.,.J u.J uuY1 1 \1UUY1 1 nUIJ1IJU 25(0

Ubon paspalum (Paspalum atratum Swallen),

a new grass for waterlogged soils in Northeast Thailand

M.D. Hare', M. Saengkham', K. Thummasaeng'

K.Wongpichet', W. Suriyajantratong', P. Booncharen and C. Phaikawe2.

'Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University,Ubon Ratchathani 34190 Thailand.

2Division of Animal Nutrition,Department of Livestock Development,Bangkok, Thailand.

ABSTRACT

Ubon paspalum (PaspaJum atratum Swallen), a forage grass from Brazil, has proven to

be a valuable forage grass for wet, waterlogged, low fertility, acid soils in parts of ~ortheast

Thailand. In trials it has produced up to 72 0/0 more dry matter than Ruzi grass in the second wet

season follo~ng establishment on waterlogged soils. Ubon paspalum establishes readily from

seed and in trials at a sowing rate of 18 kg seed/ha, averaged 153 plants/m, 6 weeks after sowing

at 4 sites. It also establisnes easily from planting tillers. Ubon paspalum produces seed in late

September to early October and in trials, seed yields have been up to 230 kg/ha.

Keywords: Paspalum atratum, establishment, dry matter production, seed yield.

Introduction 1979) These soils cover no more than 12 0/0 of

In May 1995, a forage research project, the area of Northeast Thailand (Mitsuchi et al.

with funding from the Thailand Research Fund, 1986) There has been no detailed pasture

commenced at Ubon Ratchathani University. research carried out (Mitsuchi et al. 1986). It

0 f h ' b " f h" is onto these soils that dairy farming is nowne 0 t e main 0 ~ectives 0 t IS pro~ect was

expanding.to evaluate grass species for low fertility, wa-These two soils are generally used for

terlogged soils for feeding to dairy cows. , ,

nce planting. They are largely structureless,Previous pasture research in Notheast h d 'It fr t ' , t '

Iave a san -Sl ac Ion cons1s 109 a most ex-Thailand had been mainly carried out on well- clusively of quartz, have very low nutrient hold-

drained soils on the middle terraces (Nam ing capacity and high bulk densities. They are

Phong and Phon Phisai series) and the high very low in organic matter and have a closely

terraces (Yasothon series) (Shelton et al. packed topsoil over a packed subsoil. As such

2 1111Yl11"1m1 11.011.

they can be waterlogged for long periods dur- Paspalum atratum, performs very well on

ing the wet season ( two-three months) and w~terlogged soils and stays green right through

then dry out during the dry season forming a the dry season in low lying sites. This grass is

hard pan (Ragland and Boonpukdee, 19S6 ). now called Ubon paspalum.

The soils at Ubon Rachathani University are

mainly Roi -et soils with some Khorat soils. OriginTable 1 shows the ana:1ysis of our Roi-et soils ~ Paspalum atratum is native to the states

which shows that the soils are very acid, have of Mato Grosso do SuI, Goias and Minas Geriais

very low organic matter and are extremely de- in Brazil. These states are between 15° to 22° S

ficient in N, P and K. of the equator. Ubon Rachathani is 15°N and

Northest Thailand is between 14° and 1soN of

With dairy farming developing onto the equator. Two varieties of P. atratum have

these soils there are currently only two grass been collected in Mato Grosso do SuI. The first

species available which are suitable for wet is BRA9610 which we have named Ubon

soils in Thailand. :.They are plicatulum paspalum in Thailand. The second is called

(Paspalum plicatulum), and para grass Suerte in Florida and Hi-Gane in Australia.

(Brachiaria mutica). Both species grow very The soils where P. atratum was collected have

well in wet sites during the wet season but a very high watertable during the wet season

perform poorly over the dry season. Plicatulum and an analysis of the soil showed a pH of 5.1,is generally a low quality grass and is not eaten organic matter of 4.02 96 and P of 5.7 ppm. 1

readily by dairy cows. Para grass must be Rainfall at the collection site is about 1400 mm/ ~

planted vegetatively which limits its expan- year compared with an annual rainfall of 1500 s

sion, and even though it is very palatable it has mm at Ubon Ratchathani. The soils at Ubon r

very poor dry season production and is often Ratchathani are probably wetter and poorer than r

grazed out during the dry season. Ruzi grass those in Brazil from where P. atratum was col- s

