......7 Pb.1.b,1.S............0240ig 29;.... 99. Pb...i................o..._______ ____________________

M.O.-Pb.~~~.. 90 .b 10 .i....oehtleh acn .D...

10%~~~ORA BSTuAiiTEn h sprconuciv state wasUC

M 90-b 99.5 Pb, 0.........d............o

Fit 29a;OB. 57OPb,3044........ .. d..... ....nsoi sltin...... H. lsemeandwcdeKP44%So (1952).Cordn led..... 9.7 Ph......... ..... 03

B0i.1 i.....M aue cnutvt n K edlsh rdnioilla .. 9PI8b............. 03

.... ... H lad ... .... ... 96Pb, Sb... .... ... ... .... ... 0.3

inemdaesae5d adR4. o........ 4P,6Sb............. 02

608 z+400

B AMUHLLOYYS ANMNYLLY

200 Cmosto FIGUR 29arcRfeeeCre Copiin()RmakReene

Pig.9;L- S~i,5Pb145.11 "Liowitally"......CHLea g.2;Eu.505.50d . .. A1uc3nan

Lip.~ ~~~ ~ Cd (I0) Il.C-0 elo10% Sb. (11912).

Ge.~ ~ --+.-Bi-44 +0 -i 4- SbGfe~h n80%Sb P Numje E. e.Sb 5.7Sb 4.3Cd .. Do

(1so) 48%C

Gie. 6e0i 0R,2 b................D.E.G.S-8.7S,3. d Vr ad .

13%A Sb.r H0% Bi.F'.Ne eje

N9%A Sb.T~29 9 ---- SUPER~ "Roesmetl'B. remean

-. -. d--- SAa

.8e(13)

C6

0 6789t

TEMPERAUREI55

2.4. Dielectric Crystals

This section is not comprehensive but is representative of the dielectrics.There have been few measurements on the conductivity of dielectrics atlow temperatures. However, three series of experiments especially worthnoting in this short summary are A. Eucken and G. Kuhn (1928), W. J. deHaas and T. Biermasz (in late 1930's), and R. Berman and others of theClarendon Laboratory at Oxford (1950's).

The following miscellaneous dielectrics were measured by A. Eucken and G. Kuhn(1928) (all percentages are mole percent):

Conductivity Conductivitymw/cm deg Kc mw/cm deg KName Remarks ______degK _Name Remarks ______degK

83* K 273* K 83o K 273o K

Marble ...... Small crystals, 99.9% CaCO,... 42 33 25% KBr, Pressed at 8,000 atm ........... 46 33Do ...... 99.99% CaCOa ................ 54 38 75% KCI.Do ..... Large crystals ................. 50 33 10% KBr, ..... do ........................ 80 50

Calcite ...... Main crystal axis perpendicular 180 46 90% KCI.to rod axis. 50% KCI, ..... do ........................ 188 71

Do ...... Main crystal axis parallel to rod 293 54 50% NaCI.axis, KNO 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . do ........................ 17 21

sylvite ...... Natural crystal ................ 159 75 Mercuric ..... do ...................... 17 13KCI ......... Pressed at 8,000 atm ........... 314 88 chloride.KCI .......... From a melt .................. 402 92 NH 4C! ............ do ........................ 109 25NaCI ......... .... do...................... 343 92 NH 4Br ............ do ...................... 67 25NaCI ......... Pressed at 8,000 atm ........... 251 71 Ba(NO3) .......... do ....................... 33 13Rock salt .......... do ....................... 180 63 Copper. ............................... 29 21Sylvite ....... do....................... 343 84 Sulfate.KCI ........ Pressed at 1,250 atm ........... 243 75 Magnesiun- .............................. 25 25KCI .......... Pressed at 2,500 atm ........... 368 92 sulfate.KCI ......... Pressed at 8,900 atm ........... 402 96 K 4(FeCNe) ............ ................... 17 17KBr ......... Pressed at 8,000 atm ........... 92 38 Chrom alum.. .............................. 13 21NaBr ............. do ....................... 50 25 Potassium. .............................. 13 21KI ............... do ....................... 121 29 alum.KF ............... do ....................... 234 71 Potassium Main crystal axis perpendicular 17 21NaF .............. do ....................... 519 105 bichromate, to rod axis.RbI ............... do ....................... 59 33 Do ....... Main crystal axis parallel to rod 17 17RbCI .............. do....................... 29 21 axis.90% KBr, ..... do ....................... 50 29 Topaz ........ M ineral ...................... 234

10% KCL Zincblend ......... do......... 63 26475% KBr, . .... do ....................... 29 21 Beryll ............. do ....................... 88 84

25% KCI. Tourmaline... .do ....... 38 4650% KBr, . .... do ....................... 25 25

50% KCI.

56

60

DIAMND AP DIAMONC40 v Remr: Meeecuv e ak eeec

Figs. ~ ~ ~ FIUR 30, 30; CreS riiilsnl rsa .Bra 15)Fig.~ ~ 30 aI nadto otetouvs hy W .deHs n .S apie(oudm;6m

30a; obta~~~~~ine ll1. t89 .¶.Bemaxlndaee o m tlw

H.z-.(98. a eprtre0-.x0 m

mancytlaisicie86B. S Z. D.-. Masued te "izeeffet" n dn- R Beman to od xis

modcytl6fsur rs- F .Smnsecton.#1 ws 39 mmwid, anJ. .Zimn Fgs. 0, 0a; amecrysal s abve xcep 1. R. ermn (152)

42a3lm ie 3ws17 (15) . -. m imtr

mmwd,#0as11m ie

XX57

'04T9 t

8DSAP7

FIUE60

..9 ... .

