uml assignment group d - bmi 3
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Assignment in UML
Application of UML in understanding
National Health System in Sri Lanka
MSc – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch – Group 4
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine University of Colombo
Semester 1 December 2011
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 1
Title Page
Batch Co-ord./Lecturer: Dr.Roshan Hewapathirana OFFICE USE ONLY Assignment received:
Tutor/Lecturer: Ms. Anchala Ishani Kuruppu
Student Group: Group 4
Names of Students:
1. M. T. Galagangodage 2. S. P. C. Kantha 3. J. A. Y. R. Perera 4. R. M. M. I. Rajapaksha 5. S. D. P. S. Senanayake
Assignment Title: Assignment in UML: Application of UML in understanding National Health System in Sri Lanka
We declare that all material in this assignment are our own work except where there is clear acknowledgement or reference to the work of others and we have complied and agreed to the university statement on plagiarism and academic integrity Signed : 1. Date :
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UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 2
Content
Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Unified Modelling Language and Object Oriented Analysis 4
3. Introduction to National Health System 6
4. Why National Health System needs to reform 7
5. Using UML in understanding National Health System 9
6. An example from Sri Lankan Healthcare System 10
7. Use Case Diagrams 11
8. Class Diagrams 13
9. Activity Diagrams 15
10. Sequence Diagrams 17
11. Conclusion 20
12. References 21
13. Our Team 22
14. Acknowledgement 22
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 3
1. Introduction
Most of the existing traditional methods and customs of health care domain have been
upgraded with the modern information technology.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a software engineering approach that
models a system as a group of interacting objects. Each object represents some entity of
interest in the system being modelled, and is characterized by its class, its state (data
elements), and its behaviour. Various models can be created to show the static structure,
dynamic behaviour, and run-time deployment of these collaborating objects. There are a
number of different notations for representing these models, such as the Unified Modelling
Language (UML)i
Object-oriented analysis (OOA) is the process of analysing a task (also known as a problem
domain), to develop a conceptual model that can then be used to complete the task. ii Object
Oriented Analysis(OOA) by means of Unified Modelling Language(UML) can be utilized in
this context as a tool which can improve the existing methods and practices and built a
better system. OOA analyse a problem and define the requirements for an information
system as functional requirement and data requirement. These requirements can be
represented by UML.
The current Sri Lankan health care system is a typically slow traditional system which
brings most of its user dissatisfaction. This is a typical system where OOA and UML can be
deploying in problem analysis and designing tangible solutions. Keeping in mind of this we
have deployed the UML concepts to describe our local health care system to identify problems
and solutions for them.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 4
2. Unified Modelling Language and Object Oriented Analysis
Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modelling language
in the field of object-oriented software engineering.iii It is one of the most useful tools in
software development as it is a visual modelling language that enables system builders to
create blueprints that capture their visions in a standard, easy-to understand way, and
provides a mechanism to effectively share and communicate these visions with others.iv
UML is used for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the problem
domain.
It also models conceptual things such as business processes and system functions as well
as concrete things such as programming language statements, database schemas, and
reusable software components.
UML improves communication and understanding between the user and system analyst. It
provides better tools to document user requirements. It consists of a rich graphical notation,
and comprehensive set of diagrams and elements.
UML 2.0 defines thirteen types of diagrams and they are categorized in to three main
groups.v Categorization of thirteen UML diagrams is as follows.
1. Structure Diagrams:
Class Diagram
Object Diagram
Component Diagram
Composite Structure Diagram
Package Diagram
Deployment Diagram.
2. Behaviour Diagrams:
Use Case Diagram
Activity Diagram
State Machine (State Chart) Diagram
3. Interaction Diagrams:
Sequence Diagram
Communication Diagram
Timing Diagram
Interaction Overview Diagram.
Among above Class Diagram, Use Case diagram, Activity Diagram and Sequence Diagram
are more frequently used.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 5
Like in any other information system, development life cycle of a health information
system can be divided in to four main stages. They are,
1. Analysis Phase
2. Design Phase
3. Implementation Phase
4. Evaluation Phase
Analysis phase is the key to success of an information system. Gathering of user
requirements and functional requirements of the system will be identified in this phase.
