General Biology 1—Exam 2 Review ANSWER KEY

Part 2:1. Which of the following is paired correctly?a. eukaryotes and archaeab. prokaryotes and membrane bound organellesc. prokaryotes and bacteriad. eukaryotes and unbound DNA

2. Which of the following is false about phospholipids?a. They are found in cell membranesb. they contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphorous.c. They only have polar regionsd. They are a type of polypeptide polymer

3. Hydrolysis results in:a. smaller moleculesb. larger moleculesc. increase monomersd. increase in polymerse. a and cf. b and d

4. Which is true about amphipathic structures?a. it contains polar groupsb. it is very largec. it contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic regionsd. it is found in all life formse. it can act as an acid

5. All cells are enclosed by a __cell (or plasma) membrane___.

6. The head groups of phospholipids molecules are said to be __polar (or hydrophilic)__ because they readily associate with water. On the other hand, the __nonpolar (or hydrophobic)__ ends turn away from water and associate with each other.

7. List three things that affect the permeability of the cell membrane:Polarity/ charge, size, shape

8. What are the two forms of carrier mediated transport?Active Transport and Facilitated Diffusion

9. The energy for diffusion is provided by a __concentration gradient___.

Use the following scenario to answer questions 10 to 13. Red blood cells are placed in 3 different beakers containing the following solutions:

Beaker A: distilled waterBeaker B: isotonic solutionBeaker C: 5% salt solution

10. What happens to cells in beaker A?a. shriveled (or crenate)b. swell (or lyse)c. are unaffected

11. What happens to the cells in Beaker B?a. water leaves the cellsb. salt enters the cellsc. they are unaffectedd. water enters the cellse. salt leaves the cells

12. The cells in Beaker C are considered?a. hypertonicb. hypotonicc. isotonic

13. Which of the following is NOT true about active transport?a. it moves molecules against a gradientb. it does not require transport proteinsc. it requires use of ATPd. it moves substances both into and out of cells

14. Diffusion rate depends on which of the following?a. the flow of waterb. concentration gradientc. energy from the celld. the plasma membrane

15. Which is not a type of endocytosis?a. vesicle secretion (=exocytosis)b. pinocytosisc. phagocytosisd. receptor- mediatede. autophagy

16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ___ribosomes__ that are involved in protein synthesis.

17. __Lysosomes__ are small sacs containing digestive enzymes that can break down complex molecules, foreign substances, and “dead” organelles.

18. Cell membrane functions include all of the following except:a. energy transductionb. selective permeabilityc. isolation of different chemical reactionsd. sorting genetic materiale. concentration of reactants

19. The part(s) of a mitochondrion that are rich in enzymes is/ are the:a. cristaeb. outer membranec. matrixd. intermembrane spacee. inner membranef. a and dg. b, c, and dh. a, c, and e

20. The nucleus functions include all of the following except:a. replication of DNAb. selective permeabilityc. production of ribosomes (=Nucleolus)d. synthesis of mRNAe. location of chromatin

21. A patient comes in complaining of being lethargic (tires quickly), where might there be an issue within their cells?a. smooth ERb. nucleusc. golgi apparatusd. chloroplastse. mitochondriaf. ribosomes

22. A disorder of malfunctioning lysosomes is called ___Tay Sachs___.

23. Chemical reactions may release or absorb heat energy. ___Exergonic___ reactions release energy; ___Endergonic___ reactions absorbs energy.

24. Phosphate bonds in ATP are broken by the process known as __hyrdrolysis__.

25. Which of the following does not function for motility?a. microtubulesb. flagellac. intermediate filamentsd. cilia

26. Which type of junction is incorrectly matched to it function?a. tight junctions- holds plasma membranes togetherb. desmosomes- holds plant cells togetherc. gap junctions- channel between cellsd. plasmodesmata- channel between cells

27. What is true regarding enzymes?a. They are nonspecificb. They can change the delta G of a reactionc. They can lower the energy of activation of a reactiond. They can be depletede. They slow down the reaction

28. __Noncompetitive__ inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site.