I-: .8

er0o

.4+

3t

.1

58 .

IWT-

TEMPERAURE ,T

QQUARTZ

Curv RemrksRefeenT

axi an paale to bieco of (93)

H. V z- . Sm ast abte exep dtmee W. I'll de Haa and. 1 ""IM

I.5 cm TT Bierm.. .. a..

(1938aTH.2.2.. aerda ,ecp imtr W .d la n

grun dont+.5 m .Bemst19A-)

Fig 31; B -TSnl rsa mln;sur .Bra 15)H ,,4H1 crs -se tio,5m o ie

2,~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~- 34,,1rdlnt eredclrt rn.,6cplai;#1wswtotnu

tron rradatio; #2was ith4unitE iradaton #3 Aeon ad-

d.i2lirdaio f14uis

# 1 tir 4adtioaraitoof165 nis.Th "" ure

4~o 6 i 0 40s.; #60 too0C2for 67

hr E#M600 Efr 1 hr.;#,K

QU~Cf, ART.

CurveRemara Refre5c

1.

.0I

H. B.- mde cystl ofapprx. 3m d- T.Bierasa lu.32-B Sinered des..y2.94g/.m.(9%.R.Be.mn.(152)K~~~~~~~~~~r.~~~~~~~~ a.te- t. lo e brnc .f th (13) .eyl" of.pe cytl; cytl e

H.~~~~~~~ .z-C. Mesu. a.n poa.u chor Do..

id0rsalo qae rmsc

tio wihasd0o4.5 m

.Mauezh hnei odc .J eHn n

ti2t with change. in.r..a.T..er.s

cross-ectio for everalK.I..93...

i .00a8 J- Mauedtecnutvt o .Bj 14)

rKAu, hoiu0oa0imalmue

inmgetctenoery on

alum. CRvemak Reeec wanv forrk thesam-

K~r. ameter-, th lower h of the (1951). 'eyla. o rsa) rftfie

curv ne 800 infor saplewiti4diensins etwen 1 an

wihslee6otcs0h p-4 irn;k38a 0K

3.0 -- IONIC CRYSTALSK1

FIUR o2 C

0.

0.

C) .08

.061

20

Mo FIDISORDERED3DIELEiTrCTCurveCompsitio Refrenc

4.03a Je...t 0gln.........Bj 14)

Bj-.....hriga.0a...........o

Bj.-J16~~~~~~~~~~ 4I..Ja 6IIgn...........oBj.-M.........Monax~~ gia..............T

2.0a3 H4a; - Pona gln...........Bra 15)

.4I

.2

11' 7 ~ 'T.GLASSESp ~ TFIGURE 33a''ITV

E

10z OL

00 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

TEMPERATURE ,o

63

3. Bibliography*

J. F. Allen and E. Mendoza, Thermal conductivity of H. Bremmer and W. J. de Haas, On the conduction ofcopper and German silver at liquid helium tempera- heat by some metals at low temperatures, Physicatures, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 44, 280-288 (1948). 3, 672-686 (1936).

FP. A. Andrews, R. T Webber, and D A. Spohr, Ther- H. Bremmer and W. J. de Haas, On the heat conduc-mal conductivities of pure metals at low tempera- tivity of superconductivity alloys, Physica 3, 692-tures, I. Alumium, Phys. Rev. 84, 994-996 (1951). 704 (1936).

S. S. Ballard, L. S. Combes, and K. A. McCarthy, A P. W. Bridgman. Thermal conductivity and thermo-comparison of the physical properties of barium flu- electromotive force of single metal crystals, Proc.oride and calcium fluoride, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 42, Nat. Acad. Sci. 11, 608-612 (1925).684485 (1952) L. R. A. Buerschaper, Thermal and electrical conductiv-

T. Barratt and R. M. Winter, Das thermische Leitver- ity of graphite and carbon at low temperatures, J.mdgen von Drkhten und StAben, Ann. Physik 77, Appl. Phys. 15, 452-454 (1944).1-15 (1925). J. E. Calthrop, The effects of torsion on the thermal

R. Berman, Thermal conductivity of glasses at low and electrical conductivities of metals, Proc. Phys.temperatures, Phys. Rev. 76, 315-316 (1949) L. Soc. (London) 36, 168-175 (1924).

R. Berman, The thermal conductivities of some dielec- J. E. Calthrop, The effects of torsion upon the thermaltric solids at low temperatures, Proc. Roy. Soc. and electrical conductivities of aluminum, with spe-(London) A208, 90-108 (1951a). cial reference to single crystals, Proc. Phys. Soc.

R. Berman, The thermal conductivity of some alloys (London) 38,207-214 (1926).

at low temperatures, Phil. Mag. 42, 642-650 (1951b). C. H. Cartwright, Wiedemann-Franzsche Zahl, Wlir-meleitfahigkeit und thermoelektrische Kraft von

R. Berman, The thermal conductivity of some poly- Tellur, Ann. Physik 18, 656-678 (1933).crystalline solids at low temperatures, Proc. Phys. C. S. Chow, The thermal conductivity of some insulat-Soc. (London) A65, 1029-1040 (1952a). . o T low t tc oing materials at low temperatures, Proc. Phys. Soc.