(Brachiaria ruzizensis). is the most widely lected. Sl

grown grass in Thailand. It grows best on well- In November 1994 Ubon Ratchathani

drained fertile soils. Farmers have found that University received 100g of P. atratum E

ruzi grass drys off very quickly in the dry sea- BRA9610 seed from Dr. Werner Stur in the

son and does not grow well in waterlogged Philippines. Dr. Stur is the regional research tu

sites. officer for the Forages for Smallholders Project a,

After two years research, the Forage which is a project in Southeast Asia funded by su

Research Project at Ubon Rachathani Univer- AustAid and managed by CSIRO AJ

sity, has found that a new grass from Brazil, ( Australia) and CIAT in Colombia. Dr. Stur dr

'"~ u ~ uuYl 1 IIUUYI 1 nUIJ1IJU 2540 3

is based at IRRI in the Philippines. Fifty g of gley soil at 15 Sand 1000 m.a.s.l. ( Barcellos

this seed was used for the initial evaluation et al. 1997). Steers grazing these pastures gave

research at the university' and the other 50 g mean liveweight gains of 587 g/animal/day

was used for seed increase. We harvested 60 and 655 kg/hectare/year over four years.

k 1 t In Florida, steers grazing P. atratumg as year.

cv. Suerte gained 700 g in liveweight over a 97In 1995 we received permission from ..

day penod at a stocking rate of 3.5 steers/haDr. Stur to rename BRA9610 with a Thai name. (Kretschmer et al. 1994). Suerte also produced

We choose to name the grass Ubon paspalum. 6730 kg DM;ha when cut at a 15 cm height

In Brazil, where Portugese is the ~inain lan- every 21 days over a 240 day wet season with

guage, Ubon means good. Ubon paspalum has 224 kg N/ha. Kalmbacher et al. ( 1997) stocked

proven to be a very good grass for our envi- Suerte at 6 yearling steers/ha and producedronment. a daily liveweight gain of 600 g/animal over

a 168 day season. In these trials Suerte was

sown at 2.3 kg/ha and during grazing thereMorphological description were 13.5 plants per m. Crude protein content

Ubon paspalum is a perennial, tetrap- of Suerte varied from 7.5-11.4 during the

loid, large leafy bunch grass and if left uncut, year (Kalmbacher et al. 1997). They concluded

leaf canopies can grow up to one metre high that P. atratum cv. Suerte could be an

and inflorescences to over two metres high. important pasture grass for rearing heifers or

Th 1 af bl d h . 1 h growing steers in the wet, humid tropics.e erect e a es can reac 50 cm m engt

: .In Southeast Asia, P. atratum BRA9610and 3-4 cm in width. The lower leaf sheaths. tl . 11 .1 .

IS presen y growmg very we on wet SOl s mare slightly hairy and the leaf margins are very Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia and

shap. Each inflorescence has between 5 and 9 Thailand ( Ibrahim et al. 1997). The

racemes with between 70 and 90 spikelets per Department of Livestock Development in Thai-

raceme. The seeds are reddish brown and land harvested over 3000 kg of seed of P.

shiney. There are between 200,000-400,000 atratum BRA9610 from Animal Nutrition

seeds per kg. Research stations in 1996.

Background agronomy and research Research at Ubon Ratchathani

P. atratum is a new grass to agricul- University

ture and so there is not much information Seedling establishment

available. P. atratum BRA9610 has been grown We have found that Ubon paspalum

successfully with the perennial peanut, establishes very well from broadcast seed

Arachis pintoi BRA31143 in Brazil on a poorly sowing, seedling plants and by tillers cut from

drained, seasonally waterlogged, low humid older plants.

r- -

4 11'1fl,'j'l"1m, ~OOU.

On a waterlogged low fertility Roi-et dry season yields. Fertilzer was only applied

soil ( Table 1 ), Ubon paspalun established during the wet season in both years and all the

very well in 1995 from seed broadcasted at apecies received 80 kg N, 100 kg K, 40 kg S

4 kg/ha (0.6 kg/rai), ( Table 2 ). At sowing, and 40 kg P Iha the first wet season and 120 kg

40 kg N, 50 kg K, 20 kg Sand 20 kg P/ha N, 150 kg K, 60 kg Sand 60 kg P/ha: in the

were spread with the seed and raked into the second wet season.

soil. In 1997, Ubon paspalum established well This trial shows that Ubon paspalum

at three out of four sites when broadcast sown does better than ruzi grass in the second wet

at a rate of 18 kg/ha ( 2.88 kg/rai), (Table 3). season and cuuently in tQe third wet season