29. Enzyme activity may be affected bya. cofactorsb. temperaturec. pHd. substrate concentratione. genesf. all of the above

30. __Catabolism__ is the exergonic aspect of metabolism involving breakdown of complex molecules.

31. Most cells that live environments where oxygen is plentiful use the catabolic process called __(Aerobic) Cellular Respiration__ to extract free energy from nutrients.

32. What is the primary food molecule used to produce energy? Glucose

33. Circle the descriptions that are correct if delta G is negative?a. energy is being: released absorbedb. molecules are being: built brokenc. the reaction is: endergonic exergonicd. the reaction is: spontaneous not spontaneouse. the process is: catabolic anabolic

34. Which is a place where ATP is not used for energy?a. mechanical workb. chemical reactionsc. transportationd. None, ATP is used for all of the above

35. Transporters are generally made from:a. Lipidsb. vacuolesc. carbohydratesd. integral proteinse. peripheral proteins

36. Proteins apart of the cell membrane can function as: a. cell junctionsb. enzymesc. receptorsd. None of the abovee. All of the above

37. Diffusion occurs:a. against a gradientb. with the gradientc. from low to high concentrationd. from high to low concentration

38. What is not required for facilitated diffusion?a. proteinsb. ATPc. a gradient

39. Which is an example of passive facilitated diffusion from aerobic respiration?a. glycolysisb. reaction of pyruvate to acetyl CoAc. the citric acid cycled. ATP synthasee. ETC

40. What is not a factor that would result in a faster diffusion?a. larger concentration gradientb. increase in temperaturec. increased in pressured. transportation of larger molecules

41. Which of the following correctly describes the sodium potassium pump?a. 3 sodium ions and 2 potassium ions are pumped out of the cell using energyb. 2 sodium ions and 3 potassium ions are pumped into the cell without using energyc. 2 sodium ions are pumped in and 3 potassium ions are pumped out of the cell using energyd. 3 sodium ions are pumped out and 2 potassium ions are pumped into the cell without energye. 3 sodium ions are pumped out and 2 potassium ions are pumped into the cell using energy

42. What is an electrogenic pump?a. a transport of ATPb. a pump along a membranec. a pump that moves ion and generates a voltaged. an active transporter

43. Acetyl CoA is produced from pyruvate and a. coenzyme Ab. vitamin Ac. Vitamin Cd. CO2

e. a and b

44. Where do we see an example of active transport in aerobic respiration?Protein complexes 1, 3, and 4 of the ETC (These are also uniports)

45. Where does cell respiration store energy?a. NADHb. FADH2

c. ATPd. a and be. All of the above

46. Which of the following reactions is correct?a. ATP ADP +P +energyb. ADP ATP + P + energyc. ATP + energy ADP +Pd. ADP + energy ATP + P

47. What is the final electron acceptor?

a. waterb. oxygenc. carbon dioxided. glucose

48. The electron transport chain is made from protein complexes in the ____inner mitochondrial membrane (=cristae)____.

49. Which of the following is paired correctly?a. glycolysis uses substrate level phosphorylationb. citric acid cycle uses oxidative phosphorylationc. ETC uses substrate level phosphorylationd. ETC uses chemiosmosis

50. For the following where do they effect the ETC?i. Rotenone: blocks protein complex 1 blocks flow of H+

ii. Cyanide: blocks cytochrome a3 blocks oxygen

iii. carbon monoxide: same as cyanide (just slower)

iv. oligomycin: blocks ATP synthase stops production of ATP (low energy)

v. DNP: causes cristae to leak/ increases permeability of membrane destroys concentration gradient (ATP synthase will shortly run backwards, which uses energy and causes person to heat up)

51. Draw and label major components of the ETC

** A good way to remember FAD+/H presence is by the #2. It is present in the 2nd step (Kreb’s), is used by the 2nd protein complex in ETC, and is becomes FADH2.**Remember that the ETC is for ELECTRON transport chain, the electrons flow along the chain of special proteins (cytochromes) in the membrane, which is roughly traced by the yellow arrow.