R Berman, The thermal conductivity of disordered (London) 61, 206-216 (1948).solids at low temperatures, Bull. Inst. Int. du Froid, W. F. Chubb, The thermal and electrical conductivitiesAnnexe 1952-1 (1952b). of metals and alloys, Phil. Mag. 30, 323-330 (1940).

R. Berman, The thermal conductivity of dielectricsolids at low temperatures, Adv. in Physics (Phil. J. R. Clarke, On the thermal conductivity of someMag. Supp.) 2, 103-140 (1953). solid insulators, Phil. Mag. 40, 502-504 (1920).

R. Berman and D. K. C. MacDonald, The thermal and M. C2ox, Thermal and electrical conductivities of tung-electrical conductivity of sodium at low tempera- sten and tantalum, Phys. Rev. 64, 241-7 (1943).tures, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A209, 368-375 A. P. Cra-v, Thermal conductivity of Acheson graph-(1951). ite, Ph -•s 4, 332-333 (1933).

R. Berman and D. K. C. MacDonald, The thermal and T. M. Dauphinee, D. G. Ivey, and H. D. Smith, Theelectrical conductivity of copper at low tempera- thermal conductivity of elastomers under stretchtures, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A211, 122-128 and at low temperatures, Can. J. Research A28,(1952). 596-615 (1950).

R. Berman, F. E. Simon, and J. Wilks, Thermal con- D. P. Detwiler and H. A. Fairbank, Thermal conduc-ductivity of dielectric crystals; the "Umklapp" proc- tivity in the intermediate state of pure supercon-ess, Nature 168, 277-280 (1951). ductors, Phys. Rev. 86, 574 (1952a).

R. Berman, F. E. Simon, and J. M. Ziman, The ther- D. P. Detwiler and H. A. Fairbank, The thermal resis-mal conductivity of diamond at low temperatures, tivity of superconductors, Phys. Rev. 88, 1049-1052Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A220, 171-183 (1953). (1952b).

C. E. Berry, The effect of an electric field on the J. W. Donaldson, Thermal conductivities of industrialthermal conductivity of glass, J. Chem. Phys. 1355- non-ferrous alloys, J. Inst. Metals 34, 43-56 (1925).1356 (1949). H.-D. Erfling and E. Grilneisen, Weitere Untersuchun-

C. C. Bidwell, Thermal conductivity and specific heat gen an Berylliumkristallen im transversalem undof lithium, Phys. Rev. 25, 896 (1925A). longitudinalen Magnetfeld, Ann. Physik 41, 89-99

C. C. Bidwell, Thermal conductivity of lithium, sodi- (1942).urn, and lead to -250* C, Phys. Rev. 27, 819 S. Erk, A. Keller and H. Poltz, tUber die Wtrmeleit-(1926a) A. fdhigkeit von Kunstoffen, Physik. Z. 38, 394-402

C. C. Bidwell, Thermal conductivity of Li and Na by (1937).a modification of the Forbes bar method, Phys. Rev. I. Estermann and J. E. Zimmerman, Heat conduction28, 584-597 (1926b). in alloys and semi-conductors at low temperatures,

C. C. Bidwell, A simple relation between thermal con- Tech. Report No. 6 (Carnegie Institute of Technol-ductivity,. specific heat and absolute temperature, ogy) (June 1951).Phys. Rev. 32, 311-314 (1928). I. Estermann and J. E. Zimmerman, Heat conduction

C. C. Bidwell, Thermal conductivity of lead and of in alloys at low temperatures, J. AppI. Phys. 23,single and poly crystal zinc, Phys. Rev. 33, 249-251 578-588 (1952).(1929). A. Eucken, t~ber die Temperaturabh5tngigkeit der

C. C. Bidwell, Thermal conductivity of metals, Phys. Warmeleitfaihigkeit fester Nichtmetalle, Ann. PhysikRev. 58, 561-564 (1940). 34, 185-221 (1911a).

D. Bijl, Some experiments on magnetic thermometry A. Eucken, Die Wdirmeleitfkhigkeit einiger Kristalleand heat conductivity of chromium potassium alum bei tiefen Temperaturen, Verhand. Deutsch. Physik.and glass at low temperatures, Physica 4, 684-693 Gesell. 13, 829-835 (1911b).(1949). A. Eucken, Die Warmeleitfihigkeit einiger Kristalle

*References followed by A are abstracts; by L, Letters to bei tiefen Temperaturen, Physik. Z. 12, 1005-1008the Editor. (1911c).