F 01 ' th b 1 d it is growing better ( Table 12). At Yasothonertl lzer at e a ove rates was a so sprea at

, S d d b h d aki Ubon paspalum produced 72 Djo more drysowmg. ee was covere y an r ng.

matter than ruzi grass 47 days after cuttingAverage plant density in these trials (Table 3)

( Table 12).was 156 plants 1m, twelve times higher than

the plant densities in the Florida trials

( Kalmbacher et al. 1997). Production in mixed grass/

We have also established Ubon legume swards

paspalum vegetatively by dividing tillers with In swards mixed with the legume

roots from older plants and sowing these tillers Llanos macro (Macroptilium gracile), on I

vinto wet soil the same day. One large plant waterlogged sites at Ubon Ratchathani

v

will divide into about 50 tillers. Last year we University and Yasothon Animal Nutrition

also established village pastures and a village station, Ubon paspalum did not produce s

seed production area by planting tillers. significantly more dry ml}tter than other grass l~

Small village farmers therefore have species at the end of the first year of d

an option of either planting Ubon paspalum by production ( Table 5 ). Fertilizer was only d:

seed or by planting tillers from older plants on applied during the wet se.ason and 120 kg N, gJ

th ' f 150 kg K, 60 kg Sand 60 kg P/ha were (elf arms.

applied. e~

In another trial, Llanos macro w,

Evauation in pure swards 0 ,combmed much better with Ubon paspalum and

In the first year of the initial setaria in the first year of establishment, than S

evaluation trials established in 1995 ( Table with plicatulum and signal grass ( Table 6).

2), Ubon paspalum produced dry matter yields This is because the open leaf structure of Ubon pr(

similar to ruzi grass ( Table 4). In the second paspalum allows climbing legume to grow well the

wet season Ubon paspalum produced 27 Djo between its leaves than the more dense struc- cl()

more d ry matter than ruzi gr ass, but similar tures of signal grass and plicatulum.-gr<

,.~ u ~ uuY1 1 IIUUY1 1 n\lllll1\1 2540 5

In a further trial at Ubon Ratchathani produced five times less seed than fields cut in

University, Ubon paspalum averaged over June, and fields cut in September produced no

10,000 kg DM/ha during the dry season when seed at all ( Table 9). In another trial, seed

fertilized ( Table 7). All plots received 80 kg harvested by knocking seed from the inflo-

N, 100 kg K, 40 kg Sand 40 P /ha during the rescences into bags every day produced twice

wet season and similar amounts during the dry the amount of seed than seed harvested by

season. This shows that Ubon paspalum will threshing or sweating (Table 10).

produce high dry matter yields during the dry There may be some embryo dormancy

season on low lying soils if it receives in freshly harvested seed so we recommend

fertilizer. In future, we will fertilize all trials storing seed for 4-6 months after harvest and

during the dry season on our Roi -et soils as sow In the wet season.

they do not hold nutrients for very long at all Last year a village farmer produced

( Mitsuchi et al. 1986). Ubon paspalum seed for the first time in

Thailand. Despite seed losses from heavy rain

Waterlogging tolerance and birds, she still harvested 340 kg seed/ha

In pot trials at the university, Ubon ( 47.5 kg/rai). This year we have contracted

paspalum also showed that it is tolerant of 21 farmers to produce seed for our research

waterlogging. Plants of several grass species project.

were grown in buck~ts for 84 days and then

subjected to waterlogging at a 5 cm above soil Future research

level depth for 10 days. Waterlogging reduced We are continuing long term

dry weight of ruzi grass and signal grass but evaluation trials comparing Ubon paspalum with

did not affect weights ofplicatulum, Jarra digit other grasses on many sites in different areas.

grass, Splenda setaria and Ubon paspalum We believe that Ubon paspalum performs

( Table 8). We are repeating waterlogging better than many species in.the second and

experiments this year and we will extend the subsequent years ( Table 12). We are also

waterlogging period from 10 days up to 20 days. studying its performance with a range of try

and see which legumes persist best with Ubon

Seed production of Ubon paspalum paspalum. A dairy production trial will also

Ubon paspalum is a short day plant commence next year when milk production of ,

producing inflorescences towards the end of dairy cows will be compared by grazing either

the wet season in late August-September. A Ubon paspalum, Jarra digit, signal grass, ruzi ..

closing date trial found that seed fields cut to grass or Splenda setaria, These pastures are

ground level at the beginning of August establishing now.

--.