52. Fill in the chart.Cycle Location What goes in Production

purposeTotal Products Process

Glycolysis Cytoplasm (or cytosol)

1 Glucose *

2 ATP2 NAD+

pyruvate 2 pyruvate2 ATP (net)2 NADH

Substrate level phosphorylation

Kreb’s Cycle(or Citric Acid Cycle or TCA)

Mitochondrial matrix

2 Acetyl CoA *6 NAD+2 FAD+

NADH, FADH2 CO2 (waste)6 NADH2 FADH22 ATP

(for every 2 Acetyl CoA)

Substrate level phosphorylation

Electron Transport Chain

Inner mitochondrial membrane

NADHFADH2

ATP 34 ATPWater (waste)

Oxidative phosphorylation

(cristae) **NAD+ and FAD+ recycled

**END TOTAL ATP= 38

**Exact numbers are usually used from the Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycles, the main important for ETC is what goes in and comes out and the amount of ATP from the ETC and ATP total.

**Pyruvate move from glycolysis in the cytosol through TOM and TIM to reach the matrix where the Kreb’s cycle will take place.**The process of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is called pyruvate oxidation, this must occur before the kreb’s cycle.

**Substrate level phosphorylation= movement of phosphate groups through chemical reactions**Oxidative phosphorylation (=chemiosmosis or chemiosmotic phosphorylation)= movement of phosphate through movement of electrons

53. If we have 5 molecules of glucose what products will be produced through the Citric Acid Cycle? How many turns of the Citric Acid cycle will occur?

CO2 (waste) x 5 glucose= CO2 (waste)6 NADH 30 NADH2 FADH2 10 FADH22 ATP 10 ATP

5 Glucose 10 Acetyl CoA 10 turns of the Kreb’s Cycle

**1 glucose to 2 pyruvates to 2 Acetyl CoAFor every 1 glucose there will be 2 turns through the Kreb’s Cycle or 1 turn for 1 Acetyl CoAFor 1 acetyl CoA, there would be half the total products listed

54. How much ATP will be produced from 3 molecules of glucose?38 ATP (per glucose) x 3 glucose = 114 ATP

55. If a cell is 70 % water and it is in a solution that is 30% salt, what will happen to the cell?

Cell Solution70% water 70% water30% Salt 30% salt

They are isotonic to each other, nothing will happen

56. If a cell is 75 % water and it is in a solution that is 25% water, what will happen to the cell?

Cell Solution75% water 25% water **The cell has the higher amount of water, meaning it

will flow out of the cell into the solution. The cell will shrink or crenate

25% Salt 75% salt ** The solution has a higher amount of salt, so it is hypertonic. The cell has a lower amount of salt, so it is a hypotonic

57. Label the following cell membrane.

1- carbohydrate (usually to a protein or lipid that helps anchor it to the membrane)2- transmembrane/ integral protein= used as transport protein (primary function)3- glycoprotein= can function as a cell receptor and be used for cell recognition and signaling 4- peripheral protein= can be used for cell recognition, support, enzyme activity and more5- glycoplipid= can function as a cell receptor and be used for cell recognition and signaling6- cytoskeleton= used for support/ structure7-cholesterol= used for stability

58. Label the following cell.

Answers from 1 and move arrows counter clockwise.1. Nuclear envelope ( a permeable membrane)2. Nucleolus =creates ribosomes (found in the nucleus)3. Nucleus= stores and synthesizes DNA (mRNA and chromatin)4. Centrioles5. Microtubules (cytoskeleton)6. mitochondria = produces energy (ch9)7. Cell membrane (plasma membrane= lipid bilayer)8. cytoplasm (=cytosol)9. ribosome = synthesizes proteins10. rough ER = produces and stores proteins11. Golgi apparatus (UPS)= receives, sort and modify, package and ships (ships in vesicles ( think bulk transport)12. smooth ER= produces and stores lipids, also detoxes 13. Lysosome= uses digestive enzymes to break down substances (degradation)

**not listed peroxisomes= uses hydrogen peroxide to detox substances