64

A. Eucken, Zur Kenntnis des Wiedemann-Franzschen E. Grilneisen and H. Adenstedt, Anistropie der WIr-Gesetzes, mII, Z. physik. Chem. 134, 220-229 (1928). meleitung und Thermokraft reguldrer Metalle

A Eucken and K. Dittrich, Zur Kenntnis des Wiede- (Wolfram) im transversalen Magnetfeld bei 20* K,mann-Franzschen Gesetzes, II, Z. physik. Chem. 125, Ann. Physik. 29, 597-604 (1937).211-228 (1927). E. Grfineisen and H. Adenstedt. Eirfluss transversaler

A. Eucken and '. Gehlhoff, Elektrisches, thermisches Magnetfelder auf ElektrizitAts- und WkrmeleitungLeitverm$gen und Wiedemann-Franzsche Zahl der reiner Metalle bei tiefer Temperatur, Ann. Physik.Antimon - cadmiumlegierungen zwischen 0* und S1, 714-744 (1938).-190° C, Verhand. Deutsch. Physik. Gesell 14, 169- E. Grtineisen and H.-D. Erfling, Elektrischer und182 (1912). thermischer Widerstand von Berylliumkristallen imA. Eucken and G. Kuhn, Ergebnisse neuer Messungen transversalen Magnetfeld, Ann. Physik. 88, 399-42rder Wirmeleitfihigkeit fester krystallisierter Stoffe (1940).bei 0* und -- 190° C, Z. physik. Chem. 134, 193-219(1928). E. Grllneisin and J. Gielessen, Untersuchungen an

Wismutkristallen. I. Warme- und ElektrizitAtslei-A. Eucken and 0. Neumann, Zur Kenntnis des Wiede- tung in transversalen Magnetfeldern, Ann. Physik.

mann-Franzschen Gesetzes, I, Z. physik. Chem. 111, 26, 449-464 (1936).431-446 (1924). E. Grtlneisen and E. Goens, Elektrizitaits- und Wdr-

A. Eucken and E. Schroder, Das Warmeleitvermogen meleitung von ein- und viel- kristallinen Metalleneiniger verfestigter Flilssigkeiten und Gase (Ben- des regulren Systems, Z. Physik 44, 615-642 (1927).zol, Bromwasserstoff, Stickoxydul), Ann. Physik.36, 609-620 (1939). E. Griineisen, K. Rausch, and K. Weiss, Zur Elektrizi-

A. Eucken and H. Warrentrup, Eine Apparatur zur tAts- und Wtrmeleitung von Wismut- EinkristallenMessung der Wkrmeleitf5.higkeit von. Metalblechen, im Transversalen Magnetfold, Ann. Physik. 7, 1-17Z. tech. Phys. 16, 99-104 (1935). (1950).

C. G. B. Garrett, The thermal conductivity of potas- E. Grilneisen and H. Reddemann, Electronen- undslum chrome alum at temperatures below one de- Gitterleitung beim W~rmefluss in Metallen, Ann.gree absolute, Phil. Mag. 41, 621-630 (1950). Physik 20, 843-877 (1934).

G. Gehlhoff and F. Neumeier, t'ber die thermischen W. J. de Haas, S. Aoyama, and H. Bremmer, Thermalund elektrischen Eigenschaften der Wismut-Anti- conductivity of tin at low temperatures, Comm.mom-Legierungen zwischen -190° und +100° C, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab., Univ. Leiden 19, #214aVerhand. Deutsch. Physik. Gesell. 15, 876-896 (1931).(1913a). W. J. de Haas and T. Biermasz, The thermal conduc-

G. Gehlhoff and F. Neumezer, Beitrlge zur Kenntnis tivity of quartz at low temperatures, Physica 2,der thermischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften von 673-682 (1935).gepressten Pulvern aus Antimon, Wismut und W. J. de Haas and T. Biermasz, Sur la conductibilitd•Bleiglanz, Verhand. Deutsch. Physik. Gesell. 15, thermique aux basses temperatures, Leiden Com-1069-1081 (1913b). munications 22, Supplement No. 82b, 1-13 (1936-

G. Gehlhoff and F. Neumeier, Wkrmeleitvermdgen, 1938), reprinted from: Rapports et Communications,elektrisches Leitverm6gen, Thermokraft und Wiede- No. 24, 7e Congres International du Froid, lamann-Franzsche Zahl des Quecksilbers zwischen Hague-Armsterdam, juin 1936.

--190* und -}150° C . . .", Verhand. Deutsch.Physik. Gesell. 21, 201-217 (1919). W. J. de Haas and T. Biermasz, The thermal conduc-tivity of KBr, KC1 and SiO2 at low temperatures,

A. N. Gerritsen, A review of the magnetic properties Physica 4, 752-756 (1937).of Bi, Nederland. Tijdschr. Naturkunde 10, 160-170(1943). W.J. de Haas and T. Biermasz, The thermal conduc-

tivity of diamond and potassiumchloride, Physica 5,E. Glebe, Vber die Bestimmung des Wfirmeleitver- 47-53 (1938a).m6gens bei tiefen Temperaturen, Verhand. Deutsch.Physik. Gesell. 5, 60-66 (1903). W. J. de Haas and T. Biermasz, Die Wirmleitf~hig-

keit von Kirstallen bei tiefen Temperaturen, Phys-E. Goens and E. Grilneisen, Elektrizithts und War- ica 5, 320-324 (1938b).meleitung in Zink- und Cadmiumkristallen, Ann.Physik 14, 164-180 (1932). W. J. de Haas and T. Biermasz, The dependence on

B. B. Goodman, The thermal conductivity of super- thickness of the thermal resistance of crystals atconducting tin below 1° K, Proc. Phys. Soc. (Lon- low temperatures, Physica 5, 619-624 (1938c).don) A6, 217-227 (1953). W. J. de Haas and H. Bremmer, Thermal conductivity

E. Griffiths and G. W. C. Kaye, Th. measurement of of lead and tin at low temperatures, Comm. Kam-thermal conductivity, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) erlingh Onnes Lab., Univ. Leiden, 20, #214 dA104, 71-98 (1923). (1931).

