uml assignment

UML Assignment Group 4 – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch

Assignment inUML

Application of UML in understanding National Health System in Sri Lanka

MSc – Biomedical Informatics 3rd Batch – Group 4

Title Page

Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo


Batch Co-ord./Lectu

rer:Dr.Roshan Hewapathirana

OFFICE USE ONLYAssignment received:

Tutor/Lecturer:

Ms. Anchala Ishani Kuruppu

Student Group:

Group 4

Names of Students:

1. M. T. Galagangodage 2. S. P. C. Kantha3. J. A. Y. R. Perera 4. R. M. M. I. Rajapaksha5. S. D. P. S. Senanayake

Assignment Title:

Assignment in UML: Application of UML in understanding National Health System in Sri Lanka

We declare that all material in this assignment are our own work except where there is clear acknowledgement or reference to the work of others and we have complied and agreed to the university statement on



plagiarism and academic integrity

Signed : 1. Date :2. 3. 4. 5.

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Content

Page1. Introduction2. Unified Modelling Language and Object Oriented

Analysis3. Introduction to National Health System



4. Why National Health System needs to reform5. Using UML in understanding National Health System6. An example from Sri Lankan Healthcare System7. Use Case Diagrams8. Class Diagrams9. Activity Diagrams10. Sequence Diagrams11. Conclusion12. References13. Our Team14. Acknowledgement



1. Introduction

2. Unified Modelling Language and Object Oriented AnalysisUnified Modelling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modelling language

in the field of object-oriented software engineering.1 It is one of the most useful tools in software development as it is a visual modelling language that enables system builders to create blueprints that capture their visions in a standard, easy-to understand way, and provides a mechanism to effectively share and communicate these visions with others.2

UML is used for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the problem domain.

It also models conceptual things such as business processes and system functions as well as concrete things such as programming language statements, database schemas, and reusable software components.

UML improves communication and understanding between the user and system analyst. It provides better tools to document user requirements. It consists of a rich graphical notation, and comprehensive set of diagrams and elements.

UML 2.0 defines thirteen types of diagrams and they are categorized in to three main groups.3 Categorization of thirteen UML diagrams is as follows.

1. Structure Diagrams:● Class Diagram● Object Diagram● Component Diagram ● Composite Structure Diagram● Package Diagram● Deployment Diagram.

2. Behaviour Diagrams: ● Use Case Diagram ● Activity Diagram● State Machine (State Chart) Diagram

3. Interaction Diagrams:● Sequence Diagram● Communication Diagram● Timing Diagram● Interaction Overview Diagram.

Among above Class Diagram, Use Case diagram, Activity Diagram and Sequence Diagram are more frequently used.

Like in any other information system, development life cycle of a health information system can be divided in to four main stages. They are,

1. Analysis Phase2. Design Phase3. Implementation Phase

1 Unified Modeling Language, Reviewed December 7, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language2 Schmuller, J., Sams Teach Yourself UML in 24 Hours, 3rd edn., Sams Publishing, 2004.3 Introduction to OMG's Unified Modeling Language™ (UML®), Reviewed December 7, 2011 from http://www.omg.org/gettingstarted/what_is_uml.htm



4. Evaluation PhaseAnalysis phase is the key to success of an information system. Gathering of user

requirements and functional requirements of the system will be identified in this phase. Depending on gathered information, analyst provides direction for information system development and it determines whether the information system will be appropriate to user’s requirements. Improvement of productivity by using an information system greatly depends on proper understanding and fulfilment of user requirements at the analysis phase. Misunderstood or poorly prioritized user requirement are among the top causes of project failure, budget overruns and user dissatisfaction.4

Model driven analysis of information systems uses graphical notation to document current or proposed systems. Model driven analysis consists of three main strategies. They are,

1. Structured Analysis2. Information Engineering 3. Object Oriented AnalysisObject oriented analysis in a new advancement of model driven analytic techniques. In

object oriented analysis, software system is considered as a collection of objects, each of which is the instance of a class within hierarchy of classes.5 For this more than sixty object oriented methods have been described and UML is the most accepted and widely used object oriented method.

3. Introduction to National Health SystemHealth care is defined as multitude of services provided to individuals, families and

communities by agents of health services or professions for the purpose of promoting maintaining, monitoring or restoring health.

Such services might be staffed, organized, administered and financed in every imaginable way. But they all have one thing in common; people are being “served”, that is diagnosed, helped, cured, educated and rehabilitated by health personnel.

For many decades the health services of Sri Lanka has developed more or less as two distinct and parallel components; the curative (or medical) services and the preventive (or public health) services with varying degree of integration at different levels.

According to this health care is provided through;a. A network of medical institutions providing various levels of health services.b. A network of health units (MOH areas, now corresponding to divisional secretariat

areas) providing public health services covering the entire extend of the island.

