ucd lecture 4

7/30/2019 UCD Lecture 4

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User-Centred Design:

Design Principles(lecture-4)

Prof. Dr. Matthias Rauterberg

Faculty Industrial DesignTechnical University of Eindhoven

[email protected]


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M. Rauterberg, TU/e 2

The first most important invariant

horizon

the horizon is always

lighter than the ground ground

the ground is always

darker than the horizon


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The second most important invariant

The Top

All good, strong and

important things are atthe top (e.g., God in

heaven, the king, the

boss, etc.).

The Bottom All small, weak and

unimportant things are

at the bottom line.


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Limits of the Working Memory

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0 3 6 9 12 15 18

remember rate

time interval until remember items (in se c)

working memory

remember time < 5 sec

about 5-9 chunks masking

interferences

long-term memory

no capacity limits


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Knowledge in the World and in the Head

Property Knowledge in the World Knowledge in the Head

Retrievability: Retrievability whenever

visible or audible or tangible.

Not readily retrievable.

Requires memory search or

reminding.

Learning: Learning not required.Interpretation substitutes for

learning.

Requires learning, which canbe considerable.

Efficienc of use: Tends to be slowed up by the

need to find and interpret the

external information.

Can be very efficient.

Ease of use at

first encounter:

High. Low.

Aesthetics: Can be unaesthetic and

inelegant, especially if there

is a need to maintain a lot of

information.

Nothing need be perceivable,

which gives more freedom to

the designer and can lead to

better aesthetics.


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M. Rauterberg, TU/e

6

The Difference between Internal and External Memory

the mental model of the user about the external world is always

incomplete

all necessary information which is not in the internal memory must be

provided by the environment (the external memory)


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M. Rauterberg, TU/e

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The Concept of Natural Mappings

Definition [see Norman, D., 1988, p. 75ff]: A design solution based on a natural mappings reduces the

need for additional explanatory information in memory! Natural mappings guarantee a minimum number of

cognitive transformation steps.

If a design depends upon labels, it may be faulty. Labels

are important and often necessary, but the appropriate useof natural mappings can minimize the need for them.

Wherever labels seem necessary, consider another design!


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Design of Light Switch Panels (1)

Problem:

no direct mapping between

switches and corresponding

lamps


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Design of Light Switch Panels (2)


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Corrective Design (1)

Problem: sliding door can

damage the open

petrol flap


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Corrective Design (2)

Solution:

extra bar to

lock the

sliding door


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Design of Door Handles


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Design of Shower Faucets

Natural mapping:

hot water left side

or RED

cold water right sideor BLUE

Un-natural mapping:

something else(see figure)


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Natural Mapping (1)


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Natural Mapping (2)


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Double Design

Water-tap with

normal screw caps

plus

infrared sensor for

automatic opening


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physical operation

feedbackcontrol ofaction

goal-, subgoal-setting

mental operation

task(s)

planning of execution

selection of means

the complete action cycle

synchronisation in time

synchronisationin space


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The most important design principle

Perception Space The physical space where

the users attention is.

Action Space The physical space where

the user acts in.

Design Principle: perception space and action

space must coincide!


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Design of Stove Controls (1)


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Design of Stove Controls (2)


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Interactive Directness: the desktop example

Pull down menus

Pull down menus

Toolbar


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action space

perception space


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Head-up Displays in Cars

More information and less

distraction

Information on the state of the road,

on the speed of the vehicle in front

(supplied by the intelligent cruise

control), on obstacles lying around thenext bend in the road identified by the

remote detection system, or direction

arrows sent by the driver guidance

system... drivers will be receiving

more and more information from

"intelligent" vehicle systems.

Although the information is intended

to enhance safe driving, there is a

danger that an abundance of

information may produce the opposite

effect if driver glance-away time has

to increase in order to apprehend the

data.


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Electronic Performance Support System Food processing plant worker

with a first-generation

prototype wearable computer.

Possible applications includesupport for quality control data

collection or assistance with

environmental auditing.

This system gives its users the

information the users need toperform a task as they actually

perform the task.


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Airline Applications

This remarkable ultra-lightweight

computer, worn as a belt, delivers

maximum information to users with a

minimum of work.

Designed for individuals who demand

mobility, this computer offers voice

control and heads up display for

complete, hands-free operation.

Users can enter or retrieve information

while going about their jobs, instead ofconstantly returning to the shop area to

check a stationary computer, or stopping

work to punch keys.


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Interlacing display and manipulation spaces

Exercise-4:

Design a user interface for a computer system

with some of the following components: input devices: joystick, graphic tablet with pen,

keyboard, mouse, video camera, touch screen

ouput devices: monitor, video projector

other components: semitransparent mirrors


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Two design principles for natural user

interfaces (NUIs):

No technical equipment inside to

body space of the user!

2. design principle

Perception space and action

space must coincide!

1. design principle


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The Virtual Workbench

The KOSIMA projectat the TU Aachen


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virtualplayer

real chipvirtual chips

overheadprojector

videocamera

NEW button

NUI (1): The Digital Playing Desk


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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

CellMe

anfortimeofuser(s)

Cell Line Chart for "playing time"

Grouping Variable(s): Interface type

Error Bars: 1 Standard Deviation(s)

CI MI TI DPDP


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Digital Playing Desk: winning chance per dialog techniqu

computer win

remis

user win Cell Line Chart for "winning chance"Grouping Variable(s): Interface type

Error Bars: 1 Standard Deviation(s)

CI MI TI DPDP


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Projection

Camera

Gesture Database

NUI (2): a team oriented planning tool


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NUI (2): The Build-It System


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Section of the

top-view projectionthe machine depot

Picking the objectout of the depot

Moving the objectinto the plant

Build-It System: the interaction handler


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BUILD-IT: an integrative design tool

design team with

different domain

knowledge

unconstrained

social interaction

integration of

form and content

intuitive

interaction style


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Actual research goals...

hand-written input

speech input

two-handed interaction

new methods and concepts

for integrative design

ucd lecture 4

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