umi dhrm(i) (eve) 2004 mis- notes by:ambrose ruyooka [email protected]

UMI UMI DHRM(I) (Eve) 2004DHRM(I) (Eve) 2004

MIS- NotesMIS- NotesBy:Ambrose RuyookaBy:Ambrose Ruyooka

[email protected]@uict.ac.ug

mailto:[email protected]

Lecture 6:Lecture 6:

MANAGINGMANAGING

HARDWARE ANDHARDWARE AND

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

ASSETSASSETSMost Slides from:Management Information Systems 8/e-Laudon and

Laudon,Prentice Hall 2004

What computer processing and storage capability does our What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business organization need to handle its information and business transactions?transactions?

What arrangement of computers and computer processing What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization?would best benefit our organization?

What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run our business? What criteria should we use to select our our business? What criteria should we use to select our software technology?software technology?

Of what new software technologies should we be Of what new software technologies should we be aware? How would they benefit our organization?aware? How would they benefit our organization?

How should we acquire and manage the firm’s How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets?hardware and software assets?

OBJECTIVES

The centralization versus decentralization The centralization versus decentralization debatedebate

The application backlogThe application backlog

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

Hardware Components of a Computer System

Figure 6-1


The Computer System

BitBit

Binary digitBinary digit

Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1

ByteByte

String of bits, usually eightString of bits, usually eight

Stores one number or character Stores one number or character


The CPU and Primary Storage

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Manipulates symbols, numbers, and lettersManipulates symbols, numbers, and letters

Controls other parts of the computer systemControls other parts of the computer system



Primary StoragePrimary Storage

Temporarily stores program instructionsTemporarily stores program instructions

Data being used by the instructionsData being used by the instructions



Figure 6-3


Primary Storage

StoresStores

Software program being executedSoftware program being executed

Operating system programs Operating system programs

Data being used by program Data being used by program


Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operationsoperations

Control Unit: Control Unit: coordinates and controls coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer systemthe other parts of the computer system

CPU


RAM: RAM: Directly accesses any randomly chosen Directly accesses any randomly chosen location in the same amount of timelocation in the same amount of time

ROM:ROM: Semiconductor memory chips with Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions, cannot be written toprogram instructions, cannot be written to

Primary Storage

Magnetic disk:Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Floppy disk, Hard disk

Optical disks:Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs CD-ROM, DVDs

Magnetic tape:Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary- Inexpensive, older secondary-storage mediumstorage medium

New storage alternatives:New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks (SANs)Storage Area Networks (SANs) Flash Disks(uses flash memory)Flash Disks(uses flash memory)


Secondary Storage Technology


A Storage Area Network (SAN)

Figure 6-5


Input and Output Devices

Integrates two or more types of media into Integrates two or more types of media into a computer-based applicationa computer-based application

Used in interactive Web pages with Used in interactive Web pages with graphics, sound, animation, videographics, sound, animation, video


Interactive Multimedia

Mainframes: Mainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing powerprocessing power

Midrange computers: Midrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframeand smaller than a mainframe

Server: Server: Provides software and other resources to Provides software and other resources to computers over a networkcomputers over a network

Minicomputers: Minicomputers: Middle-range computer, used in Middle-range computer, used in universities, factories, or research laboratoriesuniversities, factories, or research laboratories

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Classifying Computers

Personal Computer (PC): Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop or Small desktop or portable computerportable computer

Workstation: Workstation: Desktop computer with powerful Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilitiesgraphics and mathematical capabilities

Supercomputer:Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computationsperforms complex computations


Classifying Computers

Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing

• Distributed processing:Distributed processing: Distribution Distribution of processing work among multiple of processing work among multiple computerscomputers

• Centralized processing:Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central Accomplished by one large central computercomputer

• Client/server computing:Client/server computing: Splits Splits processing between “clients” and processing between “clients” and “servers” on network“servers” on network


