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PORTABLE SOLAR STREET LAMP

ARIFFIN BIN ABDULLAH

This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Bachelor Degree Electrical Engineering (Power System)

Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Unier!iti Malay!ia Pa"ang

NO#EMBER$ %'


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v

ABSTRA(T

This system is designed for outdoor application in unelectrified remote

rural areas! This system is an ideal application for campus and village street

lighting! The system is provided with battery storage bac"up sufficient to

operate the light for #$## hours daily! The pro%ect is about to develop and

fabricate the circuit that can charge the lead acid battery during day time by

using solar as the source! To control the circuit for charging& ' have used the

circuit charging that can implement the condition of the charging whether

its in charging condition of in float condition! hen charging condition& red

*ED will turn on until the battery reach the full charge state that is in

floating condition and green *ED will turn on! +or the switching& ' used

P',#-+.//0 to switch on the lamp& by using the photocell sensor! The

P',#-+.//0 will determine whether it is daytime or night time! The light

will automatically on when the photocell sensor give the input to the P',

and P', will give the output to the relay to switch on the light! To control

the intensity of the light& we need the other input from the sensor! hen

sensor detect& P', will give the output to switch on for the second light! So

the intensity of the light will increase and the timing will start counter! 0fter

finish the counter& P', will automatically of the second light! By using this

method& its can save the energy that we using from the battery! hen night

change to the day& photocell sensor detect the ray from the sun& P', will

give the output to off the lamp and the charging circuit will continue charge

the battery for the day!


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TABLE OF (ONTENT

(HAPTER (ONTENT PA)E

TITLE i

DE(LARATION ii

DEDI(ATION iii

A(*NO+LED)EMENT iv

ABSTRA(T v

ABSTRA* vi

TABLE OF (ONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLE 1i

LIST OF FI)URE 1ii

LIST OF ABBRE#IATIONS 1iii

LIST OF APPENDI(ES 1iv


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i1

4!#!5 ,ontrol ,ircuit #/

4!#!5!# P',#-+.//0 #.

4!#!5!3 Photocell Sensor 3$

4!#!5!4 ave Sensor 3#

4!#!5!5 9elays 33

4!#!5!7 #3: *ead 0cid Battery 34

4!3 Software ,onfiguration 35

4!3!# Software Programming 35

/ RESULT AND ANAL.SIS

5!$ 'ntroduction 37

5!# Estimation Time 3-

5!3 ,alculation 3/

5!3!# ,harging 3/

5!3!3 Discharging 3.

5!4 ;raph of ,harging 38

5!5 ;raph of Discharging 4$

5!7 ,ost of the Pro%ect 4#

5!- ,ommerciali


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1

REFEREN(E 4-

APPENDI1 A 4/

APPENDI1 B 4.

APPENDI1 ( 5$

APPENDI1 D 5#


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(HAPTER ,

INTRODU(TION

,2 Intro3uction

This chapter describes about the pro%ects introduction! 't consists of overview

of the pro%ect& the pro%ect aim& ob%ectives and scopes of the pro%ect!

,2, Pro4ect Oerie5

This pro%ect is about to develop and fabricate the circuit that can charge the lead

acid battery when in day by using solar as the source! To control the circuit of the

charging& ' used the circuit charging that can implement the condition of the charging

whether its in charging condition of in float condition! hen charging condition& red

*ED will turn on until the battery reach the full charge that is in floating condition&

when floating& green *ED will turn on! +or the switching to the load& ' used

P',#-+.//0 to switch on the lamp& by using the photocell sensor and relay 7:& the

P',#-+.//0 will determine whether is in daylight or in night by determination of

0D, in that come from the photocell sensor! The value to determine the intensity of

the light we had set up it into the coding of the P',!

hen P', gets the input from 0D,& P', gives the output to the relay to switch on

the light! To control the intensity of the light& we need the other input from the sensor


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that is wave sensor! hen wave sensor detect that have some wave from the user of

the road& P', will give the output to switch on for the second light! So the intensity of

the light will increase and the timing will start counter! 0fter finish the counter& P',

will automatically switch off the second light! By using this method& its can save the

energy that we using from the battery! hen night change to day& photocell sensor

detect the ray from the sun& P', will give the output to switch off the lamp and the

charging circuit will continue charge the battery for the day!

,2% Pro4ect Ai6

The solar street lamp is designed specifically for portable use at the rural areas

and energy bac"up if disaster happens! 'ts also as the new way to save the energy

and use it more efficiently!

,2- O74ectie

The main ob%ective of this pro%ect is to develop the portable solar street lamp withthe D, voltage as the source! There are two secondary ob%ectives to be achieved in

order to achieve the main ob%ective stated above! The two secondary ob%ectives were

discussed in the following paragraph!