6 11111111",m1 1I.ou.

We are also concerned about the low Acknowledgments

protein values in Ubon paspalum ( Table 11). W .he WIS to gratefully acknowledge the

We believe that because our soils do not hold f " .undmg receIved from the ThaIland Research

nutrients and that we are not fertilizing our tri -., Fund supportmg our research and the coopera-als frequently enough~ A trial is under way

tion of the Animal Nutrition Division, Depart-studying the effect of rates of nitrogen and .

. fr .ment of LIvestock Development, for allowingcuttmg equency on protem content and dry

..us to work on their research stations.matter production m Ubon paspalum. We are

also studying the effects of oversowing highprotein annual legumes into Ubon paspalum References

so that protein values of the sward increases. Barcellos, A.O., Pizarro, E.A. and Costa,

We also need to study more about how N.L.1997. Agronomic evaluation of novel

to manage Ubon paspalum for long term germplasm under grazing: Arachis pintoi

production, nutritive value and persistence on BRA-031143 and Paspalum atratum BRA-

village dairy farms. 009610.

Proceedings XVll International Grassland

Summary Congress Vol. 2:22-47-48.

Ubon paspalum has proven to be an Ibrahim, Lanting, E.,Khemsawat,C., Wong,

execllent grass for low fertility soils which C.C.,Guodao,L.,Phimphachanhvongsod,become waterlogged during the wet season. It V.,Binh, L.H.and Horne, P.M. 1997.

also produces good dry season production on Forage grasses and Legumes with broad

low lying sites if it is fertilized well. We have adaptation for Southeast Asia. Proceedings

found that Ubon paspalum is easy to establish XVll International Grassland Congress Vol.

from seed, seedlings, or freshly cut tillers. Ubon 1: 1-51-52.

paspalum sets a lot of seed towards the end of Kalmbacher, R.S., Martin,.F.G. and Kretschner,

the wet season and is fairly easy to harvest. A.E. Jr. 1997. Performance of cattle

Also the quality of the seed is high. grazing pastures based on Paspalum

The results presented in this paper are atratum cv. Suerte. Tropical Grasslands

preliminary data from a range of trials looking 31:58-66.

at forage production on waterlogged soils. To Kretschmer, A.E. Jr, Kalmbacher, R.S and

date our results indicate that Ubon paspalum Wilson T.C. 1994. Preliminary evaluation

could become an important forage for season- of Paspalum atratum Swallen

ally waterlogged and seasonally dry soils in (atra paspalum). : A high quality, seed

Northeast Thailand and hopefully other parts producing perennial forage grass for

of Thailand with similar sites as well. Florida. Soil and Crop

,c

,.~ u ~ uuf1 1 I!UUf1 1 nU/Jl/JU 2540 7

Science Society of Florida Proceedings, : a four part review. NERAD Northeast

53:22-25. Reginonal Office of Agriculture,

Mitsuchi, M., Wichaidii, P. and Jeungnijnirund, Khon Kaen. 17pp.

S. 1986. Outline of soils of the Northeast Sh I H M G 'd RC Wil 'Ne ton, .., uWen ge, ., alpon,.,

Plateau, Thailand: Their characteristics and, Wickham, B., Kratzing, D.C. and Waring,and constraints. Agncultural Development

R h C tr . N rth t Kh K S.A. 1979. Nutrient studies on pasture soils

esearc en e 10 0 eas, on aen.

Ragland, J. and Boonpukdee, L. 1986. of Northeastern Thailand. Thai Journal of

Fertilizer responses in Northeast Thailand Agricultural Science, 12:235-247.

Table 1 Chemical data of Roi-et soil at Ubon Ratchathani University

TotalpH N P OM Ca Mg Na K CEC

(mel(0/0) (ppm) (0/0) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 100g)

4.73 0.03 3.57 0.74 146 31 13 25 2.26

Table 2 Plant numbers per m2, weeks after sowing at 4 kg seed/ha at Ubon Ratchathani University

in 1995

Species Plant 801m2

Ruzi grass 19.5

Koronivia grass 7.0

Signal grass 23.2

Splenda setaria 14.7

Solander setaria 8.5

Bermuda grass 37.7

Bambasti grass 18.8

Purple pigeon grass 2.7

Fine-cut Rhodes grass 30.0

Raki paspalum 26.0

Ubon paspalum 34.5

Jarra digit 11.2

LSD (P<o.os) 20.1

.I

8 11~In~i"lm~ lJ.ou.