J. H. Gray, On a method of determining the thermal W. J. de Haas and H. Bremmer, Thermal conductiv-conductivity of metals, with application to copper, ity of indium at low temperatures, Comm. Kamner-silver, gold and platinum, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. lingh Onnes Lab., Univ. of Leiden, 20, #220 b(London) A186, 165-186 (1895). (1932).

G. Groetzinger and R. Frey, Versuche Uiber die A-nder- W. J. de Haas and H. Bremmer, The conduction ofung des Wlirmedurchganges durch gase ohne elek- heat of lead-thallium at low temperatures, Comm.trisches Moment, durch Flussigkeiten und feste Kamerlingh Onnes Lab., Univ. Leiden, 20, #220 cK)rper infolge eines elektricitAtischen Feldes, (1932).Physik. Z. 36, 292-297 (1935). W. J. de Haas and H. Bremmer, Determination of the

F. Grtlneisen, Ueber die Bestimmung des metallischen heat resistance of mercury at the temperaturesWirmeleitvermogens und fiber sein Verhi~ltnis zur obtainable with liquid helium, Physica 3, 687-691elektriachen Leitfihigkelt, Ann. Physik. 3, 43-74 (1936).(1900). W. J. de Haas and W. H. Capel, A method for the

E. Grlneisen, Temperaturgesetz des Wdrmewider- determination of the thermal resistance of metalstandes regullirer Metalle, Z. Physik. 46, 151-159 single crystals at low temperatures, Physica 1,(1927). 725-736 (1934a).

65

W. J. de Haas and W. H. Capel, The thermal resist- W. R. G. Kemp, A. K. Sreedhar, and G. K. White,ance of bismuth single-crystals at low temperatures, The thermal conductivity of magnesium at low tem-Physica 1, 929-934 (1934b). peratures, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) A66, 1077-1078

W. J. de Haas, A. N. Gerritsen, and W. H. Capel, The (1953).

thermal resistance of bismuth single-crystals at low R. Kikuchi, Wlirmeleitverm6gen und elektrisches Leit-temperatures and in a magnetic field Physica 3, vermogen einer Anzahl von Magnesium-Legierungen1143-1158 (1936). und ihr Verhalten zum Wiedemann-Franzschen

W. J. de Haas and J. de Nobel, The thermal and the Gesetz, Sci. Rep. T6hoku Imperial Univ. (1st Series)

electrical resistance of a tungsten single-crystal at 21, 585-593 (1932) (Cataloged under Sendai).

low temperatures and in magnetic fields, Physica C. Kittel, Interpretation of the thermat conductivity5, 449-463 (1938) of glasses, Phys. Rev. 75, 972-974 (1949).

W. J. de Haas and A. Rademakers, The thermal con- M. Kohler, Wiirmeleitung der Metalle im starken Mag-ductivity of lead in the superconducting and normal netfeld, Ann. Physik 5, 181-189 (1949).

state, Physica 7, 992-1002 (1940). S. Konno, On the variation of thermal conductivity

C. V. Heer and J. G. Daunt, Heat flow in metals below during the fusion of metals, Sci. Rep. Tdhoku Im-

1° K and a new method for magnetic cooling, Phys. perial Univ. (1st Series) 8, 169-179 (1919) (Cata-

Rev. 76, 854-855 (1949). loged under Sendai).

J. W. Hornbeck, Thermal and electrical conductivities S. Konno, On the variation of thermal conductivityof the alkali metals, Phys. Rev. 2, 217-240 (1913). during the fusion of metals, Phil. Mag. 40, 542-552of te akalimetls, hys Rev 2,(1920).

G. W. Hull and T. H. Geballe, Thermal conductivity N.(19).

of single crystalline silicon, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. N.Kurti, B. V. Rollin, and F. Simon, Preliminary ex-29, 11 (1954) A. periments on temperature equilibria at very low29, K 1 (95) T mal ctemperatures, Physica 3, 266-274 (1936).

J. K. Hulm, Thermal conductivity of superconductors, Landolt-B~rnstein Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen,Nature 168, 368-369 (1949) L. Edited by W. A. Roth and K. Scheel (Julius Spring-

J. K. Hulm, The thermal conductivity of tin, mer- er, Berlin) 5th ed., vol. 2, 1923; 5th ed., 1st supple-cury, indium, and tantalum at liquid helium tem- ment, vol. 1, 1927; 5th ed., 2d supplement, vol. 2,peratures, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A204, 98-123 1931; 5th ed., 3d supplement, vol. 3, 1936.(1950). I. Langmuir and J. B. Taylor, The heat conductivity

J. K. Hulm, The thermal conductivity of a copper- of tungsten and the cooling effects of leads uponnickel alloy at low temperature, Proc. Phys. Soc. filaments at low temperatures, Phys. Rev. 50, 68-(London) A64, 207-211 (1951). 87 (1936).