The first ob%ective is to develop the charging circuit that can charge #3: lead acid

battery by using the solar panel as the D, source! This charging circuit can

implement the charging condition as we "now we have several charging condition

li"e charging condition and floating condition!

The second ob%ective is to design and program the control circuit by that contain of

P',#-+.//0 to control the circuit to switch on and off the lamp when the situation

change li"e from the day to night! This circuit also to control the intensity of the light


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that can improve the efficiency of using the D, energy that only use when need!(e!g!

when nobody use the road& this portable solar street lamp %ust switch on with the low

intensity of the lamp thats can save the energy and when its detect that have the user&

this solar street lamp will switch on the high intensity lamp to beam the place for the

users)

,2/ Sco8e Of T"e Pro4ect

The scope of the pro%ect includes construct the circuit in order to charge the #3:

lead acid battery! The acid battery will supply power to switch the lamp when there is

no light or night condition! 'ntegration between sensor and wave sensor was also

concentrated in development of this system! 'n order to control the circuit for

switching the P',#-+.//0 was developed! +inally& the system was combined

together to complete the development of the system


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(HAPTER %

LITERATURE RE#IE+

%2 Intro3uction

'n this chapter& e1planations about all the word history and literature review! The

total figure related to this pro%ect will be added in this chapter along with the details!

+or3 Hi!tory

%2, Solar energy

Solar energy is the light and radiant heat from the Sun that influences Earth=s

climate and weather and sustains life! Solar power is sometimes used as a synonym

for solar energy or more specifically to refer to electricity generated from solar

radiation! Solar radiation is secondary resources li"e as wind and wave power&

hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available flow of renewable

energy on Earth!

Solar energy technologies can provide electrical generation by heat engine or

photovoltaic means& space heating and cooling in active and passive solar buildings>

potable water via distillation and disinfection& day lighting& hot water& thermal

energy for coo"ing& and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes!


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Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends! 0ll

other renewable energies other than geothermal derive their energy from energy

received from the sun!

Solar technologies are broadly characteri


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-

0rc lights had two ma%or disadvantages! +irst& they emit an intense and harsh

light which& although useful at industrial sites li"e doc"yards& was discomforting in

ordinary city streets! Second& they are maintenanceintensive& as carbon electrodes

burn away swiftly! ith the development of cheap& reliable and bright incandescent

light bulbs at the end of the #8th century& they passed out of use for street lighting&

but remained in industrial use longer!

'ncandescent lamps used for street lighting until the advent of highintensity

discharge lamps& were often operated as highvoltage series circuits! Today& street

lighting commonly uses highintensity discharge lamps& often 6PS high pressure

sodium lamps! Such lamps provide the greatest amount of photo illumination for the

least consumption of electricity! 6owever when photo light calculations are used& it

can be see how wrong 6PS lamps are for night lighting! hite light sources have

been shown to double driver peripheral vision and increase driver bra"e reaction

time at least 37! hen SP light calculations are used& 6PS lamp performance

needs to be reduced by a minimum value of /7! This is now a standard design

criteria for the roads!

+igure 3!$F 2ld& new style and solar street lamp


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/

%2- SOLAR ENER).

+igure 3!# Photovoltaic ,ell

Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity! 0 photovoltaic

cell& commonly called a solar cell or P:& is the technology used to convert solar

energy directly into electrical power! G#H

Sunlight is composed of photons& or particles of solar energy! These photons

contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the

solar spectrum! hen photons stri"e a photovoltaic cell& they may be reflected& pass

right through& or be absorbed! 2nly the absorbed photons provide energy to

generate electricity!


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.

hen enough sunlight energy is absorbed by the material that is a

semiconductor& electrons are come out from the material=s atoms! Special treatment

of the material surface during manufacturing ma"es the front surface of the cell

more receptive to free electrons& so the electrons naturally migrate to the surface!

hen the electrons leave their position& holes are formed! hen many

electrons& each carrying a negative charge& travel toward the front surface of the cell&

the resulting imbalance of charge between the cell=s front and bac" surfaces creates

a voltage potential li"e the negative and positive terminals of a battery!

hen the two surfaces are connected through an e1ternal load& electricity flows!

Photovoltaic cells& li"e batteries& generate direct current (D,) which is generally

used for small loads li"e electronic equipment! hen D, from photovoltaic cells is

used for commercial applications or sold to electric utilities using the electric grid& it

must be converted to alternating current (0,) using inverters!

0dvantages of photovoltaic systems areF

,onversion from sunlight to electricity is direct& so that bul"y mechanical

generator systems are unnecessary!