Table 3 Pl1int numbers per m2 in June 1997, 6 weeks after sowing at 18 kg seed/ha at four sites

in Northeast Thailand

UbonSpecies Warin Det Udom Mukdahan

University

Ubon109a 30C 346bc l~ob

paspalum

Plicatulum 98ab 126a 587a 245a

Ruzi grass 52cde 83abc, 112de -5.9cd iiSignal grass 22e 16C 2Se 17d '

Splenda' ".89abc 115abc 455~b Illbc

setana

Jarra digit 69bcd 67abc 219cd 41cd

Purple pigeon 42de 46bc 169de 6d

Table 4 Dry matter yield of grass at Ubon Ratchathani University

Dry weight (kg/ha)

~-- Season Wet Dry Wet DryGrass species YearY~ 1995 1995/96 1996 1996/97

Ruzi grass 2536 2596 16635 3731

Koronivia grass cv. Tully 227 1115 12588 4618

Signal grass cv. Basilisk 1720 2732 17.274 6006

Splenda setaria 1677 2257 16682 5437

Solander setaria 303 1609 1559 4739

Bambatsimakarikari grass 91 540 303 -

Fine-cut Rhodes grass 321 447 623 -

Raki paspalum 318 739 9304 4108

Ubon paspalum 1936 3138 22667 4234

Jarra digit grass 358 1160 15118 4793

LSD (P<O.O5) 1136 1028 4193 ns

".. u.. ulIYI 1 IIUUYI 1 n\lllll1\1 2540 9

Table 5 Dry matter production (kg/ha) from grass and grass/Llanos macro swards in the fIrst

wet season of establishment and the first dry season following establishment at Ubon

University (UBU) and Yasothon forage station (YFS)

UBU

Wet* Dry**

G .Grass Grass + Difference Grass Grass + Differencerass speCIes

only Llanos ce only Llanos cemacro macro

Ubon paspalum 43 08 a't>-- 7851a * 6616a 7196a ns

Ruzi grass 7569a 8958a ns 5696a 6241a nsPlicatulum 2265b 6131a * 3814a 5901a ns

Signal grass 7396a 8874a ns 6754a 6941a nsSplenda setaria 5810ab 8913a ns 4014a 6811a fiS

~ean 5470 8145 ** 5379 6618 ns

Wet* Dry**

Gr .Grass Grass + Difference Grass Grass + Difference

ass speCIes

only llanos ce only llanos cemacro macro

Ubon paspalum 4730ab 5591b ns 6303a 4858a nsRuzi grass 3164b 6468ab * 3764a 4846a nsPlicatulum 2851b 7902ab ** 4696a 5702a ns

Signal grass 5302ab 5687b ns 5248a 5522a nsSplenda setaria 5302ab 9398a ns 6048a 7082a ns

~ean 4664 7005 ** 5212 5602 ns

In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 596 levelby Duncans ~ultiple Range Test. .* Wet seas()n cuts September 3, November 4 1996** Dry season cuts 27 January, 24 April 1997

-I

10 11111111Y1m1 1J.tJu.

Table 6 Dty matter production (kg/ha) from Llanos macro and grasses in pure and mixed swardsin the the first wet season of establishment and the first dry season at Ubon University

Wet*

Ubon. Splenda Signal LSDNo grass Phcatulum

paspalum setaria grass (P<O.O5)

Llanos5486 4158 2910 3229 4020 1710

macro

Cirass -3484 2245 5028 5337 1816

Total 5486 7642 5155 8247 9357 1912

Dry*, Ubon \ Splenda Signal LSD

No grass Plicatulumpaspalum setaria grass (P<O.O5)

Llanos 2144 951 317 929 297 670

macro

Cirass -5837 5178 6676 10320 2884

Total 2144 6788 5495 7605 10617 2394* Wet season cuts 28 August, 28 October 1996** Dry season cuts 4 February, 28 April 1997

Table 7 Dry matter production (kg/ha) from Ubon paspalum and legume swards in the first wetseason of establishment and the first dry season at Ubon University

Wet*

Llanos Lee joint Llanos+Lee+ LSDNo legume Cavalcade

macro vetch Cavalcade (P<O.O5)

Ubon7680 4312 4173 5725 3509 2548

paspalumLegurne -4644 4211 3747 5956 ns

Total 7680 8956 8384 9472 9465 ns 1

Dry*

Llanos Lee joint Llanos+Lee+ LSDNo legume Cavalcade

macro vetch Cavalcade (P<O.O5)