J. K. Hulm, Anomalous thermal conductivity of pure C. H. Lees, Effects of temperature and pressure onmetals at low temperatures, Proc. Phys. Soc. (Lon- the thermal conductivities of solids-Part 1. Thedon) A65, 227-228 (1952a) L. effect of temperature on the thermal conductivities

J. K. Hulm, Heat transfer in superconducting alloys, of some electrical insulators, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.

N.B.S. Circular 519, 37-42 (1952b). (London) A204, 433-466 (1905).

J. K. Hulm, Thermal restivity of mercury in the inter- C. H. Lees, The effects of temperature and pressuremediate state, Phys. Rev. 90, 1116 (1953) L. on the thermal conductivities of solids-Part 2. The

effects of low temperatures on the thermal and

R. B. Jacobs and C. Starr, Thermal conductance of electrical conductivities of certain approximatelymetallic contacts, Rev. Sci. Inst. 10, 140-141 (1939). pure metals and alloys, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (Lon-

W. Jaeger and H. Diesselhorst, W!rmeleitung, Elek- don) A208, 381-443 (1908).tricitbtsle'tung, Wlrmecapacitkt und Thermokraft C. H. Lees and J. E. Calthrop, The effect of torsioneiniger Metalle, Wiss. Abhandlung Phys. Techn. on the thermal and electrical conductivities ofReichanstalt 3, 269-424 (1900). metals, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 35, 225-234(Cataloged under Charlottenburg). (1923).

C. H. Johansson and J. 0. Linde, Kristallstruktur, E. J. Lewis, Some thermal and electrical properties ofWlnrmeletifthigkeit. . . . des Systems AuPt in Ver- beryllium, Phys. Rev. 34, 1575-1587 (1929).bindung, Ann. Physik 5, 762-792 (1930). J. 0. Linde, An investigation of the validity of the

W. G. Kannaluik, On the thermal conductivity of some Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz law, Arkiv Fysik 4, 541-

metal wires, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A131, 320- 554 (1952).335 (1951). L. Lorenz, Ueber das LeitUngsvermngen der Metalle

filr Wdrme und Electricitlit, Ann. Physik 13, 422-W. G. Kannaluik, The thermal and electrical conduc- 447 (1881a).

tivities of several metals between -183° C and1000 C, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A141, 159-168 L. Lorenz, Ueber das Leitungsvermogen der metalle

(1933). fiur Warme und Electricitht, Ann. Physik 13, 582-

W. G. Kannaluik and T. H. Laby, The thermal and 606 (1881b).

the electrical conductivity of a copper crystal at P. Macchia, Thermal conductivity at low tempera-

various temperatures, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) tures, Accad. LinceL. Atti. 16, 507-517 (1907).

A121, 640-653 (1928). W. Mannchen, Warmeleitvermdgen, elektrisches Leit-verm6gen und Lorenzsche Zahl einiger Leicht-

J. Karweil and K. Schlifer, Die W~rmeleitfnhigkeit metall-Legierungen, Z. Metalkunde 23, 193-196Seiniger schlecht leitender Legierungen zwischen 3 (1931).und 300 K, Ann. Physik 36, 567-577 (1939). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Quarterly

G. W. C. Kaye and W. F. Higgins, The thermal con- Progress Reports (October 15, 1952, April 15, 1953,ductivity of a single crystal of bismuth in a trans- July 15, 1953).verse magnetic field, Phil. Mag. 8, 1056-1059 (1929)., W. Meissner, f~ber die thermische und electrische Leit-

G. W. C. Kaye and J. K. Roberts, The thermal con- flhigkeit von Kupfer zwischen 20 und 3730 abs.,ductivities of metal crystals, I. Bismuth, Proc. Roy, Verhand. Deutsch. Physik. Gesell. 16, 262-272 (1914).Soc. (London) A104, 98-114 (1923). W. Meissner, Thermische und elektrische Leitfihig-

P. H. Keesom, Heat conductivity of glass at 1.30 K, keit von Platin zwischen 20 und 373° abs., Ann.Physica 11, 339-342 (1945). Physik 47, 1001-1058 (1915).

66

W. Meissner, Thermische und elektrische Leitfi~hig- J. R. Partington, An advanced treatise on physicalkeit von Lithium zwischen 20 und 3730 abs., Z. chemistry (Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., London,Physik 2, 373-379 (1920). 1952), first edition, vol. 3, pp. 458-561.

H. Masumoto, On the thermal and electrical conduc- T. Peczalski, Contribution & l'4tude de la conductibilit6tivitles of some aluminum alloys, Sci. Rep. T6hoku calorifique des solides, Ann. physique 7, 185-224Imperial Univ. (1st Series) 13, 229-242 (1925) (Cat- (1917).aloged under Sendai). R. L. Powell, The thermal conductivity of "Easy-Flo"

H. blasumoto, On the electrical and thermal conduc- silver solder from 200 to 200° K, N.B.S. Reporttivities of carbon steel and cast iron, Sci. Rep. 2609 (1953, 3 pp. (unpublished).T6hoku Imperial Univ. (1st Series) 16, 417-435 R. W. Powell, The electrical resistivity of gallium and(1927) (Cataloged under Sendal). some other anisotropic properties of this metal,

K. Mendelssohn, Heat conductivity of metals at low Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A209, 525-541 (1951).temperatures, Bull. Inst. Int. du Froid, Annexe R. W. Powers, D. Schwartz, and H. 1. Johnston, The1952-1, 69-79 (1952). thermal conductivity of metals and alloys at low

K. Mendelssohn, Thermal' conductivity of supercon- temperatures I. Apparatus for measurements be-ductors, Physica 19, 775-787 (1953). tween 250 and 3000 K. Data on pure aluminum,

K. Mendelssohn and J. L. Olsen, Heat transport in OFHC copper and "L" nickel, TR 264-5, Cyrogenicssuperconductors, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) A63, Laboratory, Ohio State University (1951) 22 pp.