P: arrays can be installed quic"ly and in any si


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%2/ BATTER. (HAR)ER

0 battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or

rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it!G3H

The charge current depends upon the technology and capacity of the battery

being charged! +or e1ample& the current that should be applied to recharge a #3 :

car battery will be very different from the current for a mobile phone battery!

0 simple charger wor"s by connecting a constant D, power source to the

battery being charged! The simple charger does not modify its output based on time

or the charge on the battery! This simplicity means that a simple charger is

ine1pensive& but there is a tradeoff in quality! Typically& a simple charger ta"es

longer to charge a battery to prevent severe overcharging! Even so& a battery left in

a simple charger for too long will be wea"ened or destroyed due to overcharging!

These chargers can supply either a constant voltage or a constant current to the

battery!

G#H Energy 'nformation 0dministration&Electric Power Annual, +orm E'0.-$&

0nnual Electric ;enerator 9eport database& 3$$-

G3H httpFen!wi"ipedia!or g wi"iBatte r yI c harger
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_chargerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_chargerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_charger


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(HAPTER -

METHODOLO).

-2 INTRODU(TION

'n this chapter& e1planations about all the circuit that were done for this pro%ect

will be told! This chapter will be divided to hardware configuration and software

configuration since this pro%ect will be used both hardware and software! 0ll the

calculation also will be state into this chapter! The total figure related to this pro%ect

will be added in this chapter along with the details!


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##

-2, HARD+ARE (ONFI)URATION

-2,2, (IR(UIT DIA)RAM

+igure 4!$F Bloc" Diagram of Solar Street *amp

This bloc" diagram above is about the combination of the charging circuit and

controller circuit to the load and the D, voltage source! 0t the day& solar panel will

get the energy from the sun and the circuit charging will control the charging rate to

the battery! The charging circuit will control the charging until the battery reaches

the floating condition that is the full condition of the battery! The charging only

occur when in the day because the solar need for the light to transfer the sunray to

the electricity! hen in the night condition the circuit charging automatically stop

the charging and diode 3$*#7T are use to eliminate from current draw from the

battery to the solar panel when in night condition! The features of the diode show

below!

The circuit P', controller will control the using of the energy of the battery to

the load! This circuit controller is consisting of P',#-+.//0& photocell sensor&

wave sensor drivers! To control the switching of the load its depend on the sensor


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#3

that will give the input to the P',& P', will give the output to the relays the same as

the coding we had ma"e! +or this circuit& the photocell sensor will determine

whether the situation is needed to switch on the lamp or not! So we should have the

reference value! Some analysis ' have made to choice the suitable value as a

reference! The more detail about the photocell sensor will show below!

The control circuit also controls the intensity of the light beam! 'f there have

user use the road& the P', will switch on the high intensity of the light to light the

place! This switching mode will trigger for the period that ' had set that is about #$s!

0fter #$s the P', will switch on the low intensity of the light! By using this method&

we can save the power of the battery! To detected whether that have or user of the

road or not& ' use wave sensor! The wave sensor will give the direction to the P', to

switch the suitable intensity of the lamp! The detail about the wave sensor will show

below!

-2,2% (HAR)IN) (IR(UIT

+igure 4!#F ,harging ,ircuit


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#4

The above circuit is a solar charge controller> its function is to regulate the

power flowing from a photovoltaic panel into a rechargeable battery! 't features easy

setup with one potentiometer for the float voltage ad%ustment& an equali


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#5

The float voltage comparator ',#a compares the battery voltage (divided by

9#:9# and 94) to a reference voltage (divided by 97 and 9-)! The comparison

point is offset by the thermistor T# for temperature compensation! The

comparison point is also modified by the Equali


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#7

-2,2-2, S(HOTT*. RE(TIFIER 9DIODE %L,0TS:

+igure 4!3F Schott"y Diode

The Schott"y rectifier module has been optimi


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#-

o 6igh purity& high temperature epo1y encapsulation for enhanced mechanical

strength and moisture resistance

4!# Shott"y Diode ,haracteristics


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#/

-2,2/ (ONTROL (IR(UIT

+igure 4!4F ,ontrol ,ircuit

+igure above is about the control circuit to the load! ' use 3 sensors as the

parameter to sense the input condition to the P',! +irst sensor is the photocell sensor

that detects the concentration of the light! hen sensor detect that have light& 0D,

go in to the P', and the P', will determine to switch the lamp! +or the second

sensor that is to determine the user of the road& ' use the wave sensor to detect the

user& when the user come close to the lamp along the road& sensor will detect and

give the input to the P', and P', will automatically switch on the high beam lamp

for the #$s!The control circuit will switch off the lamp when the photocell sensor

detect the light from the sun in the early morning and the charging process will

continue until evening or no light (cloudy)!


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-2,2-2, PI(,;F'

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