Ubon11942 7912 11599 11830 8802 2962

paspalurn

Legurne -1485 3405 711 1046 1457

Total 11942 9397 15004 12541 9848 3517

* Wet season cuts 28 August, 28 October 1996 In** Dry season cuts 4 February, 28 April 1997 Dl

"./ ~./ -uYl 1 IIUUYI 1 nUtJltJU 2540 11

Table 8 Effect of waterlogging for 10 and 20 days on dry weight of grass

Dry weight (grams per pint)Control plants Control plants at Plants after 10

Species before water end of water days water

applied logging period loggingUbon paspalum 7.1 a 14.3 b 12.3 b

JIi-Gane paspalum 7.5 a 21.7 c 13.8 b

Splenda setaria 8.2 a 12.0 b 14.4 c

Ruzi grass 8.9 c 20.5 a 15.9 b

Signal grass 11.0 b 28.2 a 16.2 b

Jarra digit 17.6 b 25.6 a 24.7 a

Plicatulum 11.2 b 21.3 a 23.5 a

In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level byDuncans Multiple Range Test.

Table 9 Effect of closing date on seed yield and seed yield components of Ubon paspalum

Closing Seed yield TSW Infloresced Receme/ Spikelet/date (kg/ha) (g) ce/m2 inflorescence racemeMay 65.6 2.638 26.7 8..3 148.8June 88.8 2.834 23.6 8.1 76.8July 43.4 2.993 21.6 6.6 64.0

August 13.8 2.396 15.6 5.1 57.3Sept. 0 0 0 0 0LSD

(p<0.05) 48.0 1.134 9.1 2.6 33.2

Table 10 Effect of different seed harvesting methods on seed yields and thousand seed weight(TSW) of Ubon pasapalum

Harvesting method Seed yield (kg/ha) TSW (g)

Knocking 230 a 4.064 a

Cut and thresh 140 b 3.427 b

Cut, sweat 2 days, thresh 119 b 3.387 b

.Cut, sweat 4 days, thresh 131 b 3.397 b-

In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level byDuncans Multiple Range Test.

12 1111n11Ylm1 lJ.fJU.

Table 11 Crude protein ,& of different seed harvesting methods on seed yields and thousand seeweight (TSW) of Ubon paspalum

Crude protein %Grass species UBU UFS

Date (day/mqnth) 11/6 13./8 16/10 23/12 11/6 13/8 16/10 23/12

Ftuzi grass 6.4 3.2 4.6 3.4 7.3 6.0 7.8 4.9

Koronivia grass cv. Tully 5.2 3.6 5.3 4.2 8.9 7.1 9.7 4.8

Signal grasscv. Basilisk 4.5 3.6 4.9 4.1 7.9 6.5 8.1 5.1Splenda setaria 5.6 2.5 6.2 4.5 9.1 4.8 8.8 5.2

Solander setaria 7.4 3.7 5.9 4.8 7.9 6.6 7.9 6.0

Bermuda grass 8.7 ---10.9 8.8 10.2 6.7Bambatsi makarikari grass 5.4 ---10.8 6.2 8.1 -

Purple pigeon grass 8.1 ---

Fine-cut Fthodes grass 5.0 ---8.8 5.1 8.9 3.4

Ftaki paspalum 7.4 3.9 8.2 5.4 9.4 6.6 10.6 5.0

Ubon paspalum 4.3 3.0 5.0 3.8 ---4.3

Paspalum plicatulum ---5.2 7.6 5.3 6.6 4.0Jarra digit grass 6.9 2.~- 5.9 3.6 6.7 5.1 8.5 5.3

Table 12 Dry matter production of grass species in June 1997,47 days after cutting, in the evaluationtrial at Ubon University (Trial 1) and trials at Ubon University and Yasothon (Trial 2)

Trial 1 (Third Year) Trial 2 (Second year)Grass

.DM (kg/ha) Grass species Yasothon UbonspeciesJarra digit 5437a Ubon paspalum 6162a 7442aSplenda 4489ab Signal 4539ab 4880ab

setariaUbon 3732abc Ftuzi 3568b. 5401ab i

paspalum I

Ftuzi 3092bc Splenda setaria 3570b 3071b 1Plicatulum 3025bc Plicatulum 3654b 3832bKoronivia 2819bcSignal 2509c 1

Solander 2344Csetaria IiFtaki 2004c I~

paspalum ~In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 50/0 level by "b'

Du~cans Mulitiple Ftange Test. Ii