2-13 (1950a). R. W. Powers, J. B. Ziegler, and H. L. Johnston, TheK. Mendelssohn and J. L. Olsen, Heat fnow in super- thermal conductivity of metals and alloys at low

K.Mndelssohn andoys, . Olsen, Heat fLonown) supe- temperatures. 11. Data on iron and several steelsconductive alloys, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) A63, between 250 and 3000 K Influence of alloying con-1182-1183 (1950b). stituents, TR 264-6, Cyrogenics Laboratory, Ohio

K. Mendelssohn and J. L. Olsen, Anomalous heat flow State University (1951a), 17 pp.in superconductors, Phys. Rev. 80, 859-862 (1950c). R. W. Powers, J. B. Ziegler, and H. L. Johnston, The

K. Mendelssohn and R. B. Pontius, Thermal conduc- thermal conductivity of metals and alloys at lowtivity of supraconductors in a magnetic field, Phil. temperatures. M. Data for aluminum alloys be-Mag. 24, 777-787 (1937). tween 250 and 3000 K, TR 264-7, Cyrogenics Labo-

K. Mendelssohn and C. A. Renton, Heat conductivities ratory, Ohio State University (1951b), 10 pp.of superconductive Sn, In, TI, Ta, Cb, and Al below R. W. Powers, J. B. Ziegler, and -H. L Johnston, The10 Kelvin, Phil. Mag (7) 44, 776-781 (1953). thermal conductivity of metals and alloys at low

K. Mendelssohn and H. M. Rosenberg, The thermal temperatures. IV Data on constantan, monel and.conductivity of metals at low temperatures I: The contracid between 250 and 3000 K, TR 264-8, Cyro-elements of Groups 1, 2 and 3, Proc. Phys. Soc. genics Laboratory, Ohio State University (1951c),(London) A65, 385-388 (1952a). 11 pp.

K. Mendelssohn and H. M. Rosenberg, The thermal R. W. Quick, C. D. Child, and B. S. Lamphear, Ther-conductivity of metals at low temperatures H: The mal conductivity of copper, Phys. Rev. 3, 1-20

transition elements, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) (1895)A65, 388-394 (1952b). A. Rademakers, The thermal conductivity of lead and

tin in the superconducting and in the normal state,K. Mendelssohn and H. M. Rosenberg. The thermal Physica 15, 849-859 (1949).

conductivity of metals in high magnetic fields atlow temperatures, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A218, K. Rausch, Untersuchungen an Antimon-Einkristallen190-205 (1953). im transversalen Magnetfeld, Ann. Physik 1, 190-

W. C. Michels and M. Cox, The thermal conductivity 206 (1947).

of tungsten, Physics 7, 1953-155 (1936). H. Reddemann, Winrmleitvermngen, Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenzsche Zahl und Thermokraft von Quecksilber-

S. Mizushima and J. Okada, Notes on the electrical einkristallen, Ann. Physik. 14, 139-163 (1932).and thermal conductivities of graphite and amor-phous carbon, Phys. Rev. 82, 94-95 (1951). H. Reddemann, Anderung der thermischen und elek-

trischen, Leitf!ihigkeit eines Bi-Einkristallen imS. Mrozowski, Thermal conductivity of carbons and Magnetfeld, Ann. Physik 20, 441-448 (1934).

graphite, Phys. Rev. 86, 251-252 (1952) L. H. Reddemann, Wiedemann-Franzche Zahi von )3-J. Nicol and T. P. Tseng, Thermal conductivity of cop- Manganan bei -190° C, Ann. Physik 22, 28-30

per between 0.25, K and 4.20 K, Phys. Rev. 92, (1935).1062-1063 (1953) L. A. Rietzsch, t'ber die thermische und elektrische Liet-

J. de Nobel, Thermal and electrical resistance of a fkhigkeit von Kupfer-Phosphor und Kupfer-Arsen,tungsten single crystal at low temperatures and Ann. Physik 3, 403-427 (1900).in high "rnetic fields, Physica 15, 532-540 (1949). C. J. Rigney and L. I. Bockstahler, The thermal con-

J. de Nobel, Heat conductivity of steels and a few ductivity of titanium between 20 and 2730 K, Phys.other metals at low temperatures, 17, 551-562 Rev. 83, 220 (1951) A.(1951). M. T. Rodine, Thermal conductivities of bismuth sin-

J. L. Olsen, Heat transport in lead-bismuth alloys, gle crystals as influenced by a magnetic field, Phys.Proc. Phys. Soc. A65, 518-532 (1952). Rev. 46, 910-916 (1934).