Depending on gathered information, analyst provides direction for information system
development and it determines whether the information system will be appropriate to user’s
requirements. Improvement of productivity by using an information system greatly depends
on proper understanding and fulfilment of user requirements at the analysis phase.
Misunderstood or poorly prioritized user requirement are among the top causes of project
failure, budget overruns and user dissatisfaction.vi
Model driven analysis of information systems uses graphical notation to document current
or proposed systems. Model driven analysis consists of three main strategies. They are,
1. Structured Analysis
2. Information Engineering
3. Object Oriented Analysis
Object oriented analysis in a new advancement of model driven analytic techniques. In
object oriented analysis, software system is considered as a collection of objects, each of
which is the instance of a class within s hierarchy of classes.vii For this more than sixty object
oriented methods have been described and UML is the most accepted and widely used object
oriented method.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 6
3. Introduction to National Health System
Health care is defined as multitude of services provided to individuals, families and
communities by agents of health services or professions for the purpose of promoting
maintaining, monitoring or restoring health.viii
Such services might be staffed, organized, administered and financed in every imaginable
way. But they all have one thing in common; people are being “served”, that is diagnosed,
helped, cured, educated and rehabilitated by health personnel.
For many decades the health services of Sri Lanka has developed more or less as two
distinct and parallel components; the curative (or medical) services and the preventive (or
public health) services with varying degree of integration at different levels.ix
According to this health care is provided through;
a. A network of medical institutions providing various levels of health services.
b. A network of health units (MOH areas, now corresponding to divisional secretariat
areas) providing public health services covering the entire extend of the island.
The overall objective of patient medical care services is to either cure the patient or
ameliorate the illness to an extent which would enable the patient to continue treatment at
home. In Sri-Lanka patient care services are deliver through three levels of institution namely;
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary care institutions
Public health care units are designed to provide preventive and rehabilitation services
which include;
Maternal and child care services
School health services
Prevention of communicable and non- communicable disease
Epidemiological surveillance
Environmental and occupational health services
Health education etc.
Information provides from these two components help for the basis of decision making in
the managerial process for health development in Sri Lanka.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 7
4. Why National Health System needs to Reform
In Sri Lanka, both preventive and curative health systems existing information system is
mainly paper based. Each of the above health services i.e. in-patient, out-patient and fields
have their own data recording forms. Each patient contact is given a separate number. There is
no unique patient number linking different episodes. For example a patient will have different
in-patient record numbers for each disease conditions and as well as each admission. Paper
based records are stored for a maximum of 5 years. The data entered is not structured and can
vary depending on the clinician recording details.x
Identification of previous episodes or diseases is difficult as there is no unique number
linking different health events in a particular patient. Identification of past records is done
manually based on contact dates. When patients are discharged from the in-patient unit a
diagnosis card with a brief summary of the hospital admission is given to the patient. Many
patients in fields (e.g. Chicken pox, Mums, etc.), have no such card except they admitted to the
word.
It is difficult to identify such patients with the paper based recording system. Although
much clinical detail is recorded in the paper records, conducting research is difficult as the
records have to be manually reviewed to elicit data. Similarly statistics regarding service
provision is difficult to generate. Due to limitation of storage space records are maintained
only for a period of 5 years leading to loss of valuable data.
Health information technology provides the umbrella framework to describe the
comprehensive management of health information and its secure exchange between
consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers.
While implementing Health Information Technology; the healthcare system of the country
should consider the model to achieve better acceptability and sustainability of the system. The
managers and policy maker should formulate the important policies, allocate adequate
resource and design processes where the end user down the line can get maximum benefit
from the system.
There are many health related issue arises due to the lack of health information support
and prompt reporting in the existing National health system.
1. Problems in providing critical supply continuously due to lack of accurate and timely
stock inventory reports.
2. Inadequate detection and control of communicable diseases due to failure of receive
reports of notifiable communicable diseases from Govt. sector and private sector.
3. Inadequate planning and scheduling of critical activities and services due to certain
facility types or service levels not regularly submitting routine operation plans and
monitoring reports.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 8
4. Due to patient and clinic records fail to identify high-risk patients, families and
communities, inadequate attention is given to finding and serving high risk and
underserved populations in the island.