The overall objective of patient medical care services is either to cure the patient or ameliorate the illness to an extent which would enable the patient to continue treatment at home. In Sri-Lanka patient care services are deliver through three levels of institution namely;

● Primary● Secondary● Tertiary care institutions

4 Lee, F., Teich, J. M., Spurr, C. D., and Bates, D. W., Implementation of physician order entry: User satisfaction and self-reported usage patterns. J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 3:43–55, 1995.5 Booch, G., Object-Oriented Analysis and Design With Applications, 2nd edn., Benjamin/Cummings, Redwood City, CA, 1994.



Public health care units are designed to provide preventive and rehabilitation services which include;

● Maternal and child care services ● School health services ● Prevention of communicable and non- communicable disease● Epidemiological surveillance● Environmental and occupational health services ● Health education etc.

Information provides from these two components help for the basis of decision making in the managerial process for health development in Sri Lanka.

4. Why National Health System needs to ReformIn Sri Lanka, both preventive and curative health systems existing information system is

mainly paper based. Each of the above health services i.e. in-patient, out-patient and fields have their own data recording forms. Each patient contact is given a separate number. There is no unique patient number linking different episodes. For example a patient will have different in-patient record numbers for each disease conditions and as well as each admission. Paper based records are stored for a maximum of 5 years. The data entered is not structured and can vary depending on the clinician recording details.

Identification of previous episodes or diseases is difficult as there is no unique number linking different health events in a particular patient. Identification of past records is done manually based on contact dates. When patients are discharged from the in-patient unit a diagnosis card with a brief summary of the hospital admission is given to the patient. Many patients in fields (e.g. Chicken pox, Mums, etc.), have no such card except they admitted to the word.

It is difficult to identify such patients with the paper based recording system. Although much clinical detail is recorded in the paper records, conducting research is difficult as the records have to be manually reviewed to elicit data. Similarly statistics regarding service provision is difficult to generate. Due to limitation of storage space records are maintained only for a period of 5 years leading to loss of valuable data.

Health information technology provides the umbrella framework to describe the comprehensive management of health information and its secure exchange between consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers.

While implementing Health Information Technology; the healthcare system of the country should consider the model to achieve better acceptability and sustainability of the system. The managers and policy maker should formulate the important policies, allocate adequate resource and design processes where the end user down the line can get maximum benefit from the system.

There are many health related issue arises due to the lack of health information support and prompt reporting in the existing National health system.

1. Problems in providing critical supply continuously due to lack of accurate and timely stock inventory reports.

2. Inadequate detection and control of communicable diseases due to failure of receive reports of notifiable communicable diseases from Govt. sector and private sector.



3. Inadequate planning and scheduling of critical activities and services due to certain facility types or service levels not regularly submitting routine operation plans and monitoring reports.

4. Due to patient and clinic records fail to identify high-risk patients, families and communities, inadequate attention is given to finding and serving high risk and underserved populations in the island.

5. Lack of up-to-date population data which identifies less advantaged population groups. Hence inadequate health protection and service provided to poor populations.

6. Staff at facility and district level does not maintain records and present data in a manner which enable monitoring of coverage and quality of their services.

Healthcare system of the country should look forward in implementing this business process with the technology in providing quality healthcare to the individual and the community but before that it is required to understand the health information technology, its application, reason to use and its impact.

The ultimate aim of health information technology in healthcare is to provide optimal information support to the healthcare professionals, managers and policy makers for quality decision making, care and treatment. The health information technology provides highly secure, economical, easy to use, always available, point of care application.5. Using UML in understanding National Health System

6. An example from Sri Lankan Healthcare System

7. Use Case Diagrams

8. Class Diagrams

9. Activity Diagrams

10. Sequence Diagrams

11. ConclusionHealth care system in Sri Lanka is about to step a great leap forward by reforming its structure and functionality. Health informatics plays an enormous role in this revolution as one of the key areas of development well be health information systems. Poor understanding and prioritization of user requirements will be a main drawback in development of health information systems. Failure to understand user requirements results in unsuccessful implementation and inefficient functioning of healthcare information system.6 Object oriented analysis of health care system facilitate the proper communication and comprehensive documentation of user requirements. It considers both the process and data together, resembling real world objects. This enhances communicating, understanding and modelling of user requirements comprehensively.

6Aggarwal, V., The Application of the Unified Modelling Language in Object-Oriented Analysis of Healthcare Information Systems



Unified Modelling Language is an object oriented modelling tool with a set of graphical notations which can be used to model user requirements as well as system behaviour.In this report we have discussed how Unified Modelling Language can be used in understanding information systems related to health care system in Sri Lanka with some real world examples.12. References


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