J. L. Olsen a.,d C. A. Re. 'on, Heat conductivity of H. M. Rosenberg, Private Communication (Januarysuperconductive lead be # 10 K, Phil Mag. 43, 1954a).946-948 (1952). H. M. Rosenberg, The thermal and electrical conduc-

J. L. Olsen and H. M. Rosenberg, The thermal con- tivity of magnesium at low temperatures, Phil.ductivity of metals at low temperatures, Adv. Mag. 45, 73-79 (1954b).Physics 2, 28-65 (1953). A. Schallmach, Heat conductivity of rubber at low

H. K. Onnes and G. Holst, Preliminary determination temperatures, Nature 145, 67 (1940) L.P of the specific heat and of the thermal conductivity A. Schallmach, Heat conductivity of rubber at low

of mercury, Comm. Kamerlingh Onnes Lab., Univ. temperatures, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 53, 214-of Leiden, No. 142c, 24-33 (1914). 218 (1941).

67

W. Schaufelberger, WnrmeleitungsfIhigkett des Kup- R. W. B. Stephens, The temperature variation of thefers, aus dem stationaren und varibeln Tempera- thermal conductivity of Pyrex glass, Phil. Mag. 14,turzustand bestimmt, und Wlirmelelters, Ann. 897-914 (1932).Physik 7, 589-630 (1902). W. W. Tyler and A. C. Wilson, Jr., Thermal conduc-

F. H. Schofield, The thermal and electrical conduc- tivity, electrical resistivity, and thermoelectrictivities of some pure metals, Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lon- power of titanium alloy RC-130-B, Knolls Atomicdon) A107 (1925). Power Laboratory Report 808 (1952) 41 pp.

R. Schott, tUber das Wlrmleltvermbgen einigen W. W. Tyler and A. C. Wilson, Jr., Thermal conduc-Metalle bet tiefen Temperaturen, Verhand. Deutsch. tivity, electrical resistivity, and thermoelectricPhysik. Gesell. 18, 27-34 (1916). power of graphite, Phys. Rev. 89, 870-875 (1953).

F. A. Schulze, Die WiirmeleitfIihigkeit einiger Reihenvon Edelmetallegierungen, Verhand. Deutsch. Physik. W. W. Tyler, A. C. Wilson, Jr., and G. J. Wolga,Gesell. 13, 856-856 (1911). Thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and

thermoelectric power of uranium, Knolls AtomicS. Shalyt, The thermal conductivity of bismuth at Power Laboratory Report 802 (1952) 25 pp.low temperatures, J. Phys. (U.S.S.R.) 8, 315-316(1944) L. F. J. Webb, K. R. Wilkinison, and J. Wilks, The ther-

E. G. Sharkoff, Thermal conductivity of magnesium, mal conductivity of solid helium, Proc. Roy. Soc.Quarterly Progress Report (of Research Lab. of (London) A214, 546-563 (1952).Electronics, M.I.T.) (October 15, 1952). F. J. Webb and J. Wilks, The thermal conductivity

E. G. Sharkoff, Thermal conductivity of magnesium, of solid helium at high densities, Phil. Mag. 44,Quarterly Progress Report (of Research Lab. of 663-674 (1953).Electronics, M.I.T.) (April 15, 1953a). R. T. Webber and D. A. Spohr, Thermal resistivity of

E. G. Sharkoff, Electrical and thermal conductivity of superconducting mercury in the intermediate state,magnesium, Quarterly Progress Report (of Research Phys. Rev. 91, 414-415 (1953) L.Lab. of. Electronics, M.I.T.) (July 15, 1953b). S. Weber, . . . des Verhfiltnisses von Wlirmeleitung

C. V. Simson, tOber die Wlirmeleitfiihigkeit des Am- zur ElektrizitMtsleitung . . . des Wolframs, Ann.moniumchlorid im Bereiche seiner II-III-Umwand- Physik 54, 165-181 (1917).lung, Naturwiss. 88, 559 (1951). G. K. White, The thermal conductivity of gold at low

A. W. Smith, Thermal conductivity of graphite, North temperatures, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) A66, 559-American Aviation, Inc., Downey, California (1954) 564 (1953a).(Unpublished). G. K. White, The thermal conductivity of silver at

C. S. Smith and E. W. Palmer, Thermal and electrical low temperatures, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) A66,conductivities of copper alloys, Am. Inst. MinLig 844-845 (1953b) L.Metal. Eng. Tech. Publ. No. 648 (1935). G

E. H. Sondheimer, The thermal conductivity of metals o.K. White, The thermal and electrical conductivityat low temperatures, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) of copper at low temperatures, Aust. 3. PhysicsA65, 562-564 (1952) L. 6, 397-404 (1953c).

J. Staebler, Electriches und thermisches Leitvermoigen K. R. Wilkinson and J. Wilks, Some measurementsund Wiedemann-Franzche Zahl von Leichtmetallen of heat flow along technical materials in the regionund Magnesium-legierungen. Dissertation, April, 4- to 20- K, Phys. in Ind. 26, 19-20 (1949).1929, Technische Hochschule of Breslau. Published J. Wilks, The thermal conductivity of ideal dielectricby Doktardruck-Graphiches Institut Paul Funk, crystals, Bull. Inst. Int. du Froid, annexe 1952-1Berlin. (1952).

BouLDER, CoLoRwO, July 23, 1954

U.4. GOVIERNMENT PRINTING OPPICE

68