5. Lack of up-to-date population data which identifies less advantaged population groups.
Hence inadequate health protection and service provided to poor populations.
6. Staff at facility and district level does not maintain records and present data in a
manner which enable monitoring of coverage and quality of their services.
Healthcare system of the country should look forward in implementing this business
process with the technology in providing quality healthcare to the individual and the
community but before that it is required to understand the health information technology, its
application, reason to use and its impact.
The ultimate aim of health information technology in healthcare is to provide optimal
information support to the healthcare professionals, managers and policy makers for quality
decision making, care and treatment. The health information technology provides highly
secure, economical, easy to use, always available, point of care application.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 9
5. Using UML in understanding National Health System
The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is one of the most exciting and useful tools in the
world of system development.
Communicating the vision is of utmost importance. Before the advent of the UML, system
development was often a hit-or-miss proposition. System analysts would try to assess the
needs of their clients, generate a requirements analysis in some notation that the analyst
understood (but not always the client), give that analysis to a programmer or team of
programmers, and hope that the final product was the system the client wanted.xi
The UML consists of a number of graphical elements that combine to form diagrams.
Because the UML is a language, it has rules for combining these elements.
The existing National Health system can be developed in business process modelling using
UML and can be achieve the following privileges.
Improving program efficiency by collecting, processing and analysing a large amount of
data quickly. As the manual systems are by nature paper-heavy, managers are often
buried under the mountain of data result in which they are unable to navigate the
information for quality decision making.
Producing a wide variety of output and feedback reports targeted for many level of the
health system from a single data set or by combining data sets.
Reducing the duplication of work where the data can be entered once and will be
available to at any point of to the care providers, mangers and policymakers.
Automatic validation helps the care providers to improving the quality of data
collection through automatic validation during data entry and automatic preparation of
immediate feedback reports on error for individual health facilities.
Improving analysis and information presentation to facilities data interpretation and
use for decision making.
Managing the data for monitoring the attainment of health program targets and
objectives.
Developing decision support tools for planning increased service coverage and logistics
(e.g. target cost from future group)
Helping the primary health centres, district and national health team in healthcare
resource determinations.
All the above represent the reason to use business process model to health care setup and
as well as required to understand the types of application at each level of healthcare setting
for various clinical and administrative activities.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 10
6. An example from Sri Lankan Healthcare System
Our example is a Medical Clinic running in a tertiary care hospital. This clinic is held at clinic
complex at outpatient department. It serves its services to the patients with medical
problems.
It feeds the patients from,
Referred from the outpatient department
Referred by other consultants in same Hospital
Referred by consultants from some other secondary care hospitals/primary care
Hospitals
Inward patients who discharged and ask to attend to the clinic
Direct referral by the physician
This clinic composed with,
Doctors
Physician
Senior Registrar
Registrars
Senior house officers
House officers
Nurses
Nursing sister
Nurses
Medical Laboratory Technician
Dispenser
Once patient comes to the clinic, he is given the token first come first serve methodology
.Two types of tokens are given.
a. Red-first comers
b. blue-second and follow up patients
According to the token number patient is registered by the receptionist nurse. Then he/she
is directed to the next vacant doctor.
Red numbers to the House Officers
Blue numbers to the one of senior house officers.
Red numbers then seen by the one of the registrars and directed to the physician. Problematic
blue numbers are also seen by the registrar/ senior register. Once who need the
investigations, supply the request forms and directed to the relevant department. The drugs
prescribed to the patient, is issued by the Pharmacy.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 11
7. Use Case Diagrams
An important part of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) is the facilities for drawing use case diagrams. Use cases are used during the analysis phase of a project to identify and partition system functionality. They separate the system into actors and use cases.
Actors represent roles that can are played by users of the system. Those users can be humans, other computers, pieces of hardware, or even other software systems. The only criterion is that they must be external to the part of the system being partitioned into use cases. They must supply stimuli to that part of the system, and the must receive outputs from it.
Use cases describe the behaviour of the system when one of these actors sends one
particular stimulus. This behaviour is described textually. It describes the nature of the stimulus that triggers the use case; the inputs from and outputs to other actors, and the behaviours that convert the inputs to the outputs. The text of the use case also usually describes everything that can go wrong during the course of the specified behaviour, and what remedial action the system will take. (1).
Regarding our local health care system of Sri Lanka most of its users are unaware about the exact servicers provided by the system and unsatisfied as their requirements are not fulfilled by it. Use cases can be utilized effectively to identify the main actors of the system and their requirements and how a proper system should be built and functioning. So we can deploy use case diagrams as an initiative of improvement in our local health care system. The example we took the medical clinic has main actors namely patient, doctor, clerk, dispenser and technician. Fig-1 show the use case diagram of our system and depict all the actors and possible use case scenarios.
Table1: Use case - Course of Events
Use case name Register in the Clinic
Actors Patient, Clerk
Description This use case describes the procedure of registering a patient in the medical clinic by a clerk
Typical course of events The Register in the Clinic use case begins when a patient comes to the medical clinic for the first time and registration process is carried out by a clerk. The patient comes with the referral form and the clerk checks it and assigns a number generated by register order.
Alternative courses None
Preconditions The patient should have a valid request for clinic registration
Postconditions Every registered patient should be having a Clinic number
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 12
As use case should be described in fully by means of documentation of the actor, the typical and alternative course of events, pre and post conditions, we considered “Register in the Clinic” use case as an example and Table-1 represent the narrative of the “Register in the Clinic” use case.
Figure 1: Use Case Diagram
The main limitations in applying the use cases in to our Clinic system is the lack of properly
trained staff and organized record system this leads to errors like assigning same number to different patients which will create confusion, misdistribution of resources.
Establishing an organized system will eliminate this which can be initiated with UML Use
cases.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 13
8. Class Diagrams
The next most important area of UML is the Class and Class diagrams. Once the objects are
identified from use cases the similar objects with similar operations are grouped and the
semantic relationships among deferent objects are identified.
A Class is defined as a blue print or a set of specifications for a collection or group of
objects that have similar attributes and operations. The attributes are the properties of the
objects which help to identify them uniquely. Operations are the things that objects can
perform.
A class diagram in the Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a type of static structure
diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their
attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes.(2)
During system analysis Class diagrams are used to demonstrate the common roles and
static relationships among Objects.
The relationships are static and demonstrate the connections among classes and they are
of five types namely, Dependency in which describe a relationship between two objects when
changes takes place in one object brings changes of the other object.
Association is a structural relationship type between two similar classes or its objects and it
is bidirectional and description of it should include the multiplicity or the degree of the
association. The degree of this relationship shows how many object instances from one class
can have an association relationship with one object instance of the other class.
Generalization show how parent classes are formed from the merging of daughter classes
based on some similar characters. Specialization is the reverse of generalization in which a
class is further divided into daughter classes which are having more special characters. In this
manner a parent class attributes will be inherited by daughter classes which are having more
specialized attributes as well.
Aggregation and Composition are relationships which demonstrate how objects are
composed of simpler objects. Aggregation also called IS-A relationship and is a special type of
association relationship which depict as one object/class is composed of several small
objects/classes. Composition is a strong type aggregation relationship which demonstrates
how a whole object is composed of simpler objects which alone is meaningless in real world.
These fundamentals play a vital role in the Object Oriented Programming which is based on
Objects.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 14
So when we consider our medical clinic example we identified the under mentioned
classes namely Patient, Doctor, Nurse, Clerk, Technician, Dispenser, Prescription, Drug,
InvestigationRequest, InvestigationResult, ClinicSession, Appointment and their relationships.
Once a patient comes to the Clinic with the clinic request a Clerk register the patient by
assigning a specific number and an appointment will be given. Then the patient is directed to a
doctor who interacts with the patient in a clinic session which may generate a prescription,
investigation request. The investigation request will be send to technician and who will return
investigation results. The prescription will be send to dispenser who will issue drugs
accordingly. The main relationship type here is association type as demonstrated in Figure 2
with the degree of relationships.
Figure 2: Class Diagram
This class diagrams with their relationships clearly depict how we can use UML and OOP to
improve the common short comings which are existing in the current system for example the
investigation results may be delayed or even misplaced as they are paper based and if we can
generate an automated feeding system we can retrieve the results in a timely manner.