Client/Server Computing


Figure 6-7

Types of Client/Server Computing


Figure 6-8

Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing

• Network computer (NC):Network computer (NC): Simplified Simplified desktop computer, does not store data desktop computer, does not store data permanentlypermanently

• Peer-to-peer computing:Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed Distributed processing that links computers through processing that links computers through Internet or private networks Internet or private networks


• Software program:Software program: Series of statements Series of statements or instructions to the computeror instructions to the computer

• System software:System software: Generalized Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesprograms, manages computer’s resources

• Application softwareApplication software: : Programs written Programs written to perform functions specified by end to perform functions specified by end usersusers

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

The Major Types of Software

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

The Major Types of Software

Figure 6-9

Operating systemOperating system

• System software System software

• Manages and controls computerManages and controls computer

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

System Software and PC Operating Systems

Functions of the operating systemFunctions of the operating system• Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resources

• Schedules use of computer resources Schedules use of computer resources

• Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activities

• Provides locations in primary memory for Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsdata and programs

• Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

System Software and PC Operating Systems

• Windows XPWindows XP

• Microsoft’s Windows 98 and MeMicrosoft’s Windows 98 and Me

• Windows 2000Windows 2000

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

PC Operating Systems

• Windows .NET serverWindows .NET server

• UNIXUNIX

• Linux: open-source softwareLinux: open-source software

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

PC Operating Systems

• Programming languages:Programming languages: evolved from evolved from machine language to high-level languages machine language to high-level languages for business and scientific workfor business and scientific work

• Important programming languages for Important programming languages for business today:business today: COBOL, C, C++, and COBOL, C, C++, and Visual BasicVisual Basic

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Application Software and Programming Languages

• Fourth-generation language:Fourth-generation language: Can help Can help end users develop software with little or end users develop software with little or no assistance from IS specialists no assistance from IS specialists

• Natural languages:Natural languages: Close to human Close to human languagelanguage

• Query languages:Query languages: Provide immediate Provide immediate on-line answers to requests on-line answers to requests

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Fourth-Generation Languages

• Programming language Programming language

• Delivers the software functionality needed Delivers the software functionality needed for a particular taskfor a particular task

• Runs on any computer and operating Runs on any computer and operating systemsystem

CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Java

• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documentspages and other hypermedia documents

• XML (eXtensible Markup Language):XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes the structure of a document, Describes the structure of a document, supports links to multiple documents, supports links to multiple documents, allowing data to be manipulated by the allowing data to be manipulated by the computercomputer

CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and XML

• PC software tools: PC software tools: Word Processing Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management Software, Presentation Management Software, Presentation GraphicsGraphics

• Other productivity software:Other productivity software: e-mail, e-mail, groupware, Web browsersgroupware, Web browsers

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Application Software Packages and Productivity Software

Figure 6-11

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Word Processing Software

• Capacity planning:Capacity planning: Process of Process of predicting the computing power predicting the computing power

• Scalability:Scalability: Ability of a computer, Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downwithout breaking down

MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS

Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic Commerce and Digital Firm

• Designates the total cost of owning Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcestechnology resources

• Includes initial purchase costs, cost of Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and maintenance, technical support, and trainingtraining


Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets

On-line storage service providersOn-line storage service providers• Third-party providers that rent out storage Third-party providers that rent out storage

space to subscribers over the Web space to subscribers over the Web • Allow customers to store and access dataAllow customers to store and access data

• Application service providers (ASPs)Application service providers (ASPs)• Provide software that can be rented by Provide software that can be rented by

other companies other companies


Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

Other types of service providersOther types of service providers• Management service providers and Management service providers and

business continuity service providersbusiness continuity service providers

Utility computing Utility computing • ““Pay as you go” model” where firms pay Pay as you go” model” where firms pay

only for the information technology only for the information technology resources they actually use during a resources they actually use during a specified periodspecified period


Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

This is Not the End!!!!!This is Not the End!!!!!

It’s the Beginning of the start!!!It’s the Beginning of the start!!!


umi dhrm(i) (eve) 2004 mis- notes by:ambrose ruyooka [email protected]

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