The main limitations are the lack of, patient and staff education about such system, IT
infrastructure and capable operators of such automated system and so on.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 15
9. Activity Diagrams
Activity diagrams describe the workflow behaviour of a system and state of activities by
showing the sequence of activities performed. It visually represents the process and process-
related collaborations of individuals, organizations, and systems.xii
Table 1: Activity Diagram Concepts
Concept Description
Activity on going
Ongoing non-atomic execution within a state machine. Activities ultimately results in some actions
Action An executable atomic computation that results in a change in state of the system or the return of a value.
Transition Represents the flow of control between two activities.
Object [State] A condition or situation during the life of the object.
Event Reception A state that represents the execution of an atomic action, typically the invocation of an operation.
Swim Lane A partition of organizing responsibilities for activities. They often correspond to organizational units in a business-model
Stereotypes UML extension mechanism that allows the creation of new kind of building blocks and are specific for a particular problem
Advantages of using Activity diagram.
Activity diagrams are to model the workflow behind the system being designed, to analyse
a use case by describing what actions need to take place and when they should occur. It
describes a complicated sequential algorithm, to model applications with parallel processes.
One strategy for modelling the function of the system begins with identifying the actors,
i.e., objects or persons outside the system that interact directly with it and initiate an input to
the system (in our example medical Clinic) .Actors could be users of the system or other
system such as health care providers (doctors ,nurses ,technical staff), patients.
Use case is a representation of the actors that initiate events in the system and how the
system responds to the events. Each use case yields an observable result of value to a
particular actor.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 16
Figure 3: Activity Diagram
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 17
In our example we have identified the actors and further clarify user–system interactions
in a sequential manner by our real world experience.
The strategy for the development process, i.e. the order of, and the allocation of
responsibility for, development of modules of the system can be easily managed with activity
diagrams. In our example we can allocate responsibility for each and every actor in the system
the benefit of this is no one can escape from the responsibility, because it is clearly allocated
and defined.
10. Sequence Diagrams
Sequence diagrams represent dynamic behaviour of the system. A sequence diagram
focuses on the time ordering of the messages that go back and forth of the system. Basically
there are two elements involve in a sequence diagram,
1. Objects
2. Messages
It consists of sequence of interactions among different objects over a period of time. The
interactions between different objects in a sequence diagram are represented as messages.
There are three types of messages
1. Synchronized messages
2. Asynchronized messages (simple)
3. Return messages
Sequence diagrams show a detailed flow for a specific use case or even just part of a
specific use case. They are almost self-explanatory; they show the calls between the different
objects in their sequence and can show, at a detailed level, different calls to different objects.
A sequence diagram has two dimensions: The vertical dimension shows the sequence of
messages/calls in the time order that they occur; the horizontal dimension shows the object
instances to which the messages are sent.
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 18
Figure 4: Sequence Diagram
In this example we describe the process of admitting a new patient. Bystander or patient
him/herself provides information to an admissions clerk. An appointment is given to the
patient. Patient participates to the particular clinic session and a patient record is created.
Now the patient is forwarded to a doctor. A medical history is created by the doctor,
Examination done, then the doctor order investigation to laboratory including biochemistry,
pathology, radiology etc.
Doctor may request patient to attend new clinic session and patient receive re-visit
appointment. Now a laboratory report is generated and returned to the doctor. Then the
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 19
doctor comes to a diagnosis and generates a drug prescription. Drug prescription directly goes
to outdoor dispensary and pharmacist issue drug to the patient.
This pattern has the following advantages:
a. All information about a patient is recorded and documented even if there are re-
examinations during that stay.
b. When a patient is admitted and discharged, the treatment history is added to the
medical history and all treatments within the medical group will be kept for future
reference.
c. If a patient discontinues treatment for any reason this information will be on record.
d. All the assignments of personnel or physical resources are explicitly described.
Role based access control can be used to protect this information. The access to patient
treatment information can be controlled based on the role of the individuals.
Limitations of sequence diagrams:
a. Since there are snap shots of what happens in a given period of time, sequence
diagram do not show a complete sequence-they are incomplete.
b. Number of sequence diagram required in a given design is not clearly known. It
depends on the experience of the designer as to when to stop developing them.
Theoretically number of sequence diagram can be drawn within a given design.
c. The way in which system designers use these diagrams(technical level) is different to
the way system analysts use them(business process level).Inappropriate types of usage
of these diagrams can be counterproductive in practice.
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Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 20
11. Conclusion
Health care system in Sri Lanka is about to step a great leap forward by reforming its
structure and functionality. Health informatics plays an enormous role in this revolution as one
of the key areas of development well be health information systems.
Poor understanding and prioritization of user requirements will be a main drawback in
development of health information systems. Failure to understand user requirements results
in unsuccessful implementation and inefficient functioning of healthcare information
system.xiii
Object oriented analysis of health care system facilitate the proper communication and
comprehensive documentation of user requirements. It considers both the process and data
together, resembling real world objects. This enhances communicating, understanding and
modelling of user requirements comprehensively.
Unified Modelling Language is an object oriented modelling tool with a set of graphical
notations which can be used to model user requirements as well as system behaviour.
In this report we have discussed how Unified Modelling Language can be used in
understanding information systems related to health care system in Sri Lanka with some real
world examples.
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Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 21
12. References
i Infrastructure/PDF/http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/
ii Object-oriented_analysis_and_design /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
iii Unified Modeling Language, Reviewed December 7, 2011, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language
iv Schmuller, J., Sams Teach Yourself UML in 24 Hours, 3rd edn., Sams Publishing, 2004.
v Introduction to OMG's Unified Modeling Language™ (UML®), Reviewed December 7, 2011 from
http://www.omg.org/gettingstarted/what_is_uml.htm
vi Lee, F., Teich, J. M., Spurr, C. D., and Bates, D. W., Implementation of physician order entry: User satisfaction and
self-reported usage patterns. J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 3:43–55, 1995.
vii Booch, G., Object-Oriented Analysis and Design With Applications, 2nd edn., Benjamin/Cummings, Redwood City,
CA, 1994.
viii Manual of management for Provincial Directors Ministry of health – Sri Lanka, 1996.
ix Manual of management for Divisional Directors of Ministry of health – Sri Lanka, 1996.
x Sinha,R.K., Impact of Health Information Technology in Public Health: Sri Lanka Journal of Bio-Medical Informatics
2010;1(4)223-36.
xi Dahanayake,S.P.K.,Fernando,N..,De Silva,V.A., Electronic Patient Record System for a Psychiatry Unit in Sri Lanka: Sri
Lanka Journal of Bio-Medical Informatics 2010;1(4) 214-21.
xii Spyrou,S.,Bamidis,P.,Pappas,K.,Maglaveras,N., Extending UML Activity Diagrams for Workflow Modelling with
Clinical Documents in Regional Health Information Systems: Connecting Medical Informatics and Bio-
Informatics,2005.
xiiiAggarwal, V., The Application of the Unified Modelling Language in Object-Oriented Analysis of Healthcare
Information Systems
UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Page 22
13. Our Team
Name PGIM No.
1 Dr. M. T. Galagangodage MSc/BMI/SM/I – 07
2 Dr. S. P. C. Kantha MSc/BMI/SM/I – 12
3 Dr. J. A. Y. R. Perera MSc/BMI/SM/I – 16
4 Dr. R. M. M. I. Rajapaksa MSc/BMI/SM/I – 19
5 Dr. S. D. P. S. Senanayake MSc/BMI/SM/I – 20
14. Acknowledgement
Prof. Vajira H. W. Dissanayake MBBS (Colombo), PhD (Nottingham)
Chairperson, Specialty Board in Biomedical Informatics, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine,
University of Colombo
For the valuable guidance, encouragement and advice
Dr. Roshan Hewapathirana MBBS (Colombo), MSc in IT (Moratuwa)
Project Manager, MSc Biomedical Informatics Course
For guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information
Ms. Anchala Ishani Kuruppu BSc, MSc
Visiting Lecturer, MSc Biomedical Informatics Course
Who extend her valuable knowledge on Web Designing to us and created us
capable of doing this assignment, as well as her simple and comprehensive teaching which
made a fun to do this assignment
Mrs. Harshya and NOMA office
For their kind co-operation, help and skillful coordination
PGIM Colombo For rendering